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Lerma Basin
Transect from the Santa Maria Basin to the Lerma Basin across the southernm...
Plan-view evolution of the drainage in the late Pleistocene Lerma basin in ...
Drainage and base-level adjustments during evolution of a late Pleistocene piggyback basin, Eastern Cordillera, Central Andes of northwestern Argentina
The Lower Toluca Pumice: A ca. 21,700 yr B.P. Plinian eruption of Nevado de Toluca volcano, México
Approximately 21,700 yr B.P., after a period of quiescence of ∼4800 yr, Nevado de Toluca volcano erupted, producing the Lower Toluca Pumice deposit. The activity generated a 24-km-high Plinian column that lasted ∼11–13 h and dispersed 2.3 km 3 (0.8 km 3 dense rock equivalent) of tephra toward the NE, blanketing the Lerma basin, an area occupied today by the city of Toluca, with up to 5 cm of ash. Subsequent eruptive pulses were sub-Plinian in style, accompanied by phreatomagmatic explosions that emplaced surge deposits. Finally, the column collapsed toward the NE with the emplacement of a pumice flow deposit. The high vesicularity of the pumice from the basal Plinian layer, up to 83% by volume, indicates that exsolution was dominantly magmatic, and that pressurization of the magma chamber was probably due to a magma mixing process. Evidence for this includes the compositional range of juvenile products (61–65 wt% SiO 2 ), as well as the presence of two types of plagioclase, one in equilibrium and the other one with disequilibrium textures and reverse zoning. This suggests input of an andesitic liquid into the dacitic magma chamber. Based on the eruptive record, the most likely future eruptive activity at Nevado de Toluca volcano will be Plinian. Although quiet for more than 3250 yr, Plinian activity could occur after a long period of quiescence, and it could represent a hazard for the entire Toluca basin, where more than one million people live today.
Figure 1. (A) Location of Nevado de Toluca volcano and some important citie...
The 10.5 ka Plinian eruption of Nevado de Toluca volcano, Mexico: Stratigraphy and hazard implications
White, J. D. L. & Riggs, N. R. (eds) 2001. Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in Lacustrine Settings. : International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication no. 30. vii + 309 pp. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Price £52.50 (paperback). ISBN 0 632 05847 1.
Quaternary Drainage Development in Central Mexico and the Threat of an Environmental Disaster: A Geological Appraisal
Hillshade representation of the Lerma Valley (central flat region) and surr...
Late Pleistocene Climate Change and Erosion in the Santa Maria Basin, NW Argentina
Los Azufres geothermal field, Michoacán
Abstract Los Azufres (Michoacan) is the second geothermal field under development in Mexico. Though still at the exploration stage, five wellhead power units are generating a total installed 25,000 KW. The geothermal zone is one of the many thermally active areas of the Geothermal Province in the central part of the country, characterized by its numerous Tertiary to Quaternary volcanic centers and high heat flow, resulting in a large concentration of thermal shows. The Los Azufres field, 200 km west-northwest of Mexico City in northeast Michoacan (Fig. 1), covers approximately 30 km2 of the Ciudad Hidalgo and Zinapecuaro municipalities. Hydrographically, it is centered at the drainage divide separating the closed Cuitzeo basin on the west from the Medio Balsas subbasin to the south and the Alto Lerma subbasin in the northwest, which are parts of the major hydrological pattern in the region. The first geothermal energy evaluations in Mexico began in the 1950s at several localities. Los Azufres (formerly San Andres) had already been recommended as an objective for geothermal exploration, but it was not until early 1975 that the Federal Commission on Electricity (CFE) undertook the first systematic geological, geophysical, and geochemical surveys to verify the area's conditions and determine the best prospects. The first exploratory phase led to a recommendation of five deep-well locations in a 25 km2 area; these were drilled from 1976 to 1979, with encouraging results. The drilling program continued, and by 1982, five well-head turbogenerators, each with 50,000 KW capacity, had been installed. Development of