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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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developing countries (1)
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Cretaceous
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Albian (5)
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-
Hauterivian (2)
-
Muddy Sandstone (1)
-
Torok Formation (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
-
Middle Cretaceous (3)
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Quantou Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Cenomanian
-
upper Cenomanian (2)
-
-
Colville Group (1)
-
Fort Hays Limestone Member (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (2)
-
Judith River Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (6)
-
Maestrichtian
-
upper Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Santonian (1)
-
Senonian (6)
-
Sharon Springs Member (1)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (1)
-
Teapot Sandstone Member (1)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (2)
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
upper Turonian (1)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (1)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (2)
-
Fernie Formation (1)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Kirkpatrick Basalt (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Laberge Group (2)
-
middle Liassic (2)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Toarcian (2)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (1)
-
-
Bathonian (4)
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Posidonia Shale (2)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Bowser Lake Group (2)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Tithonian (1)
-
-
-
Murihiku Supergroup (1)
-
Pucara Group (1)
-
Triassic
-
Chanares Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
Spathian (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Montney Formation (3)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Norian (2)
-
Rhaetian (2)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic
-
Yixian Formation (1)
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (2)
-
-
MIS 6 (1)
-
Moldanubian (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Terreneuvian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (1)
-
Lamotte Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Chilliwack Group (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (3)
-
-
Mabou Group (1)
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (3)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (3)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (2)
-
-
-
Stanley Group (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Cypress Sandstone (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (2)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (2)
-
-
Morien Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Holder Formation (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (7)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (1)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (1)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (2)
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (2)
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (7)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (2)
-
Horton Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (1)
-
-
Matapedia Group (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Catoche Formation (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Saint George Group (4)
-
Tremadocian (2)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (5)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (1)
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (6)
-
Queenston Shale (1)
-
Red River Formation (2)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Capitan Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Queen Formation (1)
-
Seven Rivers Formation (1)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Al Khlata Formation (1)
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Kungurian (1)
-
Sakmarian (2)
-
-
Qixia Formation (3)
-
-
Maokou Formation (2)
-
Passa Dois Group (1)
-
Shihezi Formation (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
Whitehill Formation (1)
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (4)
-
Telychian (1)
-
-
Wenlock (1)
-
Whirlpool Sandstone (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (1)
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (2)
-
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (6)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Blake River Group (2)
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
Napier Complex (1)
-
Neoarchean
-
Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
Timiskaming Group (2)
-
Warrawoona Group (1)
-
-
Fortescue Group (1)
-
Hadean (4)
-
Lewisian Complex (1)
-
Missi Group (1)
-
North Shore Volcanics (1)
-
Purcell System (1)
-
Sakoli Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Damara System (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Aldridge Formation (1)
-
Belt Supergroup (2)
-
Stenian (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (6)
-
Tonian (3)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Urquhart Shale (2)
-
Willyama Supergroup (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (2)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (15)
-
kimberlite (5)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (5)
-
diabase (2)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (3)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (3)
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (1)
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (4)
-
charnockite (1)
-
granite porphyry (2)
-
I-type granites (3)
-
leucogranite (5)
-
microgranite (2)
-
S-type granites (2)
-
-
granodiorites (7)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (1)
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (26)
-
quartz monzonite (3)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
agpaite (2)
-
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (4)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (6)
-
garnet peridotite (1)
-
harzburgite (5)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (2)
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (5)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (2)
-
andesites (7)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
flood basalts (2)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (3)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
trap rocks (1)
-
-
dacites (3)
-
glasses
-
palagonite (1)
-
volcanic glass (2)
-
-
komatiite (3)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
ignimbrite (8)
-
pumice (4)
-
tuff (4)
-
-
rhyolites (10)
-
trachytes (3)
-
-
-
ophiolite (10)
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (3)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (10)
-
gneisses
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (2)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites
-
kinzigite (1)
-
-
hornfels (2)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia
-
suevite (3)
-
-
-
jadeitite (1)
-
marbles (3)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (2)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
metagranite (1)
-
serpentinite (8)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metapelite (5)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
shungite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (2)
-
rodingite (1)
-
serpentinite (8)
-
skarn (8)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (4)
-
migmatites (10)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (2)
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (3)
-
quartzites (1)
-
schists
-
blueschist (2)
-
greenschist (1)
-
muscovite schist (1)
-
-
slates (2)
-
-
ophiolite (10)
-
turbidite (22)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
Acfer Meteorites (1)
-
Allan Hills Meteorites
-
ALH 84001 (1)
-
-
Dar al Gani Meteorites (1)
-
iron meteorites
-
hexahedrite (1)
-
-
Northwest Africa Meteorites (3)
-
stony irons
-
pallasite (1)
-
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
lunar meteorites (3)
-
Martian meteorites
-
ALH 84001 (1)
-
SNC Meteorites
-
nakhlite (1)
-
shergottite
-
Shergotty Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
ureilite (1)
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CH chondrites (2)
-
CM chondrites
-
Murchison Meteorite (1)
-
-
CV chondrites
-
Allende Meteorite (4)
-
Efremovka Meteorite (1)
-
Vigarano Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
enstatite chondrites (2)
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites (1)
-
L chondrites (3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alabaster (1)
-
alloys
-
carbides
-
cohenite (1)
-
moissanite (1)
-
-
electrum (1)
-
kamacite (1)
-
nitrides (2)
-
phosphides
-
schreibersite (1)
-
-
silicides (1)
-
taenite (1)
-
-
antimonates (1)
-
antimonides (1)
-
arsenates
-
mimetite (1)
-
pharmacosiderite (1)
-
scorodite (2)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (6)
-
cobaltite (2)
-
gersdorffite (2)
-
maucherite (1)
-
nickeline (1)
-
sperrylite (1)
-
-
bismuthides (1)
-
borates
-
ulexite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (7)
-
azurite (1)
-
bastnaesite (3)
-
calcite (45)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
cerussite (2)
-
dolomite (25)
-
hydromagnesite (1)
-
hydrotalcite (2)
-
ikaite (2)
-
magnesian calcite (3)
-
magnesite (1)
-
malachite (1)
-
parisite (1)
-
protodolomite (1)
-
shortite (1)
-
siderite (2)
-
smithsonite (3)
-
spurrite (2)
-
strontianite (2)
-
synchysite (2)
-
thaumasite (1)
-
vaterite (2)
-
witherite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (6)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (3)
-
mimetite (1)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
sylvite (1)
-
vanadinite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (3)
-
fluorite (4)
-
parisite (1)
-
synchysite (2)
-
topaz (2)
-
villiaumite (1)
-
-
iodides (1)
-
-
hydrates (9)
-
K-bentonite (2)
-
manganese minerals (3)
-
minerals (8)
-
molybdates
-
powellite (1)
-
wulfenite (1)
-
-
native elements
-
carbonado (1)
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (2)
-
-
fullerene (3)
-
graphite (11)
-
-
nitrates (1)
-
oxalates (1)
-
oxides
-
akaganeite (2)
-
anatase (2)
-
armalcolite (2)
-
asbolite (1)
-
baddeleyite (2)
-
brannerite (4)
-
brookite (3)
-
brucite (4)
-
cassiterite (3)
-
chrome spinel (4)
-
chromite (4)
-
chrysoberyl (1)
-
coronadite (1)
-
corundum (8)
-
diaspore (2)
-
ferrihydrite (10)
-
ferropseudobrookite (1)
-
geikielite (1)
-
germanates (1)
-
goethite (19)
-
hausmannite (1)
-
hematite (18)
-
hercynite (2)
-
hibonite (4)
-
hollandite (2)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (4)
-
oxyhydroxides (4)
-
schoepite (1)
-
-
ilmenite (12)
-
iron oxides (19)
-
lepidocrocite (1)
-
leucoxene (2)
-
lithiophorite (1)
-
maghemite (3)
-
magnesioferrite (2)
-
magnetite (23)
-
manganese oxides (3)
-
manganosite (1)
-
niobates
-
betafite (1)
-
columbite (5)
-
euxenite (1)
-
nenadkevichite (1)
-
pyrochlore (4)
-
samarskite (3)
-
tapiolite (2)
-
-
periclase (4)
-
perovskite (10)
-
pitchblende (1)
-
portlandite (3)
-
priderite (1)
-
rutile (21)
-
sapphire (2)
-
spinel (15)
-
spinel group (2)
-
tantalates
-
betafite (1)
-
euxenite (1)
-
microlite (2)
-
tantalite (3)
-
-
titanium oxides (6)
-
titanomagnetite (2)
-
todorokite (1)
-
ulvospinel (1)
-
uraninite (4)
-
valentinite (1)
-
wustite (3)
-
zincite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
amblygonite (1)
-
apatite (35)
-
chlorapatite (2)
-
florencite (2)
-
fluorapatite (6)
-
francolite (1)
-
hydroxylapatite (3)
-
merrillite (4)
-
monazite (25)
-
montebrasite (1)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
rhabdophane (1)
-
whitlockite (2)
-
xenotime (9)
-
-
platinum minerals (5)
-
selenides (1)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates
-
maskelynite (1)
-
-
asbestos (6)
-
borosilicates (1)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
sapphirine (4)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (3)
-
arfvedsonite (2)
-
edenite (1)
-
glaucophane (1)
-
grunerite (1)
-
hornblende (6)
-
pargasite (3)
-
richterite (1)
-
riebeckite (1)
-
tremolite (4)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (1)
-
-
-
charoite (2)
-
prehnite (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (1)
-
augite (2)
-
clinoenstatite (1)
-
diopside (1)
-
hedenbergite (1)
-
omphacite (3)
-
spodumene (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (3)
-
-
-
tobermorite (1)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (4)
-
-
xonotlite (1)
-
-
framework silicates
-
cancrinite (1)
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (5)
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
cryptoperthite (1)
-
hyalophane (1)
-
K-feldspar (6)
-
orthoclase (1)
-
perthite (4)
-
sanidine (3)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
hyalophane (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (7)
-
anorthite (6)
-
reedmergnerite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (1)
-
myrmekite (1)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
agate (2)
-
chalcedony (2)
-
coesite (3)
-
cristobalite (3)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
alpha quartz (2)
-
-
stishovite (2)
-
tridymite (2)
-
-
sodalite group
-
lazurite (1)
-
sodalite (2)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (4)
-
chabazite (1)
-
clinoptilolite (2)
-
edingtonite (2)
-
erionite (3)
-
ferrierite (2)
-
garronite (1)
-
gmelinite (1)
-
harmotome (1)
-
laumontite (1)
-
thomsonite (1)
-
-
-
garnierite (2)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (3)
-
braunite (1)
-
dumortierite (1)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (5)
-
hydrogarnet
-
hibschite (1)
-
-
majorite (2)
-
pyrope (1)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
kyanite (4)
-
merwinite (1)
-
mullite (2)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (1)
-
forsterite (3)
-
monticellite (2)
-
olivine (25)
-
ringwoodite (2)
-
wadsleyite (2)
-
-
phenakite group
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Tansill Formation (1)
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Khuff Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Al Khlata Formation (1)
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Qixia Formation (3)
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Maokou Formation (2)
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Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
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Zechstein (1)
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Whitehill Formation (1)
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Road River Formation (1)
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Upper Silurian
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Ludlow (1)
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Taiyuan Formation (2)
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upper Paleozoic
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Shanxi Formation (2)
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Woodford Shale (1)
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palynology (1)
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plate tectonics (102)
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Paleoarchean (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Sinian
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Witwatersrand Supergroup (2)
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turbidite (22)
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volcaniclastics (12)
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soils
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paleosols (3)
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soils
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Desert soils (1)
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forest soils (1)
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laterites (5)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Gun Occurrence
Ronpetersonite, BaWO 4 , the Barium Analogue of Scheelite, a New Mineral from the Gun Occurrence in the Yukon, Canada Available to Purchase
Linking continental-slope failures and climate change: Testing the clathrate gun hypothesis Available to Purchase
Late Ordovician - Early Silurian cryptospore occurrences on Anticosti Island (Île d’Anticosti), Quebec, Canada Available to Purchase
Ediacaran survivors in the Cambrian: suspicions, denials and a smoking gun Open Access
Petro-Mineralogical and Geochemical Evaluation of Glauconitic Rocks of the Ukra Member (Bhuj Formation), Kutch Basin, India Available to Purchase
Diagenetic formation of interlayer-deficient fluorophlogopite as a clay mineral in Early Cambrian phosphorite (Lesser Himalaya, India): The trioctahedral analog of illite Available to Purchase
Ice-sheet extent of the Antarctic Peninsula region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)—Insights from glacial geomorphology Available to Purchase
Sandy Submarine Braid Plains: Potential Deep-Water Reservoirs Available to Purchase
Mineralogical Association of Canada Free
Historical science, experimental science, and the scientific method Available to Purchase
The mid-Carboniferous Arctic Lake Formation, northwestern Stikine terrane, British Columbia Available to Purchase
Does air-gun noise harm marine mammals? Available to Purchase
Optimizing near-orthogonal air-gun firing sequences for marine simultaneous source separation Available to Purchase
Subsurface Geophysics and Hydrogeology at the Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Available to Purchase
Landward-directed Dispersal of Benthic Foraminiferal Propagules At Two Shallow-water Sites in the Doboy Sound Area (Georgia, U.S.A.) Available to Purchase
Reply: REPLY Available to Purchase
Meierite, a New Barium Mineral with a Kfi-type Zeolite Framework from the Gun Claim, Yukon Canada Available to Purchase
Evolution of Late Paleoproterozoic Ramp Systems, Lower McNamara Group, Northeastern Australia Available to Purchase
Abstract Rocks of the lower McNamara Group (including the Torpedo Creek, Gunpowder Creek, Paradise Creek, and Esperanza formations) form part of the extensive late Paleoproterozoic sedimentary cover in northwestern Queensland. The succession varies in thickness from 450 to 1250 m and consists largely of dolomite, chert, and siliciclastic rocks deposited in nonmarine, marginal marine, and marine environments. The package is divisible into two distinct basin-filling supersequences (second-order sequences): Prize, a lower suite of fault-bounded, storm-dominated siliciclastic ramps; and the overlying Gun, a regionally extensive, southeast-facing, storm-dominated mixed carbonate/siliciclastic ramp. A regionally correlative unconformity in the lower to middle Gunpowder Formation, representing a depositional hiatus of over 28 My, records the boundary between these two supersequences. Combining facies architecture with gamma-ray logs derived from hand-held spectrometers enables further subdivision into three third-order depositional sequences, (1) Prize 2, Torpedo Creek-lower Gunpowder Creek, (2) Gunl, upper Gunpowder Creek-Paradise Creek, and (3) Gun 2, upper Paradise Creek-Esperanza, each of which is bounded by regionally correlative disconformilies. The Prize 2 depositional sequence consists largely of siliciclastic storm-dominated ramp sediments deposited in locally fault-controlled depocenters. The overlying Gun 1 sequence marks the transition from a siliciclastic to a carbonate ramp as storm-dominated shallow-water carbonate facies prograded easl/southeastward over the underlying siliciclaslics. Storm processes continued to dominate sedimentation. Formation of stromatolitic rim complexes had a significant hydrodynamic effect on this second ramp and promoted flattening of the inner ramp and steepening of the outer ramp to form a distally steepened ramp to rimmed platform. Unlike the underlying succession, the Gun 1 depositional sequence represents a regionally continuous depositional system with only minor thickness variations. The Gun 2 depositional sequence similarly represents a storm-dominated siliciclastic/carbonate ramp. The most striking difference between the Gun 1 and 2 sequences is the relatively abrupt shift from micrite-rich domal-columnar stromatolites to spar-rich microdigitate and digitate columnar stromatolites. Unlike most other Paleoproterozoic carbonate successions documented to date, the lower McNamara platform was dominated by storm-deposited and reworked sediments, predominantly intraclasts, quartz and peloid silt, and muds, rather than precipitated carbonate cements. The preponderance of silt-size grains, rather than mud-size, differentiates this succession from most other detrital Proterozoic platforms. The internal architecture and evolution of the succession is instead similar to sediment-rich Phanerozoic carbonate ramps.