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![Marine and evaporite facies of Lithofacies SF1. (A) Lithofacies SF1 with low-angle cross-bed foresets in well sorted, medium to coarse-grained quartz arenites of the upper Mamadawerre Formation that dip to the southwest with subordinate sets dipping to the northeast. Person for scale is 2 m tall. (B) Lithofacies SF1 with wave ripple marks pervasive on bedding planes in outcrops such as in the previous photo, Marlgowa Formation, but also common in the upper Mamadawerre and Gumarrirnbang formations. Scale bar is 30 cm. (C) Halite crystal casts in sandstone of the upper Mamadawerre Formation. (D) Halite crystals in cemented sands of the upper Mamadawerre Formation which became an eolian deflation surface on which halite cement formed resistant adhesion structures as the drying sand was deflated away. (E) Gypsum-cemented sand that formed a firm ground that experienced erosion, likely by tidal flow over a previously current-rippled surface. Marlgowa Formation. (F) Halite hopper crystal casts in fine-grained sandstone of the lower Cottee Formation.]()
![(A) Outcrop exposure viewed by helicopter. The top of the escarpment is approximately the top of the Mamadawerre Formation and forms the Arnhem Land Plateau. The basal unconformity of the Kombolgie Subgroup (Un) marks the boundary between the Nourlangie Schist below and the Mamadawerre Formation above. (B) Typical Kombolgie Subgroup outcrop exposure on top of the Arnhem Land Plateau. (C) Outcrop of polymict lithic cobble to boulder conglomerate (lithofacies A) at base of Mamadawerre Formation, Katherine River Gorge, Northern Territory. Person for scale. (D) Typical lithic pebble conglomerate (lithofacies F1) representing high-energy proximal braided fluvial facies, Nourlangi Rock, Kakadu National Park. Person is 1.85 meters tall. (E) Polymict conglomerate with granitic and schist boulders, cobbles, and pebbles in coarse-grained sand matrix in Lithofacies A1. Scale is 10 cm long. King River area outcrop. (F) Dark brown, rounded weathered Gilruth Member basalt and white quartzite cobbles up to 10 cm in diameter in basal Marlgowa Formation fluvial facies F1. Edith Falls outcrop (Appendix 1).]()
![Paleotopography based on stratigraphic thicknesses and regional correlation. Paleocurrent directions (n = 287) shown by arrows. (A) Current directions (arrows) measured using cross-bed foresets in the lower Mamadawerre Formation in outcrops. The colors represent interpreted relative paleotopography. Interpreted paleotopography shown by colors. Overall paleotopographic relief is estimated to be tens to hundreds of meters. (B) Current directions (arrows) determined in a similar manner as in (A), but from Sequence 2, upper Mamadawerre Formation. By this time in the evolution of the basin the paleotopography was more subdued, as indicated by the regional stratigraphic thickness variation of this interval and more consistent southerly paleocurrent directions.]()
![Lithofacies F3. (A) Hematite-stained medium-grained sandstone with thin, muddy laminae and rip-up chips overlain by white sandstone characteristic of lithofacies SF1. Erosional contact shown by a red arrow. Mamadawerre Formation, drill core DAD-7. Drill core is 4 cm in diameter. (B) Dark, hematite-stained, fine-grained sandstone of lithofacies F3 of the basal Gumarrirnbang Formation overlying 12 cm-thick Nungbalgarri vesicular basalt (N). The Nungbalgarri pinches out on the western margin of the basin and sits atop the SF1 lithofacies of the underlying Mamadawerre Formation (Mam). Gunlom location (Appendix 1). Scale is 12 cm tall. (C) Irregular pattern of wave ripple marks in the F3 lithofacies of the upper Gumarrirnbang Formation stratigraphically below a weathered, poor exposure of the Gilruth Volcanic Member. Flying Ghost location. Rock hammer is 28 cm long.]()
![Lithofacies E and SF1. (A) Large circular features (Cf) viewed by helicopter that sometimes mark the top of the Mamadawerre Formation and are exposed by erosion of the underlying Nungbalgari Formation basalt flows. Scale bar is 300 m. The features are produced by marine transgression over a dune field prior to emplacement of the Nungbalgari flows. (B) Outcrop of the area marked with a white box in (A). Nearly vertical beds deformed foresets (Df) on the margin of a sandstone dike that cut through an eolian dune (E; Johnson 1977). The up-turned layers are dune foreset beds that were eolian foresets that were deformed plastically before they were fully lithified. The tops of the dunes and likely sand volcanoes were eroded by a later marine transgression (lithofacies SF1). Crouched person on top of outcrop is ∼ 1.5 meters tall. (C) Eolian dune field near the top of the Gumarrirnbang Formation and visible in this Google Earth satellite image. The sandstones of the upper Gumarrirnbang are mostly transverse eolian dunes that have a consistent east-northeast to west-southwest dune orientation across the basin. The rusty-brown color is the weathered remanent of the basalt flows that comprise the Gilruth Volcanic Member (Gm). (D) Geologists standing on the crest of an eolian dune (location shown by the white box in C). Individual foresets are well sorted and exhibit reverse grading. Tallest person is 2 meters tall. (E) Photomicrograph in plane-polarized light showing well sorted medium-grained quartz arenite of Lithofacies E. Upper Gumarrirnbang Formation. Scale bar is 0.5 mm. Inset shows Lithofacies E on upper Mamadawerre Formation in drill core. Scale bar is 2 cm. (F) Pustular microbial mat structure (Mm) in Lithofacies SF1 that overlies the Eolian dune and directly underlies the Gilruth Volcanic Member of the Gumarrirnbang Formation at the location shown in (C). Rock hammer is 28 cm long and scale bar is 7 cm.]()
![General stratigraphic relationships in the Kombolgie Basin. Stratigraphic nomenclature is based on Sweet et al. (1999a) and ASUD (2020); the lithologic portions of the formation names are dropped for brevity and to better comply with International Stratigraphic nomenclature (Salvador 2013). Complete names are given in Table 1. Ages for the uranium mineralization and the lower Mamadawerre Formation are from Polito et al. (2011). The boundary between the Nungbalgarri and Gumarirrnbang formations corresponds to the mid-Tawallah uplift that occurred at ca. 1740 (Sweet 2001). The Kombolgie Subgroup was intruded by the Oenpelli Dolerite at 1723 ± 6 Ma (Edgecombe et al. 2002, Hollis et al. 2009) and the Jimbu Microgranite at 1720 ± 7 Ma (Rawlings & Page 1999) and is overlain by the West Branch Volcanics (Sweet et al. 1999b).]()
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Image
Marine and evaporite facies of Lithofacies SF1. (A) Lithofacies SF1 with lo... Available to Purchase
in The Paleoproterozoic Kombolgie Subgroup (1.8 Ga), McArthur Basin, Australia: Sequence stratigraphy, basin evolution, and unconformity-related uranium deposits following the Great Oxidation Event
> The Canadian Mineralogist
Published: 07 October 2021
Fig. 7. Marine and evaporite facies of Lithofacies SF1. (A) Lithofacies SF1 with low-angle cross-bed foresets in well sorted, medium to coarse-grained quartz arenites of the upper Mamadawerre Formation that dip to the southwest with subordinate sets dipping to the northeast. Person for scale is 2
Image
(A) Outcrop exposure viewed by helicopter. The top of the escarpment is app... Available to Purchase
in The Paleoproterozoic Kombolgie Subgroup (1.8 Ga), McArthur Basin, Australia: Sequence stratigraphy, basin evolution, and unconformity-related uranium deposits following the Great Oxidation Event
> The Canadian Mineralogist
Published: 07 October 2021
Fig. 4. (A) Outcrop exposure viewed by helicopter. The top of the escarpment is approximately the top of the Mamadawerre Formation and forms the Arnhem Land Plateau. The basal unconformity of the Kombolgie Subgroup (Un) marks the boundary between the Nourlangie Schist below and the Mamadawerre
Image
Paleotopography based on stratigraphic thicknesses and regional correlation... Available to Purchase
in The Paleoproterozoic Kombolgie Subgroup (1.8 Ga), McArthur Basin, Australia: Sequence stratigraphy, basin evolution, and unconformity-related uranium deposits following the Great Oxidation Event
> The Canadian Mineralogist
Published: 07 October 2021
Fig. 11. Paleotopography based on stratigraphic thicknesses and regional correlation. Paleocurrent directions ( n = 287) shown by arrows. (A) Current directions (arrows) measured using cross-bed foresets in the lower Mamadawerre Formation in outcrops. The colors represent interpreted relative
Image
Lithofacies F3. (A) Hematite-stained medium-grained sandstone with thin, mu... Available to Purchase
in The Paleoproterozoic Kombolgie Subgroup (1.8 Ga), McArthur Basin, Australia: Sequence stratigraphy, basin evolution, and unconformity-related uranium deposits following the Great Oxidation Event
> The Canadian Mineralogist
Published: 07 October 2021
Fig. 5. Lithofacies F3. (A) Hematite-stained medium-grained sandstone with thin, muddy laminae and rip-up chips overlain by white sandstone characteristic of lithofacies SF1. Erosional contact shown by a red arrow. Mamadawerre Formation, drill core DAD-7. Drill core is 4 cm in diameter. (B) Dark
Image
Lithofacies E and SF1. (A) Large circular features (Cf) viewed by helicopte... Available to Purchase
in The Paleoproterozoic Kombolgie Subgroup (1.8 Ga), McArthur Basin, Australia: Sequence stratigraphy, basin evolution, and unconformity-related uranium deposits following the Great Oxidation Event
> The Canadian Mineralogist
Published: 07 October 2021
Fig. 6. Lithofacies E and SF1. (A) Large circular features (Cf) viewed by helicopter that sometimes mark the top of the Mamadawerre Formation and are exposed by erosion of the underlying Nungbalgari Formation basalt flows. Scale bar is 300 m. The features are produced by marine transgression over
Image
General stratigraphic relationships in the Kombolgie Basin. Stratigraphic n... Available to Purchase
in The Paleoproterozoic Kombolgie Subgroup (1.8 Ga), McArthur Basin, Australia: Sequence stratigraphy, basin evolution, and unconformity-related uranium deposits following the Great Oxidation Event
> The Canadian Mineralogist
Published: 07 October 2021
2013 ). Complete names are given in Table 1 . Ages for the uranium mineralization and the lower Mamadawerre Formation are from Polito et al . (2011) . The boundary between the Nungbalgarri and Gumarirrnbang formations corresponds to the mid-Tawallah uplift that occurred at ca . 1740 ( Sweet 2001
Journal Article
The Paleoproterozoic Kombolgie Subgroup (1.8 Ga), McArthur Basin, Australia: Sequence stratigraphy, basin evolution, and unconformity-related uranium deposits following the Great Oxidation Event Available to Purchase
Journal: The Canadian Mineralogist
Publisher: Mineralogical Association of Canada
Published: 07 October 2021
The Canadian Mineralogist (2021) 59 (5): 1049–1083.
...Fig. 7. Marine and evaporite facies of Lithofacies SF1. (A) Lithofacies SF1 with low-angle cross-bed foresets in well sorted, medium to coarse-grained quartz arenites of the upper Mamadawerre Formation that dip to the southwest with subordinate sets dipping to the northeast. Person for scale is 2...
FIGURES
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Journal Article
Clay Alteration Associated with Proterozoic Unconformity-Type Uranium Deposits in the East Alligator Rivers Uranium Field, Northern Territory, Australia Available to Purchase
Journal: Economic Geology
Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists
Published: 01 May 2005
Economic Geology (2005) 100 (3): 515–536.
... 2004 10 02 2003 Economic Geology 2005 In the basement, the rocks of the Cahill Formation have been affected by regional retrograde metamorphism which resulted in the replacement of the metamorphic phases of the host mica schists and amphibolites by Fe chlorite and sericite ( Binns et al...
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Journal Article
HIGH-GRADE DIAGENETIC DICKITE AND 2 M 1 ILLITE FROM THE MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC KOMBOLGIE FORMATION (NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA) Available to Purchase
Journal: Clays and Clay Minerals
Publisher: Clay Minerals Society
Published: 01 February 2003
Clays and Clay Minerals (2003) 51 (1): 102–116.
...Patricia Patrier; Daniel Beaufort; Emmanuel Laverret; Patrice Bruneton Abstract The aim of this paper was to define the nature and the relative chronology of the diagenetic clay bearing assemblages within sandstones of the Middle Proterozoic Kombolgie formation (Northern Territory, Australia...
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Book Chapter
CHAPTER 8: UNCONFORMITY-RELATED URANIUM DEPOSITS Available to Purchase
Series: Short Courses
Publisher: Mineralogical Association of Canada
Published: 01 January 2009
DOI: 10.3749/9780921294795.ch08
EISBN: 978-0-921294-79-5
... are generally 0.2–1.0 mm in diameter. Detrital quartz separated from sandstone of the Gumarrirnbang and Mamadawerre formations have δ 18 O values consistent with a provenance similar in isotopic composition to the basement rocks. The generalized paragenetic sequence recorded in the lower Kombolgie Subgroup...
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Book Chapter
CHAPTER 8: BASINS AND URANIUM DEPOSITS Available to Purchase
Series: Short Courses
Publisher: Mineralogical Association of Canada
Published: 01 January 2016
DOI: 10.3749/9780921294726.ch08
EISBN: 978-0-921294-72-6
... and Mamadawerre formations have δ 18 O values consistent with a provenance similar in isotopic composition to the basement rocks. The generalized paragenetic sequence recorded in the lower Kombolgie Subgroup sandstone ( Fig. 8-23 ) is characterized by formation of early stage quartz overgrowths (Q1...
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