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Journal Article

Source Fault and Slip Distribution of the 2017 M w 6.5 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake and Its Tectonic Implications Available to Purchase

Yingfeng Zhang, Guohong Zhang, Eric A. Hetland, Xinjian Shan, Huiping Zhang, Dezheng Zhao, Wenyu Gong, Chunyan Qu
Published: 16 May 2018
Seismological Research Letters (2018) 89 (4): 1345–1353.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220170255
... on the coseismic slip model and relocated aftershocks, we infer that the Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred on a previously unidentified segment of the Huya fault, extending to the north‐northwest from the mapped Huya fault toward the eastern Kunlun fault. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake, along with the 1973 and 1976...
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View PDF for article title, Source <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> and Slip Distribution of the 2017 M w 6.5 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake and Its Tectonic Implications
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Journal Article

Prediction of the Sungpan-Pingwu earthquakes, August 1976 Available to Purchase

Robert E. Wallace, Ta-Liang Teng
Published: 01 August 1980
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (1980) 70 (4): 1199–1223.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0700041199
... of lives. The epicenters of these events progressed from north to south along the Huya Fault, a NNW-striking fault between the NE-trending Lungmenshan fracture zone and the north-trending Mienchiang fracture zone in western Szechuan. The greatest intensity reported was IX; isoseismals were crudely...
View PDF for article title, Prediction of the Sungpan-Pingwu earthquakes, August 1976
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Journal Article

Neotectonics of the Min Shan, China: Implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau Available to Purchase

Eric Kirby, Kelin X. Whipple, B. Clark Burchfiel, Wenqing Tang, Glenn Berger, Zhiming Sun, Zhiliang Chen
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 March 2000
GSA Bulletin (2000) 112 (3): 375–393.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<375:NOTMSC>2.0.CO;2
... of the range (Huya fault) for a short distance (∼60 km), despite 3 km of relief on the eastern range front. The relationship between these structures and the tilting observed in the Min Jiang basin is enigmatic; the faults do not appear to exert a strong control on the rates and pattern of deformation within...
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View PDF for article title, Neotectonics of the Min Shan, China: Implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
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Journal Article

Confirmation and Characterization of the Rupture Model of the 2017 M s 7.0 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake Available to Purchase

Xu Zhang, Li‐Sheng Xu, Lei Yi, Wanpeng Feng
Published: 14 April 2021
Seismological Research Letters (2021) 92 (5): 2927–2942.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200466
... of the mainshock slip because of the coulomb stress change. Combining the aftershock relocations, aftershock focal mechanism solutions, and our confirmed rupture model, we suggest that the seismogenic fault was a northward extension of the mapped Huya fault. The occurrence of this earthquake made the Maqu seismic...
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View PDF for article title, Confirmation and Characterization of the Rupture Model of the 2017 M s 7.0 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake
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Journal Article

Joint Inversion of Rupture across a Fault Stepover during the 8 August 2017 M w 6.5 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake Available to Purchase

Yong Zhang, Wanpeng Feng, Xingxing Li, Yajing Liu, Jieyuan Ning, Qinghua Huang
Published: 11 August 2021
Seismological Research Letters (2021) 92 (6): 3386–3397.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210084
... Jiuzhaigou earthquake are reminiscent of the multifault rupture pattern during the 1976 Songpan earthquake sequence farther south along the Huya fault system in three successive M s ∼ 7 events. Although the common features of fault geometry and stepover may control the similarity in event locations and focal...
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View PDF for article title, Joint Inversion of Rupture across a <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> Stepover during the 8 August 2017 M w 6.5 Jiuzhaigou, China, Earthquake
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Width distribution of intense surface ruptures in the Wenchuan earthquake. BCF, Beichuan fault; HYF, Huya fault; JGF, Jiangyou-Guanxian fault; MJF, Mingjiang fault; PGF, Pengguan fault; QCF, Qingchuan fault; WMF, Wenchuan-Maowen fault; XF, Xiaoyudong fault.

Width distribution of intense surface ruptures in the Wenchuan earthquake. ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 November 2010
Figure 1. Width distribution of intense surface ruptures in the Wenchuan earthquake. BCF, Beichuan fault; HYF, Huya fault; JGF, Jiangyou-Guanxian fault; MJF, Mingjiang fault; PGF, Pengguan fault; QCF, Qingchuan fault; WMF, Wenchuan-Maowen fault; XF, Xiaoyudong fault.
Image
Schematic of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. F1—Bailongjiang fault; F2—Maqên-Maqu-Tazang fault; F3—Minjiang fault; F4—Huya fault; F5—Hanan fault; F6—Wudu-Kangxian fault; F7—Qingchuan fault; F8—Chenxian fault; F9—Chengxian-Fengxian fault.

Schematic of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. F 1 —Bailongji... Available to Purchase

Published: 03 January 2020
Figure 16. Schematic of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. F 1 —Bailongjiang fault; F 2 —Maqên-Maqu-Tazang fault; F 3 —Minjiang fault; F 4 —Huya fault; F 5 —Hanan fault; F 6 —Wudu-Kangxian fault; F 7 —Qingchuan fault; F 8 —Chenxian fault; F 9 —Chengxian-Fengxian fault.
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(a) Maximum principal compressional stress (σ1) orientations for the Longmen Shan and adjacent area. Data from Xie et al. (2004) and Du et al. (2009). (b) Diagram illustrating the evolution process of tectonic stress field in the Longmen Shan area. LMS, Longmen Shan; QTF, Qiongxi thrust fault system; SLMS, Southern segment of Longmen Shan; HF, Huya fault. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Maximum principal compressional stress ( σ 1 ) orientations for the Lo... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 August 2013
, Qiongxi thrust fault system; SLMS, Southern segment of Longmen Shan; HF, Huya fault. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
Image
Geographical distribution of selected stations, selected events in this study, and historical events. Triangles and inverse triangles represent the stations located in the Sichuan basin and Songpan–Garzê orogen, respectively; stars, epicenters of the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes; gray circles, distribution of selected events in this study; white circles and gray circles, distribution of historical events (2000–2015); and solid line, the major faults in our study area. F1, Aba arc fault; F2, Minjiang fault; F3, Huya fault; F4, Maowen‐Wenchuan fault; F5, Beichuan‐Yinxiu fault; F6, Pengxian‐Guanxian fault; F7, Selasi‐Yuke fault; F8, Xianshuihe fault; F9, Daduhe fault; and F10, Anninghe fault.

Geographical distribution of selected stations, selected events in this stu... Available to Purchase

Published: 02 August 2016
; gray circles, distribution of selected events in this study; white circles and gray circles, distribution of historical events (2000–2015); and solid line, the major faults in our study area. F1, Aba arc fault; F2, Minjiang fault; F3, Huya fault; F4, Maowen‐Wenchuan fault; F5, Beichuan‐Yinxiu fault; F6
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(A) Simplified tectonic sketch of China. QLDB—Qingling–Dabie orogenic belt; EKL–ANMQS—East Kunlun–Anymaqen suture zone; JSZ—Jinshajiang suture zone; SGT—Songpan-Ganzi Terrane; LMTB—Longmenshan thrust belt; ICB—Indochina Block; (B) Simplified geological map of the Bikou Terrane (BKT) and the LMTB, modified after BGMRSP (1991) and Burchfiel et al. (1995). T1—Anxian-Guanxian Fault; T2—Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault; T3—Wenchuan-Maoxian Fault; T4—Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. WKLF—Wenxian-Kangxian-Lueyang Fault; FTF—Fengxiangyuan-Tongqianba Fault; QPF—Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault; HYF—Huya Fault; NYL—Nanyili granite; MP—Mupi granite; MS—Mashan granite; YZS—Yingzuishan granite; YB—Yangba granite.

(A) Simplified tectonic sketch of China. QLDB—Qingling–Dabie orogenic belt;... Available to Purchase

Published: 23 December 2021
) and the LMTB, modified after BGMRSP (1991) and Burchfiel et al. (1995) . T 1 —Anxian-Guanxian Fault; T 2 —Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault; T 3 —Wenchuan-Maoxian Fault; T 4 —Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. WKLF—Wenxian-Kangxian-Lueyang Fault; FTF—Fengxiangyuan-Tongqianba Fault; QPF—Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault; HYF—Huya Fault; NYL
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Map view of the northeastern corner of the Bayan Har block. Yellow circles are previous significant earthquakes in the area. The white star denotes the epicenter of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Cyan, blue, and gray circles are aftershocks of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake (Fang et al., 2018), the 1976 Songpan earthquake sequence (Jones et al., 1984), and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Huang et al., 2008), respectively. Yellow and cyan triangles denote the strong‐motion (SM) stations and high‐rate Global Positioning System (GPS) stations, respectively. Red lines are active faults (Deng et al., 2003); the names of some major faults are labeled. The inset at the upper‐right corner shows the teleseismic stations (triangles) and the epicenter of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. BLJF, Bailongjiang fault; HYF, Huya fault; LMSF, Longmen Shan fault; LRBF, Longriba fault; MJF, MingJiang fault; TZF, Tazang fault; WXF, Wenxian fault; XSLZF, Xueshanliangzi fault.

Map view of the northeastern corner of the Bayan Har block. Yellow circles ... Available to Purchase

Published: 11 August 2021
are active faults ( Deng et al. , 2003 ); the names of some major faults are labeled. The inset at the upper‐right corner shows the teleseismic stations (triangles) and the epicenter of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. BLJF, Bailongjiang fault; HYF, Huya fault; LMSF, Longmen Shan fault; LRBF, Longriba fault
Image
Surface rupture zone associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake along the BYF and GJF. Surface rupture zone data of Wenchuan earthquake modified from Xu, Wen, et al. (2009). (a) Topography of the Tibetan plateau; (b) tectonics of the longmenshan region; (c) surface rupture zone associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The base map is the hill shade image of the SRTM 90 m digital elevation data. See (b) for the location. (d) The distribution of the displacement along the BYF. SCB, Sichuan basin; BYF, Yingxiu–Beichuan fault; GJF, Guanxian–Jiangyou fault; WMF, Wenchuan–Maoxian fault; QCF, Qingchuan fault; MJF, Minjiang fault; HYF, Huya fault. Locations: LX, Lixian County; YX, Yingxiu; DJY, Dujiangyan County; XYD, Xiaoyudong; WC, Wenchuan County; MX, Maoxian County; QP, Qingping; LG, Leigu; BC, Beichuan County; and QC, Qingchuan County.

Surface rupture zone associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake along the... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 November 2010
fault; QCF, Qingchuan fault; MJF, Minjiang fault; HYF, Huya fault. Locations: LX, Lixian County; YX, Yingxiu; DJY, Dujiangyan County; XYD, Xiaoyudong; WC, Wenchuan County; MX, Maoxian County; QP, Qingping; LG, Leigu; BC, Beichuan County; and QC, Qingchuan County.
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Active faults and historical earthquakes near the Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in 2017. Fault lines (gray lines) are from Xu et al. (2016). Gray circles are the strong earthquakes larger than Ms 7.0. The red star is the epicenter of the Jiuzhaigou mainshock. The orange circles show relocated aftershocks. The red lines mark the surface ruptures of historical events. The focal mechanisms of the Songpan triplet events are from Jones et al. (1984), whereas the other ones are from the Global CMT catalog (see Data and Resources). XSH‐F, Xianshuihe fault; LRB‐F, Longriba fault; EK‐F, eastern Kunlun fault; TZ‐F, Tazang fault; BLJ‐F, Bailongjiang fault; GGS‐F, Guanggai Shan fault; LD‐F, Lintan‐Dangchang fault; WQL‐F, West Qinling fault; MJ‐F, Minjiang fault; XSLZ‐F, Xueshanliangzi fault; HY‐F, Huya fault; LMS‐F, Longmen Shan fault.

Active faults and historical earthquakes near the M s  7.0 Jiuzhaig... Available to Purchase

Published: 17 January 2018
, Longriba fault; EK‐F, eastern Kunlun fault; TZ‐F, Tazang fault; BLJ‐F, Bailongjiang fault; GGS‐F, Guanggai Shan fault; LD‐F, Lintan‐Dangchang fault; WQL‐F, West Qinling fault; MJ‐F, Minjiang fault; XSLZ‐F, Xueshanliangzi fault; HY‐F, Huya fault; LMS‐F, Longmen Shan fault.
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(a) Fault map and tectonic blocks of the Tibetan plateau. (b) Close‐up map of the eastern boundary of the Bayan Har block shown by blue rectangle in (a). Recent large (Mw≥6.0) earthquakes in this region are shown with black Global Centroid Moment Tensor (Global CMT) focal mechanisms. The yellow star indicates the epicenter of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake and its Global CMT focal mechanism is shown in blue. Mapped active fault traces are shown in brown (Deng et al., 2003) and the inferred rupture zone of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake is indicated by a red dashed line. Aftershocks are shown as black dots (Fang et al., 2018) and align with the inferred northern extension of Huya fault. White frames indicate the coverage of the ascending track 128 and descending track 62 of Sentinel‐1A, respectively. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Fault map and tectonic blocks of the Tibetan plateau. (b) Close‐up map ... Available to Purchase

Published: 14 January 2020
. Aftershocks are shown as black dots ( Fang et al. , 2018 ) and align with the inferred northern extension of Huya fault. White frames indicate the coverage of the ascending track 128 and descending track 62 of Sentinel‐1A, respectively. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic
Image
Figure 2. (A) Regional topography (GTOPO30; nominal resolution 1 km) and GPS velocities of the northern Longmen Shan region (Chen et al., 2000). Station names and coordinates can be found in King et al. (1997). Uncertainty ellipses are plotted at 95% confidence intervals. Major structures in the Min Shan are shown for reference to Figure 1 (box). SB—Sichuan Basin. Dashed rectangle shows region of topography used in flexural model (Fig. 10). (B) Schematic cross section depicting position of the Min Shan at the margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship to the Min Jiang and Huya faults. Topography taken from a single profile near the northwest-southeast centerline of the dashed rectangle in A.

Figure 2. (A) Regional topography (GTOPO30; nominal resolution 1 km) and GP... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 March 2000
in the Min Shan are shown for reference to Figure 1 (box). SB—Sichuan Basin. Dashed rectangle shows region of topography used in flexural model (Fig. 10) . (B) Schematic cross section depicting position of the Min Shan at the margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship to the Min Jiang and Huya
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(a) Locations of strong‐motion stations triggered in the Jiuzhaigou earthquake for RJB&lt;400  km. These stations are separated into two groups (represented by gray and green triangles) according to the range of VS30. Stations 062ZM2 and 062ZM4 almost at the same location constitute a local terrain array. Purple lines indicate active faults in the proximity of the epicenter (represented by the red star). The focal mechanism plots for both the Jiuzhaigou and the Lushan earthquakes were drawn according to the focal mechanisms provided by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Project. Four large historical earthquakes that occurred on the Huya fault are represented by red‐filled circles, that is, the 1973 M 6.2 Huanglong earthquake and 1976 Songpan earthquake swarm (M=7.2, 6.7, and 7.2). (b) Eight stations with RJB&lt;100  km, enclosed within the rectangle with their station codes. Blue contours represent isoseismals. The green‐filled area indicates the surface projection of the fault plane derived from Zhang et al. (2017).

(a) Locations of strong‐motion stations triggered in the Jiuzhaigou earthqu... Available to Purchase

Published: 30 May 2018
Moment Tensor Project. Four large historical earthquakes that occurred on the Huya fault are represented by red‐filled circles, that is, the 1973 M  6.2 Huanglong earthquake and 1976 Songpan earthquake swarm ( M = 7.2 , 6.7, and 7.2). (b) Eight stations with R JB < 100    km
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Surface ruptures associated with 2008 Wenchuan earthquake along Beichuan and Pengguan faults. Pink circles—historic destructive earthquakes with dates and magnitudes. White circles—aftershocks of the 2008 earthquake. Aftershock cross section is indicated by black box centered at 31.25°N, 103.5°E. BF—Beichuan fault; BL—Bailu Town; BJ—Bajiao Temple; HYF—Huya fault; HW—Hanwang Town; JGF—Jiangyou-Guanxian fault; KF—Kunlun fault; LG—Leigu Town; LRBF—Longriba fault; PF—Pengguan fault; PT—Pingtong Town; QCF—Qingchuan fault; NB—Nanba Town; SHB—Shaba Village; SHX—Shenxi Village; XYD—Xiaoyudong Town. Inset map shows major tectonic features in Longmenshan vicinity: ATF—Altyn Tagh fault, HF—Haiyuan fault, JLF—Jiali fault, LTB—Longmenshan thrust belt, NCB—North China block, RRF—Red River fault, SCB—South China block, XF—Xianshuihe fault, XJF—Xiaojiang fault, I—Qaidam-Qilian block, II—Bayan Har block, III—Sichuan-Yunnan block. White arrow indicates block motion direction.

Surface ruptures associated with 2008 Wenchuan earthquake along Beichuan an... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 June 2009
, 103.5°E. BF—Beichuan fault; BL—Bailu Town; BJ—Bajiao Temple; HYF—Huya fault; HW—Hanwang Town; JGF—Jiangyou-Guanxian fault; KF—Kunlun fault; LG—Leigu Town; LRBF—Longriba fault; PF—Pengguan fault; PT—Pingtong Town; QCF—Qingchuan fault; NB—Nanba Town; SHB—Shaba Village; SHX—Shenxi Village; XYD—Xiaoyudong
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Maps of eastern Tibet showing elevation, with sampled basins color-coded by (A) 10Be-derived erosion rate, (B) erosion coefficient, (C) local relief within a 1-km-radius circular moving window, and (D) lithology from Hartmann and Moosdorf (2012). Box in inset map in A shows the study area. Major active and inactive faults are shown with solid brown and dashed blue lines, respectively. Brown dashed lines show active faults for which last activity is unclear. Full names and detailed information about our fault compilation are given in the Supplemental Material (see footnote 1). Locations of Songpan (SP), Ganze (GZ), and Chengdu are shown with blue dots in B. Mountain range names are shown in C. Faults: B.-Y.F.—Beichuan-Yingxiu fault; G.-A.F—Guanxian-Anxian fault; H.F.—Huya fault; J.F.S.—Jiulong fault system; n.k.—nappes and klippen belts near the frontal Longmen Shan; K.F.—Kunlun fault system; L.F.—Litang fault system; L.F.S.—Longriba fault system; Ma.F.—Maerkang fault; Mi.F.—Minjiang fault; Mao.F.—Maowen fault; Mu.F—Muli fault; Q.-P.F.—Qingchuan-Pingwu fault; X.F.S.—Xianshuihe fault system; XS.F—Xueshan fault.

Maps of eastern Tibet showing elevation, with sampled basins color-coded by... Open Access

Published: 25 August 2020
). Locations of Songpan (SP), Ganze (GZ), and Chengdu are shown with blue dots in B. Mountain range names are shown in C. Faults: B.-Y.F.—Beichuan-Yingxiu fault; G.-A.F—Guanxian-Anxian fault; H.F.—Huya fault; J.F.S.—Jiulong fault system; n.k.—nappes and klippen belts near the frontal Longmen Shan; K.F.—Kunlun
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(a) Map showing the surface motion of the Indian plate and different blocks within the Tibetan plateau. Red circles denote earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 7.0 since 1900. Black box indicates the location of the panels (b,c). (b) Historical earthquakes in the study region. Gray circles denote earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 5.0 since 1900, and red circles denote the Jiuzhaigou earthquake and Songpan‐Pingwu earthquake swarm. The dimensions of the circles represent the different earthquake magnitudes. The focal mechanism plots denote the focal mechanism of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake and Songpan‐Pingwu earthquake swarm. (c) Hollow circles denote all ML≥1.0 earthquakes since 1970, and red circles, green circles, and blue circles denote the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence, 1973 Songpan‐Huanglong earthquake sequence, and 1976 Songpan‐Pingwu earthquake sequence, respectively. The earthquake catalog was provided by the China Earthquake Networks Center, National Earthquake Data Center. The focal mechanism was provided by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor project (Dziewonski et al., 1981; Ekström et al., 2012). CXBNF, Chengxian basin north margin fault; DBBLF, Diebu‐Bailongjiang fault; GGDSNF, Guanggaishan‐Dieshan northern foothill fault; GGDSSF, Guanggaishan‐Dieshan southern foothill fault; HYF, Huya fault; MJF, Minjiang fault; KXNF, Kangxian north fault; LTDCF, Lintan‐Dangchang fault; PWQCF, Pingwu‐Qingchuan fault; TZF, Tazang fault; WXF, Wenxian fault; XSF, Xueshan fault; YXBCF, Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Map showing the surface motion of the Indian plate and different blocks... Available to Purchase

Published: 18 May 2021
, Diebu‐Bailongjiang fault; GGDSNF, Guanggaishan‐Dieshan northern foothill fault; GGDSSF, Guanggaishan‐Dieshan southern foothill fault; HYF, Huya fault; MJF, Minjiang fault; KXNF, Kangxian north fault; LTDCF, Lintan‐Dangchang fault; PWQCF, Pingwu‐Qingchuan fault; TZF, Tazang fault; WXF, Wenxian fault; XSF
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(a) Xuebaoding locality, with Little Xuebaoding (5,443 m, left) in the background. Mineralised zones along a nearly horizontal marble band (white mine tailings) and in schist, along and below both sides of ridge to the right (mining camp at bottom right). (b) Generalised geological map of eastern margin of Tibetan plateau with Xuebaoding (XBD) mountain west of the Huya fault and to NE of the Longmen Shan range and uplift zone defined by Yingxiu–Beichuan (Y-B) and Wenchuan–Maoxian (W-M) faults; major peaks of Siguniangshan (4G) and Xuebaoding (XBD) indicated (modified with permission after Kirby and Ouimet, 2011). (c) Geological map of the main locality area (pink rectangle in (b)) associated with granite body outcrops Pankou and Caodi (defining the cirques in (a)) and Pukoupo. Legend: 1: normal fault, 2: highly mineralised quartz vein containing beryl, scheelite and cassiterite, 3: overturned dip and strike (modified after Zhou et al., 2002). Rock units: Tzh1-(1–4) quartz schist, marble, biotite-quartz schist; Tzh1–5 ore-bearing strata, marble; Tzh1-(6–8) calcareous quartz schist, sericite quartz schist; γA-C granite margin through transition to core zone. The W–Sn–Be mineralisation is concentrated throughout schist and marble within &lt;100 m from the granite intrusions. Approximate sample locations in vicinity and south of reference position (red cross: lat. 32.6121987°N, long. 103.9418417°E).

(a) Xuebaoding locality, with Little Xuebaoding (5,443 m, left) in the back... Open Access

Published: 03 February 2021
of eastern margin of Tibetan plateau with Xuebaoding (XBD) mountain west of the Huya fault and to NE of the Longmen Shan range and uplift zone defined by Yingxiu–Beichuan (Y-B) and Wenchuan–Maoxian (W-M) faults; major peaks of Siguniangshan (4G) and Xuebaoding (XBD) indicated (modified with permission after