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Journal Article

Geochemistry, geochronology, and radiogenic isotopes of the Balmer and Confederation assemblages of the Laird Lake Area, Red Lake greenstone belt, Canada: implications for Archean tectonic evolution Available to Purchase

Brigitte R. Gélinas, Pete Hollings, Richard Friedman
Published: 23 May 2024
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2024) 61 (6): 686–711.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0122
...Brigitte R. Gélinas; Pete Hollings; Richard Friedman The Laird Lake property, southwest Red Lake greenstone belt, straddles the contact between the Balmer (2.99–2.96 Ga) and the Confederation (2.74–2.73 Ga) assemblages. The property is 10 km along strike from the Madsen and Starrat–Olsen Au mines...
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View PDF for article title, Geochemistry, geochronology, and radiogenic isotopes of the Balmer and Confederation assemblages of the <span class="search-highlight">Laird</span> <span class="search-highlight">Lake</span> Area, Red <span class="search-highlight">Lake</span> greenstone belt, Canada: implications for Archean tectonic evolution
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Add to Citation Manager for Geochemistry, geochronology, and radiogenic isotopes of the Balmer and Confederation assemblages of the <span class="search-highlight">Laird</span> <span class="search-highlight">Lake</span> Area, Red <span class="search-highlight">Lake</span> greenstone belt, Canada: implications for Archean tectonic evolution
Includes: Supplemental Content
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Geological map of the Laird Lake property, showing the location of the known gold occurrences and geochronology samples collected. Darker colours indicate observed outcrops or exposed areas; lighter colours indicate interpreted geology. The UTM coordinates are provided in Zone 15 using NAD83.

Geological map of the Laird Lake property, showing the location of the know... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Fig. 2. Geological map of the Laird Lake property, showing the location of the known gold occurrences and geochronology samples collected. Darker colours indicate observed outcrops or exposed areas; lighter colours indicate interpreted geology. The UTM coordinates are provided in Zone 15 using
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Radiogenic isotope data for the Laird Lake area. Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Table 2. Radiogenic isotope data for the Laird Lake area.
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U–Th–Pb isotopic data for samples from the Laird Lake area. Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Table 3. U–Th–Pb isotopic data for samples from the Laird Lake area.
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Primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams showing the result of modeling (A) assimilation fractional crystallization (AFC) and (B) simple binary mixing. Trace element patterns are similar to the most contaminated Laird Lake komatiite at 35%–45% AFC and 10% contamination of the least contaminated Laird Lake komatiite by an intermediate contaminant. Simple binary mixing with no fractionation shows comparable results as the AFC modeling, with 10% andesite and 90% komatiite. Normalizing values from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams showing the result of mo... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Fig. 11. Primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams showing the result of modeling (A) assimilation fractional crystallization (AFC) and (B) simple binary mixing. Trace element patterns are similar to the most contaminated Laird Lake komatiite at 35%–45% AFC and 10% contamination
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(A) ɛNd values as a function of crystallization ages showing Nd isotope data for the Confederation assemblage mafic and intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks and quartz–feldspar porphyritic crystal tuffs of the Laird Lake property. (B) Enlarged section of diagram (A) to better show overlapping data points. Additional ɛNd data for post-volcanic intrusions from the Laird Lake property are included; pre-D2 diorite and post-D2 quartz diorite. Red Lake greenstone belt data (McNeely and Heyson sequence) from Sanborn-Barrie et al. (2001) and Henry et al. (2000). DM: depleted mantle, CHUR: chondritic uniform reservoir, C-MV: Confederation mafic volcanic, C-IFV: Confederation intermediate to felsic volcanic, C-QFT: Confederation quartz–feldspar porphyritic crystal tuff.

(A) ɛ Nd values as a function of crystallization ages showing Nd isotope... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Fig. 14. (A) ɛ Nd values as a function of crystallization ages showing Nd isotope data for the Confederation assemblage mafic and intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks and quartz–feldspar porphyritic crystal tuffs of the Laird Lake property. (B) Enlarged section of diagram (A) to better show
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Representative whole-rock geochemical data for the Balmer and Confederation... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Table 1. Representative whole-rock geochemical data for the Balmer and Confederation assemblages in the Laird Lake area.
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Zr versus Y diagram showing Balmer volcanic rocks and Confederation quartz–feldspar crystal tuff in the tholeiitic field, Confederation mafic volcanic rocks mainly in the transitional field, and Confederation intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks in the calc–alkalic field. All samples from the Laird Lake belt.

Zr versus Y diagram showing Balmer volcanic rocks and Confederation quartz–... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
from the Laird Lake belt.
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ɛNd values as a function of crystallization ages showing Nd isotope data for the Balmer assemblage mafic volcanic rocks of the Laird Lake property. (a) Tomlinson et al. 1998 and (b) Sanborn-Barrie et al. 2001. DM: depleted mantle, CHUR: chondritic uniform reservoir, B-MVHT: Balmer mafic volcanic (high-Ti), B-MVLT: Balmer mafic volcanic (low-Ti).

ɛ Nd values as a function of crystallization ages showing Nd isotope data... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Fig. 10. ɛ Nd values as a function of crystallization ages showing Nd isotope data for the Balmer assemblage mafic volcanic rocks of the Laird Lake property. ( a ) Tomlinson et al. 1998 and ( b ) Sanborn-Barrie et al. 2001 . DM: depleted mantle, CHUR: chondritic uniform reservoir, B-MVHT
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(A) Map of western Superior Province showing the subprovinces and location of Red Lake. ERB: English River Basin, HBT: Hudson Bay Terrane, ILD: Island Lake Domain, KZ: Kapuskasing Zone, MRVT: Minnesota River Valley Terrane, MT: Marmion Terrane, NCC: North Caribou Core, NCT: North Caribou Terrane, OSD: Oxford Stull Domain, QB: Quetico Basin, RL: Red Lake, UD: Uchi Domain, WAT: Wawa–Abitibi Terrane, WRT: Winnipeg River Terrane, WWT: Western Wabigoon Terrane. (B) Geological map of the Red Lake greenstone belt showing assemblages, intrusive bodies, regional breaks, major gold deposits, and the Laird Lake property highlighted in red. Modified from Sanborn-Barrie et al. (2004).

(A) Map of western Superior Province showing the subprovinces and location ... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
, and the Laird Lake property highlighted in red. Modified from Sanborn-Barrie et al. (2004) .
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Primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams showing the result of modeling (A) assimilation fractional crystallization (AFC) and (B) simple binary mixing. Trace element patterns are similar to a typical low-Ti basalt (15BG387A01) at 35% AFC and 40% contamination of the least contaminated Laird Lake komatiite (15BG288A01) by a high-Ti basalt (15BG190A01). Simple binary mixing with no fractionation shows comparable results as the AFC modeling, with 40% high-Ti basalt and 60% komatiite. Normalizing values from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams showing the result of mo... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
contaminated Laird Lake komatiite (15BG288A01) by a high-Ti basalt (15BG190A01). Simple binary mixing with no fractionation shows comparable results as the AFC modeling, with 40% high-Ti basalt and 60% komatiite. Normalizing values from Sun and McDonough (1989) .
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Plots of (A) ɛNd (t = 2988) versus La/Smn. (B) ɛNd (t = 2988) versus SiO2 (wt.%). (C) ɛNd (t = 2988) versus Nb/Nb*. The trend line points in the general direction of increase in crustal contamination. As ɛNd values decrease, it is expected to see an increase in La/Smn, Nb/Nb*, and SiO2. The Laird Lake data only show trends in plots (A) and (C). B-MVHT: Balmer mafic volcanic (high-Ti), B-MVLT: Balmer mafic volcanic (low-Ti).

Plots of (A) ɛ Nd (t = 2988) versus La/Sm n . (B) ɛ Nd (t = 2988) ver... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
n , Nb/Nb * , and SiO 2 . The Laird Lake data only show trends in plots (A) and (C). B-MVHT: Balmer mafic volcanic (high-Ti), B-MVLT: Balmer mafic volcanic (low-Ti).
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(A) V/Ti and (B) Sc/Y against Zr (ppm), and (C) Ti/Zr and (D) La/Ybn against Y (ppm) plots for the Laird Lake Confederation assemblage volcanic rocks. Filled shapes represent the arc volcanic rocks, and the open shapes represent the back-arc volcanic rocks. The mafic volcanic rocks are subdivided according to Ti/Zr versus Y trends. Plots A and B show elevated V/Ti and Sc/Y ratios for the arc rocks, which support the subdivision of the arc and back-arc volcanic rocks (Woodhead et al. 1993). Plot C shows a steep positive trend in Ti/Zr ratios for the mafic arc rocks, with flatter trend for the mafic back-arc rocks. Plot D shows that all arc rocks have more enriched LREE and fractionated HREE.

(A) V/Ti and (B) Sc/Y against Zr (ppm), and (C) Ti/Zr and (D) La/Yb n ag... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Fig. 16. (A) V/Ti and (B) Sc/Y against Zr (ppm), and (C) Ti/Zr and (D) La/Yb n against Y (ppm) plots for the Laird Lake Confederation assemblage volcanic rocks. Filled shapes represent the arc volcanic rocks, and the open shapes represent the back-arc volcanic rocks. The mafic volcanic rocks
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Nb/Nb* versus (A) La/Smn diagram from Hollings et al. (1999) with the addition of Laird Lake data. Data for Umu and Nauru areas from Floyd (1989), Ontong Java plateau data from Mahoney et al. (1993); Hollings (1998); Hollings et al. (1999), Broken Ridge data from Mahoney et al. (1995), Kerguelen data from Corfu and Andrews (1987); Storey et al. (1992), Iceland data from Hemond et al. (1993), and Superior province data from Hollings et al. (1999).(B) SiO2 (wt.%), (C) Th/Ce, and (D) Ti/Ti*. The trend line points in the general direction of increasing crustal contamination. B-UMR: Balmer ultramafic rocks, B-MVHT: Balmer mafic volcanic (high-Ti), B-MVLT: Balmer mafic volcanic (low-Ti).

Nb/Nb * versus (A) La/Sm n diagram from Hollings et al. (1999) with the... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Fig. 7. Nb/Nb * versus (A) La/Sm n diagram from Hollings et al. (1999) with the addition of Laird Lake data. Data for Umu and Nauru areas from Floyd (1989) , Ontong Java plateau data from Mahoney et al. (1993) ; Hollings (1998) ; Hollings et al. (1999) , Broken Ridge data from Mahoney et
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Field and petrographic photographs of Balmer assemblage mafic volcanic rocks at the Laird Lake property. (A) Irregular contact between the ultramafic flow breccia and feeder sill or possible massive flow (UTM 419963E 5643961N; station 15BG176). (B) Pillowed rock with biotite-rich cores, amphibole-rich selvages, and quartz-rich amygdules on the outermost edge of the pillow (UTM 419168E 5644021N; station 15BG147). (C) Oxide facies banded-iron formation showing alternating layers of chert and magnetite (UTM 421126E 5643821N). (D) Mafic flow with feldspar phenocrysts showing trachytic alignment (UTM 422205E 5643577N; station 16BG538). (E) Lapilli tuff hosting feldspar porphyritic-rich clasts within quartz–feldspar crystal matrix (UTM 422803E 5643800N; station 16BG452). (F) Highly deformed mafic volcanic rock hosting interlayered bands that are biotite-, amphibole-, and clinozoisite-rich, with diopside porphyroclasts (UTM 421130E 564828N; gold-bearing Zone trench).

Field and petrographic photographs of Balmer assemblage mafic volcanic rock... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 May 2024
Fig. 3. Field and petrographic photographs of Balmer assemblage mafic volcanic rocks at the Laird Lake property. (A) Irregular contact between the ultramafic flow breccia and feeder sill or possible massive flow (UTM 419963E 5643961N; station 15BG176). (B) Pillowed rock with biotite-rich cores
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Figure 1. Lake Winnipeg watershed showing inflowing rivers, outflowing Nelson River, boundary between Interior Plains and Canadian Shield (orange line), northern and eastern boundaries of grassland vegetation for 0 and 6.5 ka, and eastern boundary of parkland vegetation at 6.5 ka (Todd et al., 2000). Thick blue line in inset map A shows extent of inundation by glacial Lake Agassiz (12 to &lt;8 ka) (Teller and Thorleifson, 1983). Box in inset A shows approximate limits of main figure. Inset map B shows isopleths of modern water- budget deficit (precipitation minus evapotranspiration, in millimeters per year) (Laird et al., 1996)

Figure 1. Lake Winnipeg watershed showing inflowing rivers, outflowing Nel... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 August 2001
Figure 1. Lake Winnipeg watershed showing inflowing rivers, outflowing Nelson River, boundary between Interior Plains and Canadian Shield (orange line), northern and eastern boundaries of grassland vegetation for 0 and 6.5 ka, and eastern boundary of parkland vegetation at 6.5 ka ( Todd et al
Journal Article

Mississippian Rocks of Sun River Canyon Area, Sawtooth Range, Montana Available to Purchase

Melville R. Mudge, William J. Sando, J. Thomas Dutro, Jr.
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 November 1962
AAPG Bulletin (1962) 46 (11): 2003–2018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/BC743945-16BE-11D7-8645000102C1865D
... and Laird (1945) , although C. E. Erdmann used it earlier as a field term for the same unit. This unit is here considered a member of the Castle Reef Dolomite. Its type section is in the ridge on the east side of Hannan Gulch, just north of Diversion Lake ( Figs. 2 , 3 ). The Sun River Member can...
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View PDF for article title, Mississippian Rocks of Sun River Canyon Area, Sawtooth Range, Montana
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Holocene history of Lake of the Woods: Ontario, Manitoba, and Minnesota Available to Purchase

James T. Teller, Kathleen M. Rühland, John P. Smol, Trevor J. Mellors, Andrew M. Paterson
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 27 July 2017
GSA Bulletin (2018) 130 (1-2): 3–23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/B31790.1
... increased from ca. 8000 to 4500 cal yr B.P., an increase deemed to be consistent with other paleoclimate studies in North America ( Moos and Cumming, 2011 ). Farther to the west, the middle Holocene is characterized by hydrological deficits in lakes (e.g., Kuhry et al., 1992 ; Laird et al., 1996 ; Last...
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View PDF for article title, Holocene history of <span class="search-highlight">Lake</span> of the Woods: Ontario, Manitoba, and Minnesota
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Journal Article

Devonian System in Williston Basin and Central Montana Available to Purchase

C. A. Sandberg, C. R. Hammond
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 October 1958
AAPG Bulletin (1958) 42 (10): 2293–2334.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/0BDA5BD0-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D
... contact between the Jefferson and Three Forks formations as defined by Peale in 1893 is accepted in preference to the higher boundary proposed by Sloss and Laird at a much later date. The subsurface Jefferson group, consisting of the Duperow and Birdbear formations, is the stratigraphic equivalent...
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View PDF for article title, Devonian System in Williston Basin and Central Montana
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A Laurentian margin subduction perspective: Geodynamic constraints from phase equilibria modeling of barroisite greenstones, northern USA Appalachians Available to Purchase

I.W. Honsberger, J. Laird, J.E. Johnson
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 20 April 2020
GSA Bulletin (2020) 132 (11-12): 2587–2605.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/B35456.1
...I.W. Honsberger; J. Laird; J.E. Johnson Abstract Phase equilibria modeling of sodic-calcic amphibole-epidote assemblages in greenstones in the northern Appalachians, USA, is compatible with relatively shallow subduction of the early Paleozoic Laurentian margin along the Laurentia-Gondwana suture...
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View PDF for article title, A Laurentian margin subduction perspective: Geodynamic constraints from phase equilibria modeling of barroisite greenstones, northern USA Appalachians
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