At the close of the middle Eocene, most of the strong orogenic deformation in Cuba had occurred, and the general distribution of the pre–upper Eocene structures and stratigraphic units was essentially as it is now. The younger Tertiary sediments began to accumulate over the now-essentially inactive, largely peneplained, submarine mountain chain, reflecting some large-scale deformation that included folding and faulting. The overall movements during the remainder of the Tertiary have been of a slow, continuous uplift, with much of Cuba emerging by the Miocene. The younger Tertiary sedimentation consisted mostly of the filling of topographic depressions, although erosion of uplifts and filling of subsiding areas also occurred. It should be noted that Gulf Oil, with the exception of a few areas in central Cuba, did little work on the younger Tertiary; therefore, much of the following is derived from published information, namely, Iturralde-Vinent (1977 , 1988 ), Jakus (1983) , and Fernandez et al. (1987) . As shown in Figure 148 , the post–middle Eocene will be described according to the following areas: Northern coast = Havana to Oriente Provinces Southwestern basin = Los Palacios Basin, Habana-Matanzas, and western Las Villas South-central basin = Central Depression (Gulf of Ana Maria) Southeastern basins = Guanacayabo-Nipe Basin, central syncline, Guantanamo depression, and southern coast (only the stratigraphic unit of the Oriente southern coast will be listed). A characteristic of most upper Eocene and later sediments is their richness in fossils, mostly large and small

The generalized geologic map of Cuba (Figure 54 ) shows that the island is segmented into eight general areas of pre-upper Eocene outcrops surrounded by relatively undisturbed later Tertiary sediments. Although there are similarities between them, each area has its own stratigraphic and structural characteristics. From northeast to southwest, these areas can generally be grouped as follows: (1) north-central sedimentary terranes: from northern Las Villas to northern Oriente; (2) basic igneous-volcanic terranes: from northern Pinar del Rio to eastern Oriente; and (c) southwestern sedimentary terranes: from Pinar del Rio and Isla de la Juventud to southeastern Oriente. These areas are complexly deformed structurally and are present-day topographic highs. They are surrounded by a relatively thin and much less disturbed cover of sediments ranging in age from late lower Eocene to Pleistocene. These areas are large-scale, mostly post-Eocene, uplifts.

Abstract The United States Army has been a functioning entity for nearly 240 years and throughout those years has faced changing military threats. We focus here on when, where, and why military installations, primarily those of the Army, were created and placed on the landscape, and we examine some of the ways in which their situation changed as the country shifted from a domestic protection stance to a more internationalist projection-oriented operational philosophy. The 1790s, the 1890s, and the 1990s each presented challenges—but of very different types. Were we responding to external or internal threats? What were the needs of the era? Were they focused on materiel production, on leadership and training, on protecting our coastlines, on protecting travel routes within the country, or on preparing to project force hundreds or thousands of miles outside the United States? At one time, one or more of these differing concerns were the driving reasons behind the establishment of a military installation. The current “landscape” of installations reflects a response to these differing threats across our entire nation’s history. This is why the U.S. Defense Department has recently been reviewing the inventory of military bases, to determine if they are all still relevant and useful. Do we now have too many or too few installations? Or, are they in the wrong place to answer the current and emerging threats? Finally, what happens when an installation is believed to no longer be needed? When and how may an installation be converted to another life?

Abstract Despite the successful conclusion of the “War to end all wars” and the subsequent formation of the League of Nations, the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles proved unworkable because its basic premises were not based on a practical understanding of human nature and the need for adequate natural resources at the national level. With a revitalized Germany behind him by the late 1930s, Hitler was busy expanding his “Lebensraum” and being imitated by the leaders of Japan and Italy. Such actions rapidly upset the stability of the “Versailles World Order” concept. In view of this drift toward a new geo-war, Professor Richard M. Field noted in his presidential address to the American Geophysical Union on 30 April 1941: 1 From the dawn of history this method of conquest and colonization has led to the rise and fall of “master races” and imperial governments, equally aided and abetted by organized science and organized religion and organized trade…. Much as we may wish it otherwise, the true history of the rise of civilization is the history of organized science in which, until quite recently, the most important facts were either unmentioned or misinterpreted by historians. That is why “we learn from history that we do not learn from history.” This lack of historical understanding and a diplomatic inability to resolve the associated geopolitical problems then brought on a series of conflicts that would involve practically all of the world’s geophysicists. Looking back to 1940, one finds that this was

In this section, only the stratigraphy of the rocks deposited before and during the violent events of the Cuban orogeny will be described. The deformation probably reached its peak during the early–middle Eocene. The reason for this rather indefinite time assignment is that no index faunas have been found to separate the middle from the lower Eocene in the syn-orogenic flysch sediments, much less in the wildflysch that characterizes the culmination of the orogeny. The only evidence that the orogeny is pre–upper Eocene is a widespread, well-defined unconformity below an upper Eocene orbitoid-rich limestone that, although occasionally deformed, was not involved in the strong orogenic tectonism. As will be seen later, the tectonic events that marked the end of the orogeny were not exactly synchronous all over Cuba. In the south, the orogenic deformation started in the late Maastrichtian to Paleocene, whereas in the north, the deformation started in the early Eocene. The molasse (or erosion of already inactive topography) cycle startedinthe southinthe early Eocene while thrusting proceeded in the north in the middle Eocene with the production of associated flysch deposits (or erosion of an active orogenic front). The mo-lasse was carried piggyback by the northward advancing thrusts while contemporaneous flysch was being generated in the north. Stratigraphy and structure are intimately intertwined in Cuba; the significance of structural features can be understood only through the knowledge of stratigraphy. Therefore, in this chapter, the stratigraphy will be described first to establish a plausible preorogenic paleogeography.As previously mentioned, many