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![Measured stratigraphic section of the Lulehe Formation at the Dahonggou locality. (A) Excellent outcrop of the Lulehe Formation dominated by sandy and conglomeratic red beds. (B–D) Photomicrographs of feldspatholithic (B–C) and quartz-arenitic (D) petrofacies. The two feldspatholithic sandstones contain feldspar (F) and sedimentary lithic (Ls) grains, in addition to monocrystalline quartz (Qm); the quartzose example consists of 100% monocrystalline quartz (mainly Qm) grains. See part H for locations. (E–F) Interbeds of clast-supported pebble-cobble conglomerate and red siltstone, with a sharp, erosive contact, in the upper part of the Lulehe Formation. (G) Massive, matrix-supported and poorly sorted, pebble to boulder conglomerates in the lower part of the Lulehe Formation. (H) Vertical succession of lithofacies and depositional system of the measured section. See Table 1 for lithofacies codes.]()
![Primary sedimentary structures of the Lulehe Formation, including pebble imbrication (A–D) and ripple marks in wedge-shaped cross-stratification (E–F), used for paleocurrent measurement at the localities of Lulehe, Yuqia, Yinmaxia, and Dahonggou in the northern Qaidam Basin.]()
![Fig. 3.]()
![(continued). (A) Isopach map of the Lulehe Formation (E1+2). (B) Isopach map of the lower Xiaganchaigou Formation (E3-1). (C) Isopach map of the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation (E3-2). (D) Isopach map of the Shanggan-chaigou Formation (N1). (E) Isopach map of the Xiayoushashan Formation (N2-1). (F) Isopach map of the Shangyoushashan Formation (N2-2). (G) Isopach map of the Shizigou Formation (N2-3). (H) Isopach map of Quaternary sediments (Q). See Table 1 for age assignment of each unit.]()
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![(A) Regional seismic section III and (B) related geological interpretation, showing dominant thin-skinned folding associated with plastic flow of the Lulehe Formation. Note that many basement-involved faults disappear upward in the Lulehe Formation. (C, D) Details of growth strata in the Nanwusi and Jiandingshan anticlines, respectively. (E, F) Details of the décollement in the Lulehe Formation below the Nanyishan and Jiandingshan anticlines, respectively. TWTT—two-way traveltime; GS—growth strata. Section location is shown in Figure 3.]()
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![Representative stratigraphic columns for major depositional environments of the Dahonggou section. (A) Braided-anastomosing fluvial deposits of the lower Lulehe Formation. (B) Gravelly braided fluvial deposits of the upper Lulehe Formation. (C) Meandering fluvial deposits of the Xiaganchaigou Formation. (D) Meandering fluvial-lacustrine deposits of the Shangganchaigou Formation. (E) Braided fluvial deposits of the Shangyoushashan Formation.]()
![Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe formation (LLH). (B) Lower Xiaganchaigou formation (LXG). (C) Upper Xiaganchaigou formation (UXG). ATF—Altyn Tagh fault. Insets show the typical thickness-distance plot extracted from the corresponding isopach maps, with hinge points highlighted by small rectangles and thickness increasing to the right. The upper ends of the numbered T-D curves in the insets correspond to the northwestern ends of the numbered lines shown in the corresponding panel. Note that these isopach maps are not corrected for decompaction. Red solid lines indicate the maximum erosional extents. Blue dots are hinge points. Blue solid lines represent boundaries of the Altyn Slope in different depositional stages, while the black solid line is the current boundary. Y—Yiliping depression; M—Mang’ai depression; O—Old Mang’ai depression; J—Jinhongshan depression; N—Niubei depression. (D) Shangganchaigou formation (SG). (E) Xiayoushashan formation (XY). (F) Shangyoushashan formation (SY). (G) Shizigou formation (SZG).]()
![Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe formation (LLH). (B) Lower Xiaganchaigou formation (LXG). (C) Upper Xiaganchaigou formation (UXG). ATF—Altyn Tagh fault. Insets show the typical thickness-distance plot extracted from the corresponding isopach maps, with hinge points highlighted by small rectangles and thickness increasing to the right. The upper ends of the numbered T-D curves in the insets correspond to the northwestern ends of the numbered lines shown in the corresponding panel. Note that these isopach maps are not corrected for decompaction. Red solid lines indicate the maximum erosional extents. Blue dots are hinge points. Blue solid lines represent boundaries of the Altyn Slope in different depositional stages, while the black solid line is the current boundary. Y—Yiliping depression; M—Mang’ai depression; O—Old Mang’ai depression; J—Jinhongshan depression; N—Niubei depression. (D) Shangganchaigou formation (SG). (E) Xiayoushashan formation (XY). (F) Shangyoushashan formation (SY). (G) Shizigou formation (SZG).]()
![Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe formation (LLH). (B) Lower Xiaganchaigou formation (LXG). (C) Upper Xiaganchaigou formation (UXG). ATF—Altyn Tagh fault. Insets show the typical thickness-distance plot extracted from the corresponding isopach maps, with hinge points highlighted by small rectangles and thickness increasing to the right. The upper ends of the numbered T-D curves in the insets correspond to the northwestern ends of the numbered lines shown in the corresponding panel. Note that these isopach maps are not corrected for decompaction. Red solid lines indicate the maximum erosional extents. Blue dots are hinge points. Blue solid lines represent boundaries of the Altyn Slope in different depositional stages, while the black solid line is the current boundary. Y—Yiliping depression; M—Mang’ai depression; O—Old Mang’ai depression; J—Jinhongshan depression; N—Niubei depression. (D) Shangganchaigou formation (SG). (E) Xiayoushashan formation (XY). (F) Shangyoushashan formation (SY). (G) Shizigou formation (SZG).]()
![(A) Regional seismic section V and (B) related geological interpretation, showing folding associated with local plastic flow of the Lulehe Formation and thrusts soling into the Shangyoushashan Formation, as well as the neighboring Shizigou and Xiayoushashan Formations. (C) Details of growth strata in the Dongchaishan anticline. (D) Details of the thrust soling into the Shangyoushashan Formation. (E) Details of growth strata in the Dafengshan anticline. (F) Details of the décollement in the Lulehe Formation below the Heiliangzi and Changweiliang anticlines. TWTT—two-way traveltime; GS—growth strata. Section location is shown in Figure 3.]()
![Field photographs of lithofacies and stratigraphic units at the Dahonggou section. Stratigraphic levels refer to Figure 6. (A) Erosive, laterally continuous conglomerate beds interbedded with structureless mudstone and sandstone. Lulehe Formation, 480 m. (B) Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone package thickness and frequency increase upward. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 1940 m. (C) Structureless, red and green mottled mudstone. 1–10 cm beds of ripple cross-stratified and horizontally laminated fine-grained sandstone increase in thickness up to a sharp contact with trough cross-stratified medium-grained sandstone bed. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 2970 m. (D) Thick package of trough cross-stratified sandstone capped by interbedded mudstone and sandstone. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 3200 m. (E) Trough cross-stratified pebble conglomerate and medium- to coarse-grained sandstone. Shangyoushashan Formation, 5965 m. (F) Amalgamated trough cross-stratified sandstone overlying laminated red mudstone. Lulehe Formation, ∼50 m. (G) Interbedded coarse-grained cross-bedded sandstone and clast-supported pebble conglomerate, Lulehe Formation, 489 m. (H) Structureless to laminated red mudstone incised by trough cross-stratified clast-supported pebble conglomerate. Lulehe Formation, 815 m. (I) Two amalgamated channel complexes separated by interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 2800 m. Up section is to the right. (J) Bidirectional current ripple cross-stratification. Shangganchaigou Formation, 4523 m. (K) Upward-coarsening packages of sandy siltstone to fine sandstone. Shangganchaigou Formation, 3659.7 m. (L) Horizontally bedded clast-supported pebble-cobble conglomerate interbedded with coarse- to very coarse-grained sandstone. Shangyoushashan Formation, 5603 m.]()
![Field photographs of lithofacies and stratigraphic units at the Dahonggou section. Stratigraphic levels refer to Figure 6. (A) Erosive, laterally continuous conglomerate beds interbedded with structureless mudstone and sandstone. Lulehe Formation, 480 m. (B) Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone package thickness and frequency increase upward. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 1940 m. (C) Structureless, red and green mottled mudstone. 1–10 cm beds of ripple cross-stratified and horizontally laminated fine-grained sandstone increase in thickness up to a sharp contact with trough cross-stratified medium-grained sandstone bed. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 2970 m. (D) Thick package of trough cross-stratified sandstone capped by interbedded mudstone and sandstone. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 3200 m. (E) Trough cross-stratified pebble conglomerate and medium- to coarse-grained sandstone. Shangyoushashan Formation, 5965 m. (F) Amalgamated trough cross-stratified sandstone overlying laminated red mudstone. Lulehe Formation, ∼50 m. (G) Interbedded coarse-grained cross-bedded sandstone and clast-supported pebble conglomerate, Lulehe Formation, 489 m. (H) Structureless to laminated red mudstone incised by trough cross-stratified clast-supported pebble conglomerate. Lulehe Formation, 815 m. (I) Two amalgamated channel complexes separated by interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Xiaganchaigou Formation, 2800 m. Up section is to the right. (J) Bidirectional current ripple cross-stratification. Shangganchaigou Formation, 4523 m. (K) Upward-coarsening packages of sandy siltstone to fine sandstone. Shangganchaigou Formation, 3659.7 m. (L) Horizontally bedded clast-supported pebble-cobble conglomerate interbedded with coarse- to very coarse-grained sandstone. Shangyoushashan Formation, 5603 m.]()
![(A) Gray-yellow sandstones interbedded with conglomerates of the middle Eocene Lower Xiaganchaigou Formation (E31) in the Huatugou section. (B) Gray-yellow sandstones interbedded with mudstones of the middle Miocene Xiayoushashan Formation (N21) in the Huatugou section. (C) Core sample of grayish white conglomerates of the middle Miocene Lower Xiaganchaigou Formation (E31) in the Kunbei section. (D–E) Microscopic characteristics (crossed polarized light) of the middle Eocene to Oligocene sandstone core samples from the Kunbei section. Note the large number of lithic fragments, the fining of the grain size, and the increasing textural maturity from middle Eocene to Oligocene. (F) Core sample of conglomerates of the Paleocene Lulehe Formation (E1+2) in the Kunbei section. (G) Carbonate debris included in conglomerates of the Paleocene Lulehe Formation (E1+2) in the Kunbei section (core sample, crossed polarized light microphotograph). (H) Foraminifera in carbonate debris within conglomerates of the Paleocene Lulehe Formation (E1+2) in the Kunbei section (core sample, plane polarized light microphotograph). (I) Angular unconformity between the early Miocene to Pleistocene sediments and the Ordovician basement rocks of the Tanjianshan Group in the Adatan valley.]()
![Abundant cobble-boulder conglomerates (mainly Gcm, Gmm, and Gcmi) in the lower part of the Lulehe Formation at the localities of Lulehe, Yuqia, Dahonggou, and Yinmaxia in the northern Qaidam Basin. See Table 1 for lithofacies codes.]()
![Representative seismic profile B–B′ across the northern Qaidam basin. (A) Uninterpreted. (B) Interpreted. The location of this seismic profile is shown in Figure 3. Q—Quaternary; SZ—Shizigou Formation; SY—Shangyoushashan Formation; XY—Xiayoushashan Formation; SG—Shangganchaigou Formation; XG—Xiaganchaigou Formation; LL—Lulehe Formation; K—Cretaceous; J—Jurassic.]()
![Structural cross section based on surface geology and seismic data. The line location is shown in Figure 1B. , Paleocene Lulehe Formation; , Eocene Xiaganchaigou Formation; , Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation; , Miocene Xiayoushashan Formation; , Miocene Shangyoushashan Formation; , Pliocene Shizigou Formation and Pleistocene Qigequan Formation.]()
![(A) Regional seismic section IV and (B) related geological interpretation, showing similar structures to section III. Note that some shallow thrusts soling into the Shangyoushashan Formation are observed. (C, D) Details of the décollement in the Lulehe Formation. (E) Details of growth strata in the Heiliangzi anticline. TWTT—two-way traveltime; GS—growth strata. Section location is shown in Figure 3.]()
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Measured stratigraphic section of the Lulehe Formation at the Dahonggou loc... Open Access
in Towards a clarification of the provenance of Cenozoic sediments in the northern Qaidam Basin
> Lithosphere
Published: 20 December 2018
Figure 8. Measured stratigraphic section of the Lulehe Formation at the Dahonggou locality. (A) Excellent outcrop of the Lulehe Formation dominated by sandy and conglomeratic red beds. (B–D) Photomicrographs of feldspatholithic (B–C) and quartz-arenitic (D) petrofacies. The two feldspatholithic
Image
Primary sedimentary structures of the Lulehe Formation, including pebble im... Open Access
in Towards a clarification of the provenance of Cenozoic sediments in the northern Qaidam Basin
> Lithosphere
Published: 20 December 2018
Figure 3. Primary sedimentary structures of the Lulehe Formation, including pebble imbrication (A–D) and ripple marks in wedge-shaped cross-stratification (E–F), used for paleocurrent measurement at the localities of Lulehe, Yuqia, Yinmaxia, and Dahonggou in the northern Qaidam Basin.
Image
( a ) Rose diagrams of the paleocurrent indicators for the Lulehe Formation... Available to Purchase
in The middle Eocene to early Miocene integrated sedimentary record in the Qaidam Basin and its implications for paleoclimate and early Tibetan Plateau uplift
> Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Published: 11 March 2013
Fig. 3. ( a ) Rose diagrams of the paleocurrent indicators for the Lulehe Formation, Xiaganchaigou Formation, and Shangganchaigou Formation. ( b ) Hubs occurrence of the slump structure of the studied sedimentary sequence. N , number of samples.
Image
( continued ). (A) Isopach map of the Lulehe Formation (E1+2). (B) Isopach ... Available to Purchase
in Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (Part 3): Structural geology, sedimentation, and regional tectonic reconstruction
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2008
Figure 12. ( continued ). (A) Isopach map of the Lulehe Formation (E1+2). (B) Isopach map of the lower Xiaganchaigou Formation (E3-1). (C) Isopach map of the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation (E3-2). (D) Isopach map of the Shanggan-chaigou Formation (N1). (E) Isopach map of the Xiayoushashan
Journal Article
Towards a clarification of the provenance of Cenozoic sediments in the northern Qaidam Basin Open Access
Journal: Lithosphere
Publisher: GSW
Published: 20 December 2018
Lithosphere (2019) 11 (2): 252–272.
...Figure 8. Measured stratigraphic section of the Lulehe Formation at the Dahonggou locality. (A) Excellent outcrop of the Lulehe Formation dominated by sandy and conglomeratic red beds. (B–D) Photomicrographs of feldspatholithic (B–C) and quartz-arenitic (D) petrofacies. The two feldspatholithic...
FIGURES
| View All (13)
Image
(A) Regional seismic section III and (B) related geological interpretation,... Available to Purchase
in Impact of multiple weak layers on deformation of the interior of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 04 April 2024
Figure 6. (A) Regional seismic section III and (B) related geological interpretation, showing dominant thin-skinned folding associated with plastic flow of the Lulehe Formation. Note that many basement-involved faults disappear upward in the Lulehe Formation. (C, D) Details of growth strata
Journal Article
Impact of multiple weak layers on deformation of the interior of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 04 April 2024
GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (9-10): 4364–4380.
...Figure 6. (A) Regional seismic section III and (B) related geological interpretation, showing dominant thin-skinned folding associated with plastic flow of the Lulehe Formation. Note that many basement-involved faults disappear upward in the Lulehe Formation. (C, D) Details of growth strata...
FIGURES
| View All (14)
Journal Article
Initial uplift of the Qilian Shan, northern Tibet since ca. 25 Ma: Implications for regional tectonics and origin of eolian deposition in Asia Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 14 February 2022
GSA Bulletin (2022) 134 (9-10): 2531–2547.
... linkage. The coarse-grained conglomeratic and sandy red beds of the Lulehe Formation (Fm.) in the northern Qaidam Basin (QB), northern Tibet, have long been held as synorogenic sediment accumulation. There is, however, a heated debate on its source area (the Qilian Shan, the east Kunlun Shan, or Qimen...
FIGURES
| View All (11)
Image
Representative stratigraphic columns for major depositional environments of... Open Access
in Growth of the Qaidam Basin during Cenozoic exhumation in the northern Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from depositional patterns and multiproxy detrital provenance signatures
> Lithosphere
Published: 01 February 2016
Figure 7. Representative stratigraphic columns for major depositional environments of the Dahonggou section. (A) Braided-anastomosing fluvial deposits of the lower Lulehe Formation. (B) Gravelly braided fluvial deposits of the upper Lulehe Formation. (C) Meandering fluvial deposits
Image
Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe format... Open Access
in Cenozoic tilting history of the south slope of the Altyn Tagh as revealed by seismic profiling: Implications for the kinematics of the Altyn Tagh fault bounding the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
> Geosphere
Published: 01 June 2016
Figure 6. Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe formation (LLH). (B) Lower Xiaganchaigou formation (LXG). (C) Upper Xiaganchaigou formation (UXG). ATF—Altyn Tagh fault. Insets show the typical thickness-distance plot extracted from the corresponding isopach maps
Image
Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe format... Open Access
in Cenozoic tilting history of the south slope of the Altyn Tagh as revealed by seismic profiling: Implications for the kinematics of the Altyn Tagh fault bounding the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
> Geosphere
Published: 01 June 2016
Figure 6. Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe formation (LLH). (B) Lower Xiaganchaigou formation (LXG). (C) Upper Xiaganchaigou formation (UXG). ATF—Altyn Tagh fault. Insets show the typical thickness-distance plot extracted from the corresponding isopach maps
Image
Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe format... Open Access
in Cenozoic tilting history of the south slope of the Altyn Tagh as revealed by seismic profiling: Implications for the kinematics of the Altyn Tagh fault bounding the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
> Geosphere
Published: 01 June 2016
Figure 6. Gridded isopach maps of the Cenozoic stratigraphic units. (A) Lulehe formation (LLH). (B) Lower Xiaganchaigou formation (LXG). (C) Upper Xiaganchaigou formation (UXG). ATF—Altyn Tagh fault. Insets show the typical thickness-distance plot extracted from the corresponding isopach maps
Image
(A) Regional seismic section V and (B) related geological interpretation, s... Available to Purchase
in Impact of multiple weak layers on deformation of the interior of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 04 April 2024
Figure 8. (A) Regional seismic section V and (B) related geological interpretation, showing folding associated with local plastic flow of the Lulehe Formation and thrusts soling into the Shangyoushashan Formation, as well as the neighboring Shizigou and Xiayoushashan Formations. (C) Details
Image
Field photographs of lithofacies and stratigraphic units at the Dahonggou s... Open Access
in Growth of the Qaidam Basin during Cenozoic exhumation in the northern Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from depositional patterns and multiproxy detrital provenance signatures
> Lithosphere
Published: 01 February 2016
Figure 8. Field photographs of lithofacies and stratigraphic units at the Dahonggou section. Stratigraphic levels refer to Figure 6 . (A) Erosive, laterally continuous conglomerate beds interbedded with structureless mudstone and sandstone. Lulehe Formation, 480 m. (B) Interbedded sandstone
Image
Field photographs of lithofacies and stratigraphic units at the Dahonggou s... Open Access
in Growth of the Qaidam Basin during Cenozoic exhumation in the northern Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from depositional patterns and multiproxy detrital provenance signatures
> Lithosphere
Published: 01 February 2016
Figure 8. Field photographs of lithofacies and stratigraphic units at the Dahonggou section. Stratigraphic levels refer to Figure 6 . (A) Erosive, laterally continuous conglomerate beds interbedded with structureless mudstone and sandstone. Lulehe Formation, 480 m. (B) Interbedded sandstone
Image
(A) Gray-yellow sandstones interbedded with conglomerates of the middle Eoc... Available to Purchase
in Source to sink relation between the Eastern Kunlun Range and the Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, during the Cenozoic
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 January 2016
fragments, the fining of the grain size, and the increasing textural maturity from middle Eocene to Oligocene. (F) Core sample of conglomerates of the Paleocene Lulehe Formation (E 1+2 ) in the Kunbei section. (G) Carbonate debris included in conglomerates of the Paleocene Lulehe Formation (E 1+2
Image
Abundant cobble-boulder conglomerates (mainly Gcm, Gmm, and Gcmi) in the lo... Open Access
in Towards a clarification of the provenance of Cenozoic sediments in the northern Qaidam Basin
> Lithosphere
Published: 20 December 2018
Figure 7. Abundant cobble-boulder conglomerates (mainly Gcm, Gmm, and Gcmi) in the lower part of the Lulehe Formation at the localities of Lulehe, Yuqia, Dahonggou, and Yinmaxia in the northern Qaidam Basin. See Table 1 for lithofacies codes.
Image
Representative seismic profile B–B′ across the northern Qaidam basin. (A) U... Available to Purchase
in Differential tectonic activity along the southern boundary of the Qilian Mountains: Insights from low-temperature thermochronology, seismic data, and fluvial geomorphology
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 26 November 2024
Formation; XG—Xiaganchaigou Formation; LL—Lulehe Formation; K—Cretaceous; J—Jurassic.
Image
Structural cross section based on surface geology and seismic data. The lin... Available to Purchase
in The influence of fracture cements in tight Paleogene saline lacustrine carbonate reservoirs, western Qaidam Basin, northwest China
> AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 November 2012
Figure 3 Structural cross section based on surface geology and seismic data. The line location is shown in Figure 1B . , Paleocene Lulehe Formation; , Eocene Xiaganchaigou Formation; , Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation; , Miocene Xiayoushashan Formation; , Miocene Shangyoushashan
Image
(A) Regional seismic section IV and (B) related geological interpretation, ... Available to Purchase
in Impact of multiple weak layers on deformation of the interior of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 04 April 2024
Figure 7. (A) Regional seismic section IV and (B) related geological interpretation, showing similar structures to section III. Note that some shallow thrusts soling into the Shangyoushashan Formation are observed. (C, D) Details of the décollement in the Lulehe Formation. (E) Details of growth
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