Abstract Carboniferous rocks within this area occupy the region contiguous with the northern Pennines to the north (Chapter 12) and the Peak District to the south (Chapter 10). All of the stages of the Carboniferous are present at outcrop, with the exception of Stephanian strata, which are absent. The oldest Tournaisian strata crop out within the Craven Basin, and are represented by ramp carbonate rocks (Bowland High Group) deposited on the Bowland High and adjacent Lancaster Fells and Bowland sub-basins. These carbonate rocks are overlain by mainly Visean hemi-pelagic mudstone and carbonate turbidites (lower part of Craven Group). To the south of the Pendle Fault System (Fig. 34), further platform carbonate rocks are proved in the subsurface above the Central Lancashire High (Trawden Limestone Group) and the Holme High and Heywood High (Holme High Limestone Group). These carbonate rocks, which developed during the Tournaisian to late Visean, are known only from well records and geophysical information and are not divided into formations. During the Visean, the platform carbonate rocks pass laterally into more basinal successions in the Harrogate, Rossendale and Huddersfield sub-basins (Craven Group). The lithostratigraphical nomenclature for the Tournaisian and Visean strata is that of Waters et al. (2009), adapted from Riley (1990).

Abstract The Ribblesdale fold belt, representing the Variscan inversion of the Bowland Basin, is a well-known geological feature of northern England. It represents a crustal strain discontinuity between the granite-underpinned basement highs of the northern Pennines and Lake District in the north, and the Central Lancashire High/southern Pennines, in the south. Recent seismic interpretation and mapping have demonstrated that the Ribblesdale fold belt continues offshore towards Anglesey via the Deemster Platform, beneath the Permo-Triassic sedimentary cover of the southern part of the East Irish Sea Basin. The Môn–Deemster fold–thrust belt (FTB) affects strata of Mississippian to late Pennsylvanian age. Variscan thrusts extend down into the pre-Carboniferous basement but apparently terminate at a low-angle detachment deeper in the crust, here correlated with the strongly sheared Penmynydd Zone exposed in the adjacent onshore. Up to 15% shortening is observed on seismic sections across the FTB offshore, but is greater in the strongly inverted onshore segment. Pre-Carboniferous thrusting post-dates formation of the Penmynydd Zone, and is probably of Acadian age, when basement structures such as the southward-vergent Carmel Head Thrust formed. Extensional reactivation of the Acadian structures in early Mississippian time defined the northern edge of the offshore Bowland Basin. The relatively late brittle structures of the Menai Strait fault system locally exhume the Penmynydd Zone and define the southern edge of the basin. The longer seismic records from the offshore provide insights to the tectonic evolution of the more poorly imaged FTB onshore.