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![Selected sites where partial or complete <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span> <span class="search-highlight">Tephra</span> sections were...]()
![Detailed features of <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span> <span class="search-highlight">Tephra</span>. (A), (B), (C), and (E) show repr...]()
![Sketch of <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span> <span class="search-highlight">Tephra</span>–type section exposed in vertical wall of exc...]()
![Calibrated calendarage bar plots for <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span> <span class="search-highlight">Tephra</span>, time-stratigraph...]()
![Sketch of <span class="search-highlight">tephra</span> section exposed in shallow south-flank trench. Layers of r...]()
![Internal <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span>-3 (K-3) stratigraphy shown schematically and a photo...]()
![Summary stratigraphic and nomenclatural relations between Uwēkahuna Ash and...]()
![<span class="search-highlight">Tephra</span> exposures in Uwēkahuna Bluff. (A) Sketch of 120-m Bluff; thick dashe...]()
![Paleosecular variation (PSV) paths derived from lava flows in our study are...]()
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![Schematic cross section, ~7 km south of Kīlauea's summit, showing settings ...]()
![Areal distribution of the Episode 2 <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span>-3 (K-3) <span class="search-highlight">tephra</span>. (A) Total...]()
![Localities where the <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span>-3 (K-3) <span class="search-highlight">tephra</span> has been subsampled in cm...]()
![(A) Map of part of Kīlauea and adjacent Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i, USA, showing ar...]()
![Summary stratigraphic section showing interpreted ages of lava flows and as...]()
![Average specific gravity for slices from 10 localities of the <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span>...]()
![Map showing 41 localities where high TiO 2 -K 2 O anomaly of <span class="search-highlight">Kulanaokuaiki</span> ...]()
![Interpreted correlations between mid-Bluff (A) and Bluff-base (B) <span class="search-highlight">tephra</span> se...]()
1-20 OF 28 RESULTS FOR
Kulanaokuaiki Tephra
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Journal Article
Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 May 2009
GSA Bulletin (2009) 121 (5-6): 712–728.
..., commonly regarded as a gentle volcano, was the site of energetic pyroclastic eruptions and indicate the volcano is significantly more hazardous than previously realized. Seventeen new calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon ages suggest these deposits, here named the Kulanaokuaiki Tephra...
FIGURES
| View All (14)
Journal Article
The Kulanaokuaiki-3 tephra, 900 CE: Products of a remarkably energetic pyroclastic eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, USA
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 15 April 2019
GSA Bulletin (2019) 131 (9-10): 1537–1554.
... place in ca. 900 CE and produced the Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) tephra, previously defined and described by Fiske et al. (2009) . Such large explosive eruptions pose significant hazards at Kīlauea and demand detailed study concerning their origin and dispersal. This paper addresses the nature of the K-3...
FIGURES
| View All (17)
Image
Selected sites where partial or complete Kulanaokuaiki Tephra sections were...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 2. Selected sites where partial or complete Kulanaokuaiki Tephra sections were studied. Filled circles—tephra covered by lava flow; open circles—tephra resting on surface. SC—summit caldera; H—Halemaumau; KI—Kīlauea Iki; SWRZ—southwest rift zone. Stippling shows areas underlain by pre
Image
Detailed features of Kulanaokuaiki Tephra. (A), (B), (C), and (E) show repr...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 6. Detailed features of Kulanaokuaiki Tephra. (A), (B), (C), and (E) show representative clasts of Kulanaokuaiki units 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively, collected at type section ( Fig. 4 ). Images in left-hand panels are enlargements of adjacent clasts to right. (D) Well-bedded Kulanaokuaiki
Image
Sketch of Kulanaokuaiki Tephra–type section exposed in vertical wall of exc...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 4. Sketch of Kulanaokuaiki Tephra–type section exposed in vertical wall of excavation 8 km south of Kīlauea's summit. Units 1–5 are overlain by reworked material (R) and Old Kālu‘e lava flow and underlain by pre-Kulanaokuaiki ash (p-K) and Kīpuka Nēnē lava flow. Large clast of vesicular
Image
Calibrated calendarage bar plots for Kulanaokuaiki Tephra, time-stratigraph...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 8. Calibrated calendarage bar plots for Kulanaokuaiki Tephra, time-stratigraphic equivalent tephras, and associated lava flows. Numbered age ranges are keyed to data in Table 2 and discussed in text. Shaded boxes for analyses below lava flows indicate ages for which all data overlap
Image
Sketch of tephra section exposed in shallow south-flank trench. Layers of r...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 5. Sketch of tephra section exposed in shallow south-flank trench. Layers of redeposited pre-Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (p-K) fill topographic lows and abut irregularities in underlying Kīpuka Nēnē flow. Kulanaokuaiki units 1 and 2 disconformably overlie this older tephra and offlap onto
Image
Internal Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) stratigraphy shown schematically and a photo...
in The Kulanaokuaiki-3 tephra, 900 CE: Products of a remarkably energetic pyroclastic eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, USA
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 15 April 2019
of the Kulanaokuaiki Tephra overlying K-3 as defined by Fiske et al. (2009) . Letters indicate: A—lower scoria; B—coarse ash, C—orange palagonitized pumice; D—upper scoria; E—coarse ash.
Image
Summary stratigraphic and nomenclatural relations between Uwēkahuna Ash and...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 13. Summary stratigraphic and nomenclatural relations between Uwēkahuna Ash and Kulanaokuaiki Tephra. (A) Previous interpretations. Prior to burial by 1983 earthquake rock-fall debris, Uwēkahuna Ash was known to occur near the mid-Bluff site but had not been studied; south-flank sites were
Image
Tephra exposures in Uwēkahuna Bluff. (A) Sketch of 120-m Bluff; thick dashe...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
(1987) . Color designations as in Figures 3 and 13 . (B) Sketch of newly exhumed 3.1-m mid-Bluff section (lower part distorted because view is into narrow 3.1-m pit). Dash-dot line marks interpreted boundary between lower and upper Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (arrows labeled lo and up ); heavy dashed
Image
Paleosecular variation (PSV) paths derived from lava flows in our study are...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 12. Paleosecular variation (PSV) paths derived from lava flows in our study area. (A) Near-summit sites and (B) sites in Uwēkahuna Bluff (western caldera wall). (C) Composite PSV path interpreted from data in A and B. Radiocarbon age ticks and ages of lower and upper Kulanaokuaiki Tephra
Journal Article
Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 July 2014
Geology (2014) 42 (7): 631–634.
.... Swanson D.A. Champion D.E. McGeehin J.P ., 2009 , Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i : Geological Society of America Bulletin , v. 121 , p. 712 – 728 , doi:10.1130/B26327.1 . Garcia M.O...
FIGURES
Image
Schematic cross section, ~7 km south of Kīlauea's summit, showing settings ...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
—upper Kulanaokuaiki on surface; f—tephra remnants on south-flank surface. OK, H, and KN are Old Kālu‘e, Hornet kīpuka, and Kīpuka Nēnē lava flows, respectively. Not shown are several places in the Koa‘e fault system where Hornet kīpuka lava flow is absent, and upper and lower Kulanaokuaiki
Image
Areal distribution of the Episode 2 Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) tephra. (A) Total...
in The Kulanaokuaiki-3 tephra, 900 CE: Products of a remarkably energetic pyroclastic eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, USA
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 15 April 2019
Figure 14. Areal distribution of the Episode 2 Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) tephra. (A) Total thickness in cm. (B) Average diameter of the five largest scoria clasts in mm. (C) Median grain size in mm. (D) Lithic clast diameter in mm from Episode 2 deposit. KC—Kīlauea caldera. (E) Plot of Corey shape
Image
Localities where the Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) tephra has been subsampled in cm...
in The Kulanaokuaiki-3 tephra, 900 CE: Products of a remarkably energetic pyroclastic eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, USA
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 15 April 2019
Figure 3. Localities where the Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) tephra has been subsampled in cm increments (slices) from the top down for analysis. Symbols indicate analytical methods used; specific gravity (SG) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. An important locality is F01-46 (open circle), where
Image
(A) Map of part of Kīlauea and adjacent Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i, USA, showing ar...
in The Kulanaokuaiki-3 tephra, 900 CE: Products of a remarkably energetic pyroclastic eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, USA
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 15 April 2019
Figure 1. (A) Map of part of Kīlauea and adjacent Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i, USA, showing areas underlain by lava flows at least 2200 years old (dark) and hence potential sites for surface exposures of Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) tephra. The rectangle shows the area studied in this paper and conforms to areas
Image
Summary stratigraphic section showing interpreted ages of lava flows and as...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 9. Summary stratigraphic section showing interpreted ages of lava flows and associated tephra deposits. Upper Kulanaokuaiki age is an interpreted compromise between radiocarbon age and observed field relations.
Image
Average specific gravity for slices from 10 localities of the Kulanaokuaiki...
in The Kulanaokuaiki-3 tephra, 900 CE: Products of a remarkably energetic pyroclastic eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, USA
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 15 April 2019
Figure 11. Average specific gravity for slices from 10 localities of the Kulanaokuaiki-3 (K-3) tephra. Data are normalized to the total thickness of the deposit at each locality. All localities are shown in Figure 3 ; in that figure, F02-2-7 is shown as F02-2, and F02-1-7 is shown as F02-1.
Image
Map showing 41 localities where high TiO 2 -K 2 O anomaly of Kulanaokuaiki ...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 7. Map showing 41 localities where high TiO 2 -K 2 O anomaly of Kulanaokuaiki 2 was found. Open circles indicate surface tephra sections; filled circles are those beneath lava flows. SC—summit caldera. H—Halemaumau. KI—Kīlauea Iki.
Image
Interpreted correlations between mid-Bluff (A) and Bluff-base (B) tephra se...
in Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400–1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 May 2009
Figure 11. Interpreted correlations between mid-Bluff (A) and Bluff-base (B) tephra sections. Informal unit-groupings Q–Q′ (vitric), RST–R′S′T′ (mostly lithic), and U–U′ (vitric) provide the most reliable correlations. Gap near base of mid-Bluff section marks ~100 cm of pre-Kulanaokuaiki vitric
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