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Incahuasi Field
ABSTRACT The south sub-Andean zone of Bolivia is characterized by east-verging thrusts, detaching within Silurian and Devonian series, and associated to a series of north–south to north-northeast–south-southwest regional anticlines and synclines holding large gas accumulations. This chapter is a case history of the multi-TCF (trillion cubic feet) Incahuasi discovery and how an integrated, multidisciplinary approach allows a progressive improvement in the understanding of the trap geometry, reducing the uncertainty during exploration and field appraisal. While-drilling structural interpretation and biostratigraphic analyses suggested that the discovery well, prognosed mainly by surface geology and targeting the top of the Huamampampa Formation as a bright discontinuous seismic reflector on a 2-D seismic test line, was drilling the overturned limb of the surface anticline instead of penetrating the core of the structure. The top reservoir was found deeper by a side track well. The appraisal wells all contributed to progressively constrain the complex geometry of the trap while leaving several possible geometric interpretations of the reservoir structure. The Huamampampa Formation is repeated and overturned by a series of thrusts that increase the internal complexity of the field. These results also confirmed that the shales of the Icla Formation behave as an effective detachment below the reservoir, contributing to the structural complexity of the field. A calibrated/constrained inversion of 3-D magnetotelluric acquisition performed over the structure shows the near-top Huamampampa Formation resistivity anomaly plunging to the north, which helps to identify the possible structural spills. In map view, the variation of orientation provides information on local bends of the target and hence is an important element to be considered for optimizing future appraisal wells. The Incahuasi discovery provided the opportunity to test the validity and efficiency of many geological and geophysical tools while noting their limitations in a context where only a few hundred meters of horizontal error can lead to missing the reservoir and trap.
ABSTRACT This chapter will address the innovative and bold exploration approach that has led the French company Total and its Argentinean partner Tecpetrol to achieve what is one of the largest gas discoveries of the south Bolivian sub-Andean basin of the 2000–2010 decade. This discovery, named Incahuasi, is the result of multidisciplinary teamwork covering a period of 4 years from the initial geological concept definition to the drilling and testing of the discovery well Incahuasi-X1. The overall approach can be summarized as a combination of controlled risk decision making based on a regional geological knowledge and the development of new techniques such as the definition of dedicated biostratigraphy charts. This approach enabled the multidisciplinary team to manage most of the uncertainties attached to this specific foothills context and define a workflow that led to success. The successful testing of the Incahuasi-X1 exploration well in 2004 led to a multi-tcf discovery currently under development. Located more than 120 km (75 mi) north of the existing Devonian gas fields, it opened a new exploration domain. It also highlights the benefit of a multidisciplinary and innovative approach in challenging areas such as the fold belts from prospect generation to discovery in a time constraint domain.
(A) Coarse gravel megaripple bedform in the Salar de Incahuasi field. Inset...
Location and areal footprint of the gravel megaripple fields in the Puna of...
Time-evolving surface and subsurface signatures of Quaternary volcanism in the Cascades Arc: REPLY
Lithium and Brine Geochemistry in the Salars of the Southern Puna, Andean Plateau of Argentina
Potassium-Argon ages from the Arequipa Segment of the Coastal Batholith of Peru and their correlation with regional tectonic events
Gravel-mantled megaripples of the Argentinean Puna: A model for their origin and growth with implications for Mars
NEW FIELD EVIDENCE BEARING ON THE ORIGIN OF THE EL LACO MAGNETITE DEPOSIT, NORTHERN CHILE—A REPLY
NEW FIELD EVIDENCE BEARING ON THE ORIGIN OF THE EL LACO MAGNETITE DEPOSIT, NORTHERN CHILE—A DISCUSSION
Average Pleistocene Climatic Patterns in the Southern Central Andes: Controls on Mountain Glaciation and Paleoclimate Implications
Precious and Base Metal Deposits in Argentina
Geology and geochemistry of the Ojos del Salado volcanic region, Chile
Granitic melt viscosity and silicic magma dynamics in contrasting tectonic settings
NEW FIELD EVIDENCE BEARING ON THE ORIGIN OF THE EL LACO MAGNETITE DEPOSIT, NORTHERN CHILE
Lower Ordovician graptolite biozonation and lithofacies of southern Bolivia: relevance for palaeogeographic interpretations
Abstract The margins to evolving orogenic belts experience near layer-parallel contraction that can evolve into fold–thrust belts. Developing cross-section-scale understanding of these systems necessitates structural interpretation. However, over the past several decades a false distinction has arisen between some forms of so-called fault-related folding and buckle folding. We investigate the origins of this confusion and seek to develop unified approaches for interpreting fold–thrust belts that incorporate deformation arising both from the amplification of buckling instabilities and from localized shear failures (thrust faults). Discussions are illustrated using short case studies from the Bolivian Subandean chain (Incahuasi anticline), the Canadian Cordillera (Livingstone anticlinorium) and Subalpine chains of France and Switzerland. Only fault–bend folding is purely fault-related and other forms, such as fault-propagation and detachment folds, all involve components of buckling. Better integration of understanding of buckling processes, the geometries and structural evolutions that they generate may help to understand how deformation is distributed within fold–thrust belts. It may also reduce the current biases engendered by adopting a narrow range of idealized geometries when constructing cross-sections and evaluating structural evolution in these systems.
New Insights for the Formation of Kiruna-Type Iron Deposits by Immiscible Hydrous Fe-P Melt and High-Temperature Hydrothermal Processes: Evidence from El Laco Deposit
Abstract The Central Andean margin, where the name andesite originated, is the type locality for arc andesites erupted through thick continental crust. The <25 Ma mid to high K 2 O andesites erupted from 25.5°S to 28.2°S exhibit a large variation in trace element and isotopic ratios, reflecting formation over an evolving slab, a crust thickening to 65–75 km and a frontal arc that migrated c. 45 km eastward at 8–3 Ma. Andesites at 28–26.8°S have the most variable and extreme heavy rare earth element (REE), high field strength element (HFSE) and Ba/La ratios and wt% Na 2 O, with the highest values in those erupted as the frontal arc migrated and the slab shallowed to the south. The required garnet-bearing, feldspar-free residue is generated in both the thick crust and the mantle wedge, into which crust was injected in a peak of forearc subduction erosion as the arc migrated. Andesites at 25.5–26.8°S, east of the Puna plateau under which the slab shallowed at 18–7 Ma and then steepened as lithospheric delamination occurred, generally lack extreme REE and HFSE ratios. Their upper crust-like features reflect eruption in a mixed stress regime and incorporation of westward-flowing radiogenic crust from a region of extensive deep crustal melting to the east.