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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
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North Africa
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Tunisia
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El Kef Tunisia (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
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Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Oman
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Oman Mountains (1)
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Far East
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China
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Songliao Basin (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Deccan Plateau (1)
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Middle East (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Caribbean Sea
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Cayman Trough (1)
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Nicaragua Rise (1)
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Gorringe Bank (1)
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Gulf of Guinea (1)
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Gulf of Mexico (5)
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Northeast Atlantic
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Iberian abyssal plain (1)
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Northwest Atlantic (1)
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South Atlantic
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Walvis Ridge (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick (1)
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Western Canada
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British Columbia (1)
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Lesser Antilles
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Aruba (1)
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Central America
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metals
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oxygen
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Chordata
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Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Reptilia
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Protista
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Plantae
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Spermatophyta
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Cenozoic
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Tertiary
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Pliocene
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lower Pliocene
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Paleogene
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lower Paleogene (1)
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upper Paleocene (1)
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Mesozoic
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Upper Cretaceous
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lower Campanian (1)
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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ophiolite (3)
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metamorphic rocks
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orthosilicates
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sheet silicates
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serpentine group
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serpentine (1)
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Primary terms
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absolute age (9)
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Africa
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North Africa
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Tunisia
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El Kef Tunisia (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (1)
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-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
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Oman
-
Oman Mountains (1)
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-
-
Far East
-
China
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Songliao Basin (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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-
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Middle East (1)
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asteroids (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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carbon
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Caribbean region
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Lesser Antilles
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Trinidad and Tobago
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Cenozoic
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Agbada Formation (1)
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Bronze Age (2)
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Iron Age (1)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
-
upper Holocene
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Roman period (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene
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Calabrian (1)
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-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
-
Stone Age
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Paleolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (2)
-
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene
-
Zanclean (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (1)
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Lutetian (1)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Priabonian (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
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K-T boundary (1)
-
-
upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Central America
-
Honduras (1)
-
Panama (3)
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Chondrichthyes
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Elasmobranchii (1)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Edentata
-
Xenarthra
-
Cingulata (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Anapsida
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Testudines
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Pleurodira (1)
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-
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climate change (4)
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crust (7)
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earthquakes (3)
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Europe
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Alps
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-
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Southern Europe
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Italy
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Apennines
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Northern Apennines (5)
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Calabria Italy (1)
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Latium Italy
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Liguria Italy
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Ligurian Alps (1)
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Marches Italy (5)
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Gubbio Italy (3)
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Western Europe
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Scandinavia
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Norway (1)
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geology (1)
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geomorphology (2)
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geophysical methods (15)
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heat flow (1)
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hydrogen (1)
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hydrology (2)
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Thalassinoides (1)
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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diorites
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tonalite (1)
-
-
gabbros (1)
-
granites
-
biotite granite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (1)
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
-
dacites (1)
-
pyroclastics
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ignimbrite (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Ocean
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Red Sea (1)
-
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intrusions (5)
-
Invertebrata
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Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (2)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Scleractinia
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Acropora (1)
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Montastrea (1)
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Porites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Gastropoda
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Neogastropoda (1)
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Turritellidae
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Turritella (1)
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-
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Protista
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Foraminifera (5)
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isostasy (1)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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lava (1)
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maps (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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West Mediterranean
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-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Aptian (2)
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-
Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian
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lower Campanian (1)
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Cenomanian (1)
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Coniacian (1)
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K-T boundary (1)
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La Luna Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian (2)
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Senonian (1)
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-
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Pliensbachian (1)
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Toarcian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
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Bajocian (2)
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Callovian (1)
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Upper Jurassic (1)
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Maiolica Limestone (1)
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Triassic (4)
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metal ores
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metals
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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chromium (3)
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copper (1)
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gold (1)
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iron (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
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samarium (1)
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yttrium (1)
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tin (1)
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vanadium (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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serpentinite (2)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (2)
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Guajira Basin
Abstract Hydrocarbon potential in the Guajira Basin is associated with two different processes for hydrocarbon generation: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic hydrocarbons are generated from immature source rocks exposed to bacterial activity. Thermogenic hydrocarbons are produced from source rocks that have attained a sufficient depth of burial and thermal maturity level. Source rocks in the basin may include Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene organic rich strata. The Cretaceous rocks can be equivalent to the La Luna Formation of the Maracaibo area with a kerogen type II. Source rock of Tertiary units can be type III, which give the basin its predominantly gas-prone character. Recent geochemical data indicate a late Cretaceous source rock in the deep offshore area in the western part of the basin in preserved stratigraphic sections associated with the South Caribbean deformed belt.
U/Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS Zircon Geochronology and Geochemistry from a Postcollisional Biotite Granite of the Baja Guajira Basin, Colombia: Implications for Late Cretaceous and Neogene Caribbean–South American Tectonics
Seismic petrophysical analysis for thin sandstone reservoirs in Colombia's Guajira Basin
Abstract The distribution of the basement in the Guajira Offshore Basin in Colombia appears to be consistent with the evolution of the autochthonous South American Block as part of a continent-ocean transform fault of the late Jurassic rift system that created the proto-Caribbean Sea between the North and South American plates. Later, rotation, accretion of suspect terranes, and the collision-subduction with the Caribbean plate framed current architecture of the basement in the basin. In addition to the Mesoproterozoic crust found in the onshore Alta Guajira area, a set of terranes of diverse age including late Triassic metamorphic rocks, early Cretaceous meta-sediments, late Cretaceous granites and serpentines, Eocene plutonic intrusions, and a chain of undifferentiated-age suspect blocks, can also be identified in the offshore basin. Although the current architecture of the basement in the Guajira Offshore Basin does not show a preferential tectonic arrangement, four different types of crustal-fabric can be identified: (1) a Pre-Cambrian autochthonous block that exhibits an abrupt thickness change across the margin over a distance of ca 80 km (49.7 mi), from ca 20 km (12.4 mi) near the coast line to less than ca 3 km (1.8 mi) near the so-called Tayrona Subbasin. This abrupt decrease in crustal thickness resembles modern-day transform margins involving continent-ocean transition; (2) two areas exhibit what appear to be systems of horsts and grabens, typical of block-tectonics settings. One area is identified north of the Chimare suture and the other is located further south in the Tayrona Subbasin. Even though their age is currently difficult to establish, they may correspond to stretched continental crust and proto-Caribbean remnants of the rift-system that separated North America from South America during Jurassic time; (3) the Chirrinche, Chinchorro, and Mochila paleohighs whose non-magnetic character separated these suspect terranes from the autochthonous basement further east; and 4) The South Caribbean deformed Belt (SCDB) and the Tayrona and Chimare Neogene Subbasins associated with transcurrent fault systems generated by the oblique convergence of the Caribbean and the South American plates. A simplified evolution model of the Guajira Offshore Basin, based on basement distribution, includes four main phases: opening of the proto-Caribbean seaway during late Jurassic; subduction of this oceanic crust under the continental South American plate and associated volcanism during the Cretaceous period; collision of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP) with the continental block, effectively stopping the ongoing subduction process in the late Cretaceous–early Paleogene time; and the development of the still active SCDB mostly on Caribbean oceanic crust since middle Paleogene times. Our observations preclude the pervasive presence of the Great Arc of the Caribbean (GAC) in the Guajira Offshore Basin.
New Evidence for Putumayo Crust in the Basement of the Falcon Basin and Guajira Peninsula, Northwestern Venezuela
Abstract U/Pb zircon and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar hornblende ages of medium- to high-grade metamorphic basement rocks from La Vela Bay in the Falcon Basin and of granitic gneiss rocks from a basement inlier in the southeastern Guajira Peninsula, northwestern Venezuela, measured by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe, document the presence of Meso- to Neoproterozoic crust related to the Putumayo orogen, which probably correlates with the Chibcha terrane, in Colombia. Metawackes, metapelites, and granitic gneisses from these localities showed a high-grade metamorphism peak between 1.0 Ga and 0.98 Ga. Ages of inherited zircon cores of 1212 ± 11 Ma, 1214 ± 10 Ma, 1227 ± 9 Ma, 1366 ± 38 Ma, 1519 ± 9 Ma, and 2707 ± 8 Ma, are interpreted as relicts of detrital igneous grains that were originally incorporated from the Amazon craton into the sedimentary protolith. In addition, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of hornblende crystals in metapelites preserve younger events between 923 Ma and 916 Ma, which indicate cooling under 530°C after the granulite facies peak. Radiometric ages presented in this study support the idea that these basement rocks probably formed part of a single orogenic belt in western South America, that formed in an active margin located in the northwestern part of the Amazon craton, which gave rise to a continental collision with Baltica during the Neoproterozoic assemblage of Rodinia.
General stratigraphic column for Guajira Basin.
ABSTRACT The most important source rocks that generate hydrocarbons in the eastern Caribbean basins are Cenozoic in age. Geochemical analyses of rocks and oils from the Greater Antilles region, Barbados Accretionary Prism, Tobago Trough, Cariaco Basin, Urumaco Trough, Falcon Basin, and Guajira Basin prove the existence of Paleogene and Neogene source rocks that have generated hydrocarbons through time. Along the Greater Antilles region, the middle Miocene Sombrerito Formation contains immature oil-prone source rocks, whereas in the vicinity of the Virgin Islands, Eocene and Oligocene strata have gas potential. Oil fingerprinting of Azua-San Juan Basin oils suggests the existence of a Miocene to Pliocene carbonate source rock deposited in a possible lacustrine environment. The Eocene Joe’s River Formation and Scotland Group within the Barbados Accretionary Prism contain source rocks, which are oil- and gas-prone, respectively. These sequences could have generated the Barbados Island’s oils. In the southern part of the Tobago Trough, an immature middle Miocene section with fair to good Type III kerogen source rock has been identified. The Miocene, Oligocene, and Eocene sequences drilled in the Cariaco Basin contain source rock intervals, which could generate mainly gas and minor amount of oil. In the Falcon Basin, the Eocene and Miocene sequences have fair to good potential to generate gas and minor oil. The Miocene in the Guajira Basin contains a fair to good gas-generating source rock, and the large gas accumulations in the basin were generated mainly by microbial activity from this Miocene sequence. The existence of Cretaceous oil-prone source rocks in the Caribbean region is quite uncertain because of limited well penetrations, poor outcrops, and discontinuous seismic coverage. Consequently, their aerial extent, thickness, and distribution of organic facies are very limited. To date, there are no evidences to document the presence of the Upper Cretaceous La Luna and its equivalents within the Caribbean plate.
Regional Gravity Anomalies and Crustal Structure in Northern Colombia
A , Topography of northern South America after Smith and Sandwell ( 1997 ),...
Stratigraphic correlation chart from the Plato–San Jorge basin, the adjacen...
Regional tectonic map of the Caribbean realm showing the most relevant geol...
Subsurface basement, structure, stratigraphy, and timing of regional tectonic events affecting the Guajira margin of northern Colombia
(a) Tectonic map of northwestern South America and Panama showing plate bou...
( 1 ) Location of La Guajira Peninsula and the study area in the Caribbean ...
Abstract We have estimated the Curie point depth (CPD) in the northwestern corner of South America and the southwestern Caribbean Sea from spectral analysis of magnetic anomalies extracted from the World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map. To do this, we performed three different spectral methods and chose the model that best fits the geologic and geophysical characteristics of the study area. Then, we calculated the geothermal gradient from these CPD values to assess the likelihood of the hydrocarbon “Golden zone” being present in some of Colombia’s sedimentary basins. Similarly, we tried to establish empirical relationships between CPD, geothermal gradient, and heat flux. Our results show that the CPD lies between 12.6 km (7.8 mi) and 74 km (45.9 mi). The shallowest depths (<25 km [<15.5 mi]) are in the offshore Venezuela and Colombia basins of the Caribbean Sea, the onshore eastern Llanos and Caguan–Putumayo Basins, and southwestern Venezuela. The greatest depths (>50 km [>31 mi]) occur in parts of the western and central Cordilleras, Santander massif, and middle Magdalena, Catatumbo, Barinas-Apure, and Vaupes-Amazonas Basins. Based on the results, we found a relationship between an unexpected zone of deep CPD values (40–47 km [24.8–29.2 mi]) in the Colombia Basin and the presumable presence of an abnormal thick Caribbean Plateau with a continental inheritance. On the other hand, the contrasting deep and shallow CPD values in the Caribbean support the interpretation of flat subduction of the Caribbean plate beneath South America with a flexural topographic bulge toward the Sinu−San Jacinto and lower Magdalena Basins. Partial erosion of this bulge could have resulted in shallowing of the CPD with a consequent increase in geothermal gradient and heat flux. Also, we found a CPD shallowing beneath Caguan–Putumayo and eastern Llanos Basins. Finally, based on the calculated geothermal gradient values in Colombia, we consider that the Golden zone of hydrocarbon occurrence most likely exists in the Choco–Uraba, eastern Cordillera, Guajira−Los Cayos, eastern Llanos, and lower Magdalena Basins, while the Golden zone would be absent only in the Vaupes–Amazonas Basin.
Abstract New petrological observations from a volcanic unit at the base of the Jurassic sequence in the Alta Guajira region (Colombia) are consistent with the presence of a continental volcanic arc and the development of an intra-arc basin in the area. Fault-bounded Jurassic sedimentary basins in the Alta Guajira region were initiated during the early Jurassic (180 Ma) with silicic volcanism in the axis of a magmatic arc and later filled with a thick volcano-sedimentary sequence. The Jurassic silicic volcanic rocks at the base of the basin (Riodacita de Ipapure–Cerro La Teta) are observed as isolated remnants of andesite, dacite, and rhyolite. These lithologies are characterized geochemically by a calc-alkaline character, enrichment in light rare earth elements, Nb-Ta depletion, and Eu negative anomaly indicating a converging tectonic-setting origin, possibly in a continental volcanic arc related to early subduction. The unit marks the beginning of a continental-arc basin that was a sediment depocenter since the middle Jurassic in the area.
Locality maps. ( 1 ) Location of the La Guajira Peninsula in the Caribbean ...
Locality maps from Flórez et al. ( 2021 ). ( 1 ) Location of the La Guajira...
Abstract The ‘Caribbean oblique collision model’ invokes a three-stage evolution for Ecuador–Colombia–Venezuela–Trinidad: (1) Jurassic rifting; (2) Oxfordian–Neogene passive margin subsidence beside the spreading (until Campanian) Proto-Caribbean Ocean; (3) Campanian to Miocene oblique collision of the Caribbean Arc from the west, producing a craton-verging thrust belt and foreland basin. The timing of these stages is incorrect. Rifting ended 70 Ma later (Coniacian), with Cuba breaking away from Venezuela–Trinidad. Brief Proto-Caribbean spreading (Santonian–Campanian) was followed by slow (amagmatic) subduction below Venezuela and Trinidad, driven by inter-Americas convergence, so the passive margin lasted just 10–15 Ma in eastern Venezuela, not 140 Ma ( sic ). Convergence changed from WSW to SSE in Paleocene time, causing Proto-Caribbean subduction under Colombia too. Subduction in Venezuela–Trinidad drove upper crustal nappes cratonward, metamorphosing overridden rift deposits of the Inner Nappe (Cordillera de la Costa) and feeding Campanian–Miocene olistostromes to a Proto-Caribbean ‘pre-arc’ foreland basin. The Caribbean Arc collided with Ecuador to Guajira from Campanian time and passed ‘Guajira corner’ in Early Oligocene time, not Paleocene, then migrated SE forming the Gulf of Venezuela–Falcón, diachronous (Oligo–Miocene), transform-related extensional basin, followed by oblique collision (obduction) in central Venezuela to Trinidad driving a Mio–Pliocene Caribbean foreland basin. Caribbean relative motion switched to eastward near 2.5 Ma, not 12 Ma as is widely believed. The new plate boundary follows the Eastern Cordillera–Mérida Andes–San Sebastián–El Pilar–Trinidad Central Range fault system. Pull-apart basins date from 2.5 Ma at the Cariaco and intra-Gulf of Paria stepovers. Elsewhere the boundary is characterized by transpressional uplift, overwhelmed in some areas (e.g. Gulf of Barcelona; greater Gulf of Paria) by subsidence due to dissolution of inferred, buried, Neocomian rift halite since the Middle Miocene (climate change). The revised timings of events, and the revival of the geosyncline-era concept of Late Cretaceous–Palaeogene orogeny in northern South America, will affect petroleum exploration.