... the anterior anatomy of the Cambrian euarthropod Fuxianhuia and its relatives. We demonstrate that the fuxianhuiid head is that of a mandibulate, sharing similarities with hymenocarines, including a limbless intercalary segment. The hypostome is a sub-triangular sclerite partially fused but anatomically...

... phylogenetic positions) and were not taken into account in group-based analyses. Taxa in gray are non-euarthropods excluded from the analyses undertaken herein, with the exception of Isoxyidae (gray box), used as the reference outgroup. Color online. Megacheirans, hymenocarines, and merostomes resolve...

...) and hymenocarines are mandibulates (Table 2 ). As mentioned above, fuxianhuiids are here tentatively placed within the mandibulate total-group. The ‘stem-to-crown’ designation of lobopodians depends on the boundaries of this group, which have been historically unclear (Ortega-Hernández, 2016 ). If taken...

.... 2018 ), pancrustaceans (Waloszek and Maas 2005 ; Haug et al. 2014 ), and probably hymenocarines (Izquierdo-López and Caron 2021 ; Liu et al. 2022 ). By contrast with euarthropods, tardigrade development is epimorphic, with all segments arising roughly simultaneously during embryogenesis (Smith...

..., and hymenocarines. Equal ( Fig. 5 ) and implied ( Fig. 6 ) character weighting resolve Kuamaia lata as the sister taxon to Helmetia expansa , and both constitute the sister taxon to Saperion glumaceum Hou, Ramsköld, and Bergström, 1991 , and Tegopelte gigas Whittington, 1985 . Figure 6. Consensus...

... it as a putative member of the hymenocarines, which resolved as stem mandibulates (Vannier et al., 2018 , obtained hymenocarines as crown mandibulates). These several alternative placements might apply equally to V . montcalmi n. gen. n. sp., but the lack of preserved details of the appendages prevent its...

... affinity to the hymenocarine bivalved arthropods ( Izquierdo-López and Caron 2022 ). The morphology of the Tuzoia valve is highly variable ( Box 1 ) and this, together with its wide geographical occurrence, resulted in taxonomic oversplitting in the past. Lieberman (2003) proposed several characters...