... carbon isotope stratigraphy and radiometric dating in order to reconstruct the Cambrian radiation (popularly known as the ‘Cambrian explosion’) with a higher precision and provide a basis for the definition of Cambrian Stages 2 to 4. The Lophotrochozoa and, probably, Chaetognatha were first among...

... millimetric, small shelly fossils (SSFs), most of which belong in the superphylum Lophotrochozoa (e.g., Kouchinsky et al., 2012 ). Apart from a few contentious Terreneuvian ecdysozoans (Liu et al., 2014 ; Zhang et al., 2015 ), the body fossil record of ecdysozoans and deuterostomes is very poorly known...

... the bilaterian clades Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Deuterostomia. Figure 1. Composite phylogeny of the Metazoa. More inclusive clades discussed in the text are delimited by boxes or node designations. The basic topology is from the 18s rDNA and morphological analysis of Zrzavy et al. (1998...

..., but they most likely belong to the Lophotrochozoa (Vinn and Zatoń, 2012 ) and could represent stem-group phoronids (Taylor et al., 2010 ). Their fossils often provide us with important paleoecological information because, as hard substrate encrusters, they generally retain their original position...

... Zealand inventory of biodiversity, Volume 1, Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, and Deuterostomia : Christchurch, New Zealand , Canterbury Press (in press) . Valentine , J.W. , 1989 , How good was the fossil record? Clues from the Californian Pleistocene : Paleobiology , v. 15 p...

... in stem-group brachiopods. Further work on the interrelationships of the tommotiids will undoubtedly help to clarify other aspects of the currently problematic phylogeny of the Lophotrochozoa. Ian and Di Fargher at Angorichina Station and Graham Ragless at Beltana Station provided access...

... Mollusca . Pp . 161 – 254 in Gordon D. P. ed . New Zealand inventory of biodiversity, Vol. 1 . Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa...

... phyla that originated in the Cambrian, that can only be subdivided into three major clades, the Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Deuterostomia ( Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ; Balavoine and Adoutte, 1998 ). Unfortunately, measures of tree comparison become more complex when trees with more than four taxa...

... in some zoological textbooks (e.g. Nielsen 1995), were robustly brought within protostomes and, more especially, within a clade comprising annelids and many other phyla ( Halanych et al . 1995; Rosa et al . 1999). Hence the Lophotrochozoa is used for the whole clade uniting lophophore-bearing animals...

... ) and annelids (Eibye-Jacobsen, 2004 ) and placement within the stem-group of the lophotrochozoa (Conway Morris & Caron, 2007 ). A new study on feeding apparatus of Wiwaixa by Smith ( 2012 ) supports a classification in Mollusca. Recently, a new Burgess Shale-type lagerstätte was discovered...

... consider hypothetical scenarios of life cycles of fossil brachiopods, including true planktotrophic larvae in the Cambrian linguliforms. The ontogeny of fossil Lophotrochozoa in general and fossil brachiopods in particular may be reconstructed based on the relief and size of their first-formed shells...

... crown-group polyplacophorans, Oikozetetes , and other halkieriid taxa based on the similarities in shell form and growth style, cap-like shells with similar growth patterns are widely distributed across the Lophotrochozoa (e.g., brachiopods, bivalve and gastropod mollusks), suggesting a cautious...

.... This also implies that Lophotrochozoa, in which Mollusca are nested ( Butterfield, 2006 ; Conway Morris and Caron, 2007 ; Vinther et al., 2008 ), had already originated by this time––555 Ma ( Martin et al., 2000 ). Unlike the small shelly Cambrian mollusks (e.g., Pojeta 1987 ), Ediacaran fan-shaped...

.... Landing E , Geyer G , Jirkov IA and Schiaparelli S ( in press ) Lophotrochozoa...

... to be a morphological symplesiomorphy of the superphylum Lophotrochozoa ( Peterson and Eernisse, 2001 ; Butterfield, 2006 ). As such, most of the Mahto microfossils can be confidently identified as both dental and lophotrochozoan. Whether or not they represent true molluscan radulae depends on their detailed...

..., Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia) and the appearance of macroscopic representatives of these clades in the fossil record. As elaborated below, such macroevolutionary lags are not uncommon in plant and animal diversifications ( Erwin 2015 b ) and are consistent with current understanding of the early...

... mats, lace corals . Pp. 271 – 297 in D. P. Gordon , ed. New Zealand inventory of biodiversity , Vol. 1 . Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press , Christchurch . Herrera , A. , and J. B. C. Jackson . 1992 . Environmental...

.... , Bigey , F.P. (2009) Phylum Bryozoa: moss animals, sea mats, lace corals . In: Gordon D.P. (Ed), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, Volume 1, Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, pp. 271 – 297 . Hageman , S.J. , Bone , Y...

..., and appears to have had more spinose tergal projections. Stem-group Lophotrochozoa Current consensus regards the wiwaxiids as having a molluscan affinity (e.g. Yang et al., 2014 ). Our material throws no further light on this question, and we prefer to take a more agnostic view...

... sister group ( Carlson, 1995 ; Cohen and Gawthrop, 1997 ; Luter, 2000b ). The relationship of brachiopods to other metazoans is still contentious; molecular systematists, on the evidence from both nuclear (18S rDNA) and mitochondrial genes, place them in Lophotrochozoa ( Halanych et al., 1995...