Fig. 8 Trace and REE elements for amphibolites (basalts) of the Karchiga deposit (N-MORB, E-MORB, and OIB after Sun and McDonough, 1989 ). The Karchiga samples are collected from the footwall (D-6, D-8) and hanging wall (U-4, U-9) of the Central lode as well as from amphibolites within

Fig. 9 Histogram of δ 34 S for sulfides from the Karchiga deposit based on the data presented in Table 6 .

Fig. 11 Metamorphosed ores of the Karchiga deposit (drill core of exploration holes). a) Minor fold in banded pyrite-chalcopyrite ore. b) Microfolding in chalcopyrite-pyrite ore. c) Massive pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite ore from the Central lode with “durchbewegung” textures—inclusions of host

Fig. 17 Comparison of the δ 34 S values of the Karchiga deposit with the other Besshi-type deposits (data from Huston, 1999 ; Peter and Scott, 1999 ; Vikentiev et al., 2008 ; Bailie et al., 2010 ) and modern ocean floor sulfide systems including those in back-arc basins and on sedimented

Fig. 4. Geological sketch map and section of the Karchiga deposit. 1 , loose Quaternary sediments; 2 , gneisses; 3 , amphibolites; 4 , orebody (cutoff grade >0.5% Cu); 5 , faults; 6 , axis of syncline; 7 , Central (I) and Northeastern (II) lodes; 8 , outline of commercial reserves

Fig. 5. Mg-rich anthophyllite-containing altered rocks of the Karchiga deposit.

Fig. 6 Photographs of representative host rocks and alteration types at the Karchiga deposit. a) Southeastern flank of the Karchiga deposit (looking southeast) with typical outcrops of the Middle package (b) of alternating gneiss and amphibolite (dark), with the latter forming positive

Fig. 14 (a–c) 39 Ar/ 40 Ar ages of biotite collected from pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-quartz-biotite aggregate in the Central lode of the Karchiga deposit.

Fig. 13 Concordia diagram for zircon U-Pb ages from amphibolite in the hanging wall of the Northeastern lode of the Karchiga deposit (dating points, see Table 7 ).

Fig. 15 Re-Os ages for pyrite from samples KG11-01 (a) and KG11-03 (b). Model Re-Os ages for pyrites from the Karchiga deposit (c).

Fig. 12 Scanning electron microscope microphotographs of zircon crystals recovered from a 20-kg sample of amphibolite in the hanging wall of the Karchiga deposit. Dating points correspond to those in Table 7 .

Fig. 3. Ore-hosting middle unit of the complex of high-grade metamorphosed rocks and the position of the Karchiga deposit and other VMS occurrences in the geochemical fields (soil). 1 , boundaries between the units of the gneiss–amphibolite metamorphic complex; 2 , faults. Units

Fig. 7 Discrimination diagrams showing composition of amphibolites (basalts) from the Middle package at the Karchiga deposit. (A) Zr/4-Nb*2-Y ( Meschede, 1986 ), (B) Th-Hf/3-Ta ( Wood, 1980 ), (C) Zr-Zr/Y ( Pearce and Norry, 1979 ), (D) La/10-Y/15-Nb/8 ( Cabanis and Lecolle, 1989 ), (E) Th-Hf/3

, gabbros; 11 , diabases; 12 , Maralikha serpentinite complex; 13 , faults; 14–17 , mineral types of deposits and occurrences: 14 , Cu VMS; 15 , Cu–Zn VMS; 16 , gold–quartz; 17 , Cu–Ni magmatic; 18 : a , occurrence, b , deposit (the Karchiga deposit is shown in green).

Fig. 19 Copper grade and tonnage for the Karchiga and Vavilonskoye deposits, as compared with other Besshi-type deposits (modified after Peter and Scott, 1999 ).

, dioritic porphyrites; 8 , diabasic porphyrites; 9 , granite-porphyry; 10 , gabbro-diorites of the Irtysh complex; 11 , amphibolite bodies; 12 , outline of the Karchiga VMS deposit (C, Central lode; NE, Northeastern lode); 13 , VMS occurrences (1, Yuzhnaya Antiklinal’; 2, Shandybulak; 3, Spasovka

Fig. 16 Besshi-type and Kuroko-type deposits in the Rudny Altai. A model of (a) Besshi-type (pelitic-mafic) and (b) Kuroko-type (bimodal-felsic) deposits (after Galley et al., 2007 ; numeric data after Dergachev, 2010 ). Geologic sections typical of Karchiga (c) and Novo-Leninogorskoye

Fig. 18 Classification of Rudny Altay VMS deposits based on their relative base metal (Cu + Zn + Pb) concentrations. The VMS/SEDEX boundary is after Franklin et al. (1981) . Symbols represent the following deposits in respective deposit types: Cyprus type (mafic): Agrokipia, Apliki, Kalavasos