... 2010 ). The environmental variation, coupled with increasing faunal exchange and extended extinction events, explains the lack of continuity between the Western Gondwana realm and the Mardoowarra region and, potentially, the Eastern Australasian coastline. The Malvinokaffric realm is a unit...

... resemble the type species of the genus, R. bronni, indicating a Pragian (Early Devonian) age for the strata, and suggesting the occurrence at this time of faunal exchange between the Old World Realm, particularly the Bohemian area, and the Malvinokaffric Realm. The taxon represents the first Early Devonian...

... of the Malvinokaffric faunas, and their antecedents, by preventing excessive faunal interchange with adjacent biogeographic realms ( Copper, 1977 ; Boucot and Gray, 1983 ; Boucot, 1988 ; Troth et al., 2011 ). Recent systematic reviews and the intensive evaluation of Devonian biogeographical areas using...

...., 1996 , Phanerozoic Faunal and Floral Realms of the Earth : the intercalary relations of the Malvinokaffric and Gondwana Faunal Realms with the Tethyan Faunal Realm . Boulder, Colorado , Geological Society of America Memoir 189 , p . 1 – 69...

... almost all other faunal groups of the Malvinokaffric Realm (e.g., trilobites, brachiopods, conulariids, bivalves, gastropods), has a high degree of endemism within each sedimentary basin, even among the typically Malvinokaffric basins. Considering the large number of taxa described in recent years...

... and Venezuela) indicate the presence of Malvinokaffric elements in faunal associations otherwise paleobiogeographically linked to the Devonian Eastern Americas Realm (Morzadec et al., 2015 ). Infaunal molting behavior in trilobites has been only recently recognized mainly based on specimens of E...

...-regions within the Malvinokaffric Realm. However, these studies should not rely solely on one phylum of organisms. In the case of southwest Gondwana, the similarity between taxa from different Malvinokaffric basins appears to vary depending on the phylum being considered. For instance, the work...

...-ammonoid cephalopods as well, thus refuting the alleged virtual absence of cephalopods in circumpolar Devonian basins from southwestern Gondwana (the Malvinokaffric Realm). We report Bactrites gracilis and Devonobactrites ? sp., whose wide distribution contrasts with the endemic paleobiogeographic...

... of Unit 2 of the Chapada Group in the region of Rio Verde is very similar to that of other occurrences in the Malvinokaffric realm ( Fig. 2 A, 2 D) ( Clarke 1913 ; Bosetti et al. 2012 ). The fossils recovered are largely composed of brachiopods: mainly orbiculoids, lingulids, rhynchonellates...

... OUTSIDE THE Malvinokaffric Realm aulacopleurids trilobites are widespread, common and diverse elements with a long (Ordovician-Carboniferous) stratigraphic range. Nevertheless, their Malvinokaffric record includes only two genera almost exclusively restricted to the Devonian: Malimanaspis Baldis...

..., or restricted to the Malvinokaffric Realm, is complementary to the regionally correlative palynological events recognised by Troth et al. ( 2011 ) in the Devonian of Bolivia. These elements demonstrate that, together with other faunal and isotopic data, palynological events are relevant to Middle Palaeozoic...

... the Rhenish–Bohemian (or Old World) Realm, the Appalachian Realm and the high-latitude Malvinokaffric Realm. Although the Talacasto Formation of the Argentinian Precordillera has been assigned to the Malvinokaffric Realm in the past, Herrera & Racheboeuf (1997) described it as carrying a brachiopod...

... propose a systematic re-evaluation of the Malvinokaffric Realm (now called Malvinoxhosan Realm by Penn-Clarke and Harper, 2020 ) species “ Schuchertella ” agassizi through the descriptions of specimens from the Ponta Grossa and São Domingos formations, and the identification of a new species...

... under cool/cold-water settings with distinct faunal associations that define the Malvinokaffric Realm (Richter & Richter 1942 ), a major circum-polar austral marine palaeobiogeographic region recognisable during the Early–Middle Devonian. In addition to the high endemism in taxa of suprageneric...

... with the mostly endemic trilobite faunas known from the Early Devonian of Southwestern Gondwana (faunas of the Malvinokaffric Realm), where entire families, such as the calmoniids, were restricted and diversified (Eldredge and Braniša, 1980 ; Boucot and Racheboeuf, 1993 ; Abe and Lieberman, 2009 , 2012...

... the faunal realms of the Devonian Period, and how the geographic distribution of stromatoporoids was affected by these paleogeographic constraints. Traditionally, the Devonian world has been divided into three realms: (1) Eastern Americas Realm (EAR), southeastern North America; (2) Old World Realm (OWR...

... of the Earth: The Intercalary Relations of the Malvinokaffric and Gondwana Faunal Realms with the Tethyan Faunal Realm : Geological Society of America , Memoir 189 , 69 p . Miall, A.D., 2006 , The Geology of Fluvial...

... characteristic elements of the Malvinokaffric realm from the Gondwana Lower Devonian (Emsian). The fossil plants are remarkably preserved given that they are in rocks that have undergone intense deformation. The plants are identified as Haplostigma sp. and Haskinsia cf. H. colophylla , and suggest a Middle...