... on rocky exoplanets is a major challenge, even with next generation telescopes. This chapter reviews what we may be able to accomplish with these efforts in the near-term and long-term. In the near-term, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is revealing which rocky planets lose versus retain...

... exploration. Programs such as NASA's Artemis aiming to bring humans back to the moon and the James Webb Space Telescope for deep space imaging, the 10-year extension plan for the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program's Chang'e missions, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's Martian Moons eXploration program...

... and climate in detail using astronomical observations. In the coming decades, the observational characterization of rocky exoplanets will reveal whether the climate of Earth is unique. Upcoming observations of these planets with the James Webb Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes will provide...

...Figure 2. Plot of the radii of known rocky planets as a function of their equilibrium temperature calculated assuming zero albedo. Planets discussed in this article are color-coded by their stellar temperature. Planets circled in black have atmospheric observations planned by the James Webb...

... wavelength coverage, vastly expanding the available avenues for exploring this volcanic moon. The James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) will have unprecedented capabilities at infrared wavelengths (1–50 μm) that are otherwise inaccessible from ground-based observatories. JWST will measure thermal...

...An image of the protostar L1527 taken by the James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared camera. P hoto : NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI. ...

... to be collected by the James Webb and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescopes, since the astronomy community is gathering data on stars and exoplanets at an accelerating rate. Such data now include exoplanet size and mass (i.e., density) as well as their atmospheric compositions, which are collectively telltale...

..., Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni), which allows us to constrain the composition of not just the planetary debris in the white dwarf’s atmosphere but also the gases that surround the star (“circumstellar” gas) ( Fortin-Archambault et al. 2020 ). The James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled to launch in 2021...

... image of an exoplanet and use that to measure its reflection (or emission) spectrum. To do that, one needs to be able to separate the planet’s light from that of the star. The currently operating James Webb Space Telescope, JWST for short, cannot do this except when the planet is bright in the infrared...

... spectroscopy from large ground-based telescopes and the commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We have entered an era in which atmospheric compositions, aerosol properties, thermal structures, mass loss, and three-dimensional effects can be reliably constrained. While the challenges of remote...

... measurements. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) is slated to be launched late 2021 and will help characterize exoplanet atmospheres using a variety of mid-to low-resolution infrared spectroscopy instruments able to measure atmospheric transmission, emission, and phase curves. In addition, JWST...

... science has entered a new era of planetary characterization with the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which has already unveiled the composition and chemical processes of exoplanet atmospheres in unprecedented detail (e.g., Ahrer et al. 2023 ; Alderson et al. 2023 ; Tsai et al. 2023...

... not possible from the surface of Earth, and selection of organic-rich targets for future missions. Just recently, signatures of complex organic molecules in the icy particles of a protoplanetary disk were detected using NASA’s newly launched James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ( Yang et al. 2022 ). Previously...

...., Garrod et al. 2022 ). Forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations are expected to reveal new information about the composition of iCOMs and their formation processes. The chemistry of the protosolar disk is explained in analogy of the chemistry in star-forming cores...

... solar system ( Fig. 4 ), should delimit the range of exoplanet bulk silicate mineralogy in the TRAPPIST-1 or any other system. The soon-to-be-launched James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will also measure exoplanetary atmospheres (e.g., Beichman et al. 2014 ), and possible biogenic signatures...

... system at the bottom of the diagram consists of seven coplanar planets that were discovered by a ground-based transit survey. Three of these exoplanets lie within the conservative HZ and are a high priority target for NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which was launched in December 2021. JWST...

... telescopes such as the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, Spitzer Space Telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for IR Astronomy, the Infrared Space Observatory, and the James Webb Space Telescope have detected signatures of many organic molecules in different astronomical regions. Ground-based IR observations...

... planets, and stellar death (e.g., Lisse et al. 2012 ). Ongoing and upcoming missions highlight the interaction of these four pillars. With unprecedented reach and resolution, the James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) has given us VNIR and TIR spectra of stars and exoplanet atmospheres, including some...