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Primary terms
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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isotopes
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Mesozoic
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Upper Cretaceous
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metals
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Paleozoic
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Pennsylvanian
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Devonian
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Winnipegosis Formation (1)
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Thirtyone Formation (1)
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Simpson Group (2)
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Richmondian (1)
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Red River Formation (1)
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Permian
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Guadalupian (2)
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Khuff Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Leonardian
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Bone Spring Limestone (1)
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Clear Fork Group (2)
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Wichita Group (2)
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Wolfcampian (10)
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Zechstein (1)
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Silurian
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petrology (4)
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Plantae
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Chlorophyta
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Horseshoe Atoll
P- and S-wave delineation of the Horseshoe Atoll, Diamond-M Field, Texas, USA
Abstract This case history presents design considerations, processing techniques, and drilling results from a 3-D seismic survey acquired in the pinnacle reef trend of Scurry County, Texas. Pennsylvanian age reefs in this area have long been lucrative but elusive exploration objectives. Their small areal extent and random location pattern have often frustrated explorationists interpreting conventional 2-D seismic data. Through the example shown here, it becomes apparent that pinnacle reef objectives can be located with much-improved confidence using the 3-D seismic method. The survey has approximately 9 mi 2 (23 km 2 ) of surface coverage, more than adequate for a proper migration aperture at the objective horizon. The reefs in question are reasonably identified with a 3-D grid consisting of 110 × 110-ft (33 × 33-m) bin spacing. Economic considerations and accessibility constraints greatly affect the design of the survey. Processing techniques include 3-D surface-consistent statics, post-stack FX (spacial deconvolution) filtering to reduce random noise, and 3-D migration. Interpretation of the migrated 3-D volume identified several possible drilling locations. Time slice presentations at the pinnacle reef level clearly identified three subsequent producing locations and helped reconcile two previous nonproductive wells. Geophysical and economic success in this survey show that the 3-D seismic technique can solve several of the problems previously encountered using conventional 2-D seismic data.
Upper Pennsylvanian Seismic Sequences and Facies of the Eastern and Southern Horseshoe Atoll, Midland Basin, West Texas
Abstract Upper Pennsylvanian carbonate platform, bank, and reef-mound complexes of the Horseshoe atoll constitute major oil reservoirs within the northern Midland basin of west Texas. Analyses of over 200 mi of seismic data, constrained by fusulinid biostratigraphy, allow seismic sequences and facies to be identified for the eastern and southern portions of the atoll. The reef complex in these regions is composed of four third-order (1–10 m.y.) seismic sequences, including, from oldest to youngest: (1) Strawn (Desmoinesian) sequence; (2) Canyon A (early-early Missourian) sequence; (3) Canyon B (middle-early to early-middle Missourian) sequence; and (4) Canyon C/Cisco (late-middle Missourian-early Virgilian) sequence. The seismic sequences are composed of one to five parasequence sets, and display a retrogradational geometry in cross section and map view. Additional third-order sequences may be present in the Desmoinesian and Virgilian intervals, but are unresolved seismically in the study area. The Strawn seismic sequence is characterized by the occurrence of discontinuous, mounded reflectors interpreted to represent amalgamated phylloid-algal mound complexes. The lower Strawn sequence boundary represents the eroded surface of the Absaroka I cratonic subsequence, a type 1 sequence boundary. The upper Strawn sequence boundary appears conformable with the overlying Canyon A sequence, although the exact nature of the upper Strawn sequence boundary is equivocal. The Canyon A sequence is characterized by internal sigmoid geometries interpreted as prograding clinoforms, indicative of oolitic and skeletal grainstone-bearing units. The Canyon B and Canyon C/Cisco sequences, which are generally restricted to the topographically highest portions of the atoll, are characterized by coherent mound facies that are interpreted to represent heterogeneous reef complexes. Adjacent to many of the larger reef masses, the presence of reef-debris facies of late Canyon age is indicated by reflector packages that show offlaping geometries and basinward downlap. The upper Canyon B sequence boundary shows evidence of significant erosion associated with mass wasting of the atoll bank margin, perhaps related to an atoll-wide exposure event. The top of the atoll appears to be a maximum-flooding surface that is unconformably overlain by onlapping Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian shales. The documentation of third-order seismic sequences and facies of the Horseshoe atoll is important, not only because it provides an internally consistent stratigraphic framework for stratigraphic analysis, but also because it serves as an ancient example of a detached, retrogradational carbonate system. Seismic analysis of the atoll illustrates that the geometries of these types of systems differ substantially from that of attached, prograding systems. The arrangement of systems tracts within retrogradational systems may also differ. The stratigraphic architecture of third-order seismic sequences and facies displayed by the Horseshoe atoll may represent a recurring depositional pattern that arose during Late Pennsylvanian time, a consequence of the geographic, climatic, oceanographic, and tectonic setting of the developing Pangea supercontinent. If so, such a pattern may be anticipated in other time-equivalent carbonate regions.
Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Reservoir Development in a Pennsylvanian Phylloid Algal Buildup: Reinecke Field, Horseshoe Atoll, West Texas
Oil Fields of Pennsylvanian-Permian Horseshoe Atoll, West Texas
Abstract The Horseshoe atoll is an arcuate chain of reef mounds, composed of mixed types of bioclastic debris, that accumulated in the interior part of the developing intracratonic Midland basin during late Paleozoic time. The atoll is 175 mi (282 km) long and locally is almost 3,000 ft (914 m) thick. The reef environment was established early in basin history and retained because of the limited amount of terrigenous clastic material transported to the basin interior. About 1,800 ft (549 m) of limestone accumulated during the Pennsylvanian, and primary dips commonly as great as 8° developed along the margins of the atoll. During earliest Permian time the reef was restricted to the southwest side of the complex, where more than 1,100 ft (335 m) of additional limestone accumulated before death of the reef. Reef mounds were buried by prograding Early Permian terrigenous clastic material which progressively covered the atoll from northeast to southwest. Westward tilting of the reef complex after burial elevated Pennsylvanian mounds along the east side of the atoll 1,400 ft (428 m) higher than Permian mounds along the southwest side. The updip migration of hydrocarbons was uninhibited in the lower part of the reef, and most mounds along the eastern half of the atoll are full to the spill point. Some mounds along the trend are not productive because of Wolfcamp sandstone contacts with the upper surface of the mounds. Fifteen individual fields, containing 2.54 billion bbl of recoverable oil, are present along the crest of the atoll. The Scurry field is the giant of the trend. It includes approximately 73,000 productive acres (295 km 2 ), has a maximum oil column of 765 ft (233 m), and ultimately will yield 1.72 billion bbl. This field has no active wafer drive, so pressure mainte- ance was initiated early to achieve maximum efficient recovery. Scurry field has produced 521 million of the 857 million bbl of oil produced from reef rocks along the crest of the atoll. Scurry was discovered in 1948 with reflection-seismic methods, but only a small part of the field was mapped before the drilling of the discovery well.
Pennsylvanian-Permian Horseshoe Atoll, West Texas
GEOCHEMICAL DATA FOR HORSESHOE ATOLL MUDROCK (DUST) SAMPLES
Maps showing the location of the Reinecke field on the Horseshoe atoll in w...
A) Location map of the Reinecke Field, Horseshoe Atoll, and Midland Basin....
Photographs of different stages of residues from the Horseshoe Atoll carbon...
A) Location map of the study area (Reinecke Field) in “Horseshoe Atoll” of...
Location of Reinecke field on the Horseshoe Atoll, west Texas, and the posi...
Stratigraphic cross section AAʹ (basemap location provided in Figure 1 ) s...
A: Late Paleozoic Pangaea, showing (boxed) region of interest in western tr...
Carbon Isotope Excursions and Crinoid Dissolution at Exposure Surfaces in Carbonates, West Texas, U.S.A.
Play analysis and leading-edge oil-reservoir development methods in the Permian basin: Increased recovery through advanced technologies
Abstract Reinecke field is an upper Pennsylvanian to lowest Permian carbonate buildup in the southern part of the Horseshoe Atoll, west Texas, United States. The field and surrounding areas have been imaged with three 3-D seismic surveys and penetrated by many wells. Although Reinecke is commonly referred to as a reefal reservoir, deposition occurred in stratified sequences, 50–100 ft (15–30 m) thick, dominated by wackestones, packstones, and grainstones. Boundstones (mainly rich in phylloid algae) constitute only 16% of the buildup. Seismic reflectors within the buildup parallel sequence boundaries and are truncated at the margins of the buildup. Three-dimensional seismic surveys show that the top of the Reinecke buildup is highly irregular with more than 470 ft (143 m) of relief. Deep-marine shales overlie the reservoir and act as a seal for this stratigraphic trap. Reinecke's irregular, mounded morphology is the result of localized carbonate growth and erosional truncation. Much of the erosional truncation probably occurred in a deep-marine environment. Reinecke's south dome acts a single continuous reservoir dominated by limestone (70%) with 25% dolomite. Limestone porosity is generally 5–18% (average of 11.2%) and permeability is 1–1000md(average of 166 md). Dolomite porosity is lower (average of 8.3%), but permeability is higher (average of 894 md). Discontinuous low-permeability layers parallel to stratification serve as low-permeability baffles; however, patchy replacive dolomites cut through stratification and act as high-permeability vertical conduits. Good reservoir continuity, low-permeability baffles, and artificially enhanced bottomwater drive helped to recover more than 50% of the original oil in place. Excellent vertical reservoir continuity has allowed implementation of a crestal CO 2 flood at Reinecke field. CO 2 is being injected into the top of the structure, displacing residual and bypassed mobile oil downward for recovery in lower parts of the reservoir.
Reservoir Characterization of a Reefal Carbonate for Crestal CO 2 Flood, Reinecke Field, West Texas
Abstract Reinecke field is a carbonate buildup in the southern part of the Horseshoe Atoll. Since discovery in 1950, it has produced more than 82 million barrels of oil. The south dome of Reinecke field has been characterized with core, wireline logs, 3D seismic, crosswell tomography, and 3D cellular models of porosity, permeability, and fluid saturations. Four main depositional sequences, approximately 60-80 ft (18-24 m) thick, were identified in the Upper Pennsylvanian reservoir interval. Nine depositional facies were recognized, including mudstones, wackestones, packstones, grainstones, and boundstones. The reservoir is approximately 70 percent limestone and 30 percent dolomite. Porosity is widespread in both lithologies. Most depositional facies have average porosities of 9-13 percent where still limestone. Important pore types in limestones include intercrystalline microporosity, molds, intergranular pores, fractures, and vugs. Limestones dominated by microporosity have low permeability, commonly 1-30 mD. Limestones with fractures and vuggy pores commonly have permeability greater than 100 md. Lime mudstones are rare but have distinctly lower porosity (average of 1.4 percent) and permeability (average of <1 mD). Average limestone porosity is 11.2 percent, and average limestone permeability is 165 mD. In contrast, dolomite has generally lower porosity (average of 8.3 percent) but much higher permeability (average horizontal of 894 mD). Discontinuous shales compose less than 1 percent of the gross reservoir. Discontinuous lime mudstones and shales in the lower part of sequences form low-permeability baffles. Therefore, the south dome of Reinecke is characterized by relatively continuous vertical and horizontal porosity and permeability with high-permeability streaks and discontinuous low-permeability baffles. Excellent reservoir continuity and water injection into the underlying aquifer have allowed a good bottom water-drive and excellent primary and secondary recovery (55 percent of the original oil in place). Pore systems that are well connected throughout the reservoir have allowed a crestal CO 2 flood to be designed for Reinecke field. CO 2 is being injected into the top of the structure to mobilize residual oil and push an oil bank down through the reservoir to recover residual and bypassed mobile oil.
N. R. Rousselot (1926-1996)
Phylloid Algal and Sponge-Bryozoan Mound-To-Basin Transition: A Late Paleozoic Facies Tract from the Kelly-Snyder Field, West Texas
Abstract The Sacroc Unit of the Kelly-Snyder field, located on the eastern portion of the Pennsylvanian Horseshoe Atoll, northern Midland Basin, has produced over a billion barrels of hydrocarbons since 1948. Cross sections based on core descriptions and supplemented by electric log correlations allow reconstruction of the ancient facies tract across the middle of the field. Updip dolomitic fenestral lime mudstone is interpreted as a tidal-flat deposit. Pellets, small intraclasts, and forams were concentrated by currents to form well-sorted grainstone bodies in tidal creeks. A wide phylloid algal zone interfingered with other proximal-shelf deposits just downdip of these tidal flat deposits. Phylloid algal mounds contained abundant Eugonophyllum , palaeotextulariid forams, Apterrinella, Bradyina, Globivalvulina, Tetraxis, Tubertina and unidentified tubular forams. Local binding and encrustation by blue-green algae and small forams was common in the phylloid algal mounds. Luxuriant algal mounds grew behind discontinuous, wave-fronting sponge-algal-bryozoan mounds. These latter mounds grew into waters as much as sixty feet deep along the mid-section of the Kelly-Snyder field. Finger-sized calcareous sponges were characteristic of the sponge-algal-bryozoan mounds but did not directly bind or stabilize the substrate. Binding by blue-green algae, fenestrate and massive bryozoans, and Tubiphytes was identified in thin sections by cathodoluminescence. Oolite shoals flanked and possibly overlapped shoaling portions of sponge-algal-bryozoan mounds in the northeastern part of the field. Sponge-algal-bryozoan mound-derived debris and ciasts accumulated as submarine debris flows basinward of the buildups and were interbedded with, basin-margin shaly lime muds. Subaerial exposure and concomitant meteoric diagenesis left excellent secondary porosity. Oomoldic porosity locally exceeds 20%. Leaching of algal thaiIi and skeletal grains provided permeabilities of 10 to 25 md or more.