Abstract The Aeolian volcanism ( c. 1 Ma active) develops within the Africa–Eurasia convergence setting, which is characterized by the subduction of the Ionian plate below the Calabrian Arc. Deep earthquakes occur to the east of a tear fault that divides the Aeolian Islands into two sectors: (a) an eastern sector characterized by active volcanism, reduced crustal thickness, high seismic flux, low P-wave velocity (Vp) and attenuation (Qp) and NE–SW extension; (b) a western sector where a NNW–SSE compressive strain along a WNW–ESE-striking fault system is acting. The geophysical and structural features of the eastern sector are consistent with upwelling and SE migration of the asthenospheric mantle. The extensional and strike-slip strain allow the magma to upraise along dyke-like conduits and to erupt. Earthquake-induced strain changes may trigger volcanic eruptions and degassing episodes. The oldest volcanism (Pliocene–Early Pleistocene) was controlled by a WNW–ESE-striking tear fault related to the SE rollback of the slab. A new tear, the Tindari–Letojanni Fault System, started during the Middle–Late Pleistocene and represents the active western boundary of the subducting slab. The present-day Aeolian volcanism is associated with rifting processes developing within an arc collision zone.