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![(a) Map view of the Groningen gas field area. White areas depict urban centers. The location of the Groningen gas field in the northern part of the Netherlands is shown in the map in the lower left corner of the figure (red contour). The blue contour depicts the outline of the gas field. The vertical gray dashed line depicts the location where the section of the velocity model shown in Figure 2a has been taken. Orange triangles depict the G‐array. The 1D velocity model at station G23 (encircle) is shown in Figure 2b. Vertical view of one shallow borehole of this array is shown in the orange box on the right side. Green triangles depict the borehole array operated by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) since 1991. The pink box on the map is zoomed in the upper right corner of the figure. It depicts the Wittewierum array and its 100 vertical‐component geophones. It is reported as “Wi” in the legend of the figure. Small blue triangles depict the Loppersum (northern) and Borgsweer (eastern) arrays. They are reported as “TA” (standing for Transportable Array) in the legend of the figure. Two white triangles in the middle of the Loppersum array depict the deep borehole arrays, namely SDM (western) and ZRP (eastern). A vertical view of these arrays at reservoir depth is shown in the upper left corner of the figure. (b) Summary of the start and end times of the different arrays used in this study. G, G‐array; Wi, Wittewierum; Lop, Loppersum. SDM and ZRP are the two deep borehole arrays. The gray rectangle corresponds to a period when the G‐array was under construction.]()
![(a) Location of the Groningen gas field in the northern Netherlands. (b) Map view of the Groningen gas field area. Blue contour shows the boundary of the gas field. Orange triangles depict the shallow borehole sites of the G‐array, which consists of 70 accelerographs at the surface collocated with a borehole in which three to four geophones are installed at depth intervals of 30, 50, or 75 m. Small red triangles depict stations of the Loppersum array, reported as Transportable Array (TA) in the legend. (c) Loppersum array (black triangles) and the surrounding stations of the G‐array (orange triangles). The two green triangles depict the deep borehole locations: ZRP (western) and SDM (eastern). The line of five stations close to the shallow borehole G18 are shown in red. Inversion results for these stations are highlighted in Figure 3. A detailed description of some of the seismic arrays in the Groningen area is provided in Spica et al. (2018).]()
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Journal Article
Shallow V S Imaging of the Groningen Area from Joint Inversion of Multimode Surface Waves and H/V Spectral Ratios Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 20 June 2018
Seismological Research Letters (2018) 89 (5): 1720–1729.
...Zack Spica; Mathieu Perton; Nori Nakata; Xin Liu; Gregory C. Beroza ABSTRACT The Groningen gas field in the northern Netherlands is subject to production‐induced earthquakes and has quickly become one of the seismologically best‐instrumented areas on Earth. Accurate quantification of seismic hazard...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
The Ambient Seismic Field at Groningen Gas Field: An Overview from the Surface to Reservoir Depth Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 30 May 2018
Seismological Research Letters (2018) 89 (4): 1450–1466.
... stations of the Loppersum array, and for several stations of the Wittewierum array. The results are shown in Figure A1 and discussed in Appendix A . One notable finding of this analysis is that the level of noise is high at almost all stations and frequencies, likely because of the vicinity...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplemental Content
Image
(a) Map view of the Groningen gas field area. White areas depict urban cent... Available to Purchase
in The Ambient Seismic Field at Groningen Gas Field: An Overview from the Surface to Reservoir Depth
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 30 May 2018
Figure 1. (a) Map view of the Groningen gas field area. White areas depict urban centers. The location of the Groningen gas field in the northern part of the Netherlands is shown in the map in the lower left corner of the figure (red contour). The blue contour depicts the outline of the gas field
Image
(a) Location of the Groningen gas field in the northern Netherlands. (b) Ma... Available to Purchase
in Shallow V S Imaging of the Groningen Area from Joint Inversion of Multimode Surface Waves and H/V Spectral Ratios
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 20 June 2018
Figure 1. (a) Location of the Groningen gas field in the northern Netherlands. (b) Map view of the Groningen gas field area. Blue contour shows the boundary of the gas field. Orange triangles depict the shallow borehole sites of the G‐array, which consists of 70 accelerographs at the surface
Journal Article
Time–Space Evolution of the Groningen Gas Field in Terms of b ‐Value: Insights and Implications for Seismic Hazard Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 14 April 2023
Seismological Research Letters (2023) 94 (4): 1807–1820.
...Laura Gulia Abstract The Groningen gas field, located in the northeast of The Netherlands, is the Europe’s largest onshore gas field. It was discovered in 1959 and production started in 1963: Continuous production leads to reservoir compaction and subsidence, gradually loading preexisting fault...
FIGURES
Journal Article
A Probabilistic Model to Evaluate Options for Mitigating Induced Seismic Risk Available to Purchase
Journal: Earthquake Spectra
Publisher: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Published: 01 May 2019
Earthquake Spectra (2019) 35 (2): 537–564.
... for the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands. The framework for this risk model to inform decision making regarding mitigation strategies can be adapted to other cases of anthropogenically induced seismicity. Email: [email protected] 9 5 2018 9 11 2018 © 2019 Earthquake Engineering...
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Journal Article
Automating event location monitoring for induced seismicity Open Access
Journal: The Leading Edge
Publisher: Society of Exploration Geophysicists
Published: 01 July 2020
The Leading Edge (2020) 39 (7): 505–512.
... in detecting and locating earthquakes. Willacy et al. (2018) present the first results of an elastic full-waveform workflow that was applied to both the deep and shallow borehole monitoring arrays at the giant Groningen gas field in the northeast of The Netherlands ( Figure 1 ). This physics-based...
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Journal Article
A guideline for assessing seismic risk induced by gas extraction in the Netherlands Available to Purchase
Journal: The Leading Edge
Publisher: Society of Exploration Geophysicists
Published: 01 June 2015
The Leading Edge (2015) 34 (6): 672–677.
...A. G. Muntendam-Bos; J. P. A. Roest; J. A. de Waal Abstract In the Netherlands, seismicity is induced by the reactivation of faults because of the extraction of gas. The Dutch mining law requires a seismic-risk assessment as part of the license application process. For this purpose, a risk...
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Journal Article
A database of ground motion recordings, site profiles, and amplification factors from the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands Open Access
Journal: Earthquake Spectra
Publisher: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Published: 01 February 2023
Earthquake Spectra (2023) 39 (1): 687–701.
... ground motion database site response model Groningen gas field site profile database Groningen project database Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij Induced earthquakes have occurred in the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands since 1991, almost three decades after production...
FIGURES
Journal Article
A Monte Carlo Method for Probabilistic Hazard Assessment of Induced Seismicity due to Conventional Natural Gas Production Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 19 May 2015
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2015) 105 (3): 1721–1738.
...‐hazard model based on a time‐dependent stochastic seismological model for earthquakes induced by conventional gas production ( Bourne et al. , 2014 ). This model is then illustrated with application to the Groningen gas field in The Netherlands, but its key elements may be adaptable to other gas fields...
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