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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
James Ross Island (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Central Asia (1)
-
Far East
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Xizang China
-
Lhasa China (1)
-
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-
-
Himalayas (6)
-
Indian Peninsula
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India
-
Bengal Islands
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Andaman Islands (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (3)
-
-
Kohistan (4)
-
Pakistan (2)
-
-
Indus River (1)
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (2)
-
Karakoram (3)
-
Middle East
-
Turkey
-
Lycian Taurus (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Canary Islands
-
Tenerife (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
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Australia
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Northern Territory Australia
-
Reynolds Range (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Gawler Craton (1)
-
-
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New Zealand
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Southland New Zealand
-
Fiordland (1)
-
-
-
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Caledonides (2)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Ontario
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Muskoka District Ontario (1)
-
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Quebec (2)
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Western Canada
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Canadian Cordillera (1)
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Yukon Territory (1)
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Coast Ranges (3)
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Dunnage Zone (1)
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Espanola Basin (1)
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
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Southern Europe
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Greece
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Greek Thrace
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Rhodope Greece (1)
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Thrace
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Greek Thrace
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Rhodope Greece (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Ireland
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Galway Ireland
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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Scotland
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Aberdeenshire Scotland
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Huntly Scotland (1)
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Argyllshire Scotland (1)
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Firth of Clyde (1)
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Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides (1)
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Highland region Scotland
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Ardnamurchan (1)
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Sutherland Scotland
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Scourie Scotland (1)
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Perthshire Scotland (1)
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Scottish Highlands (1)
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Northern Ireland (1)
-
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Highland Boundary Fault (1)
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Indian Ocean
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Arabian Sea
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Indus Fan (1)
-
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International Ocean Discovery Program
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Expedition 355
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IODP Site U1456 (1)
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IODP Site U1457 (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Mosquito Range (1)
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North America
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Appalachians
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (3)
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Canadian Shield
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South America
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-
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Colorado
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Chaffee County Colorado
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Fremont County Colorado
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commodities
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chemical ratios (2)
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Cl-36 (1)
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hydrogen
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D/H (1)
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isotope ratios (19)
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isotopes
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Cl-36 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (1)
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Cl-37/Cl-35 (1)
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D/H (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
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O-18/O-16 (5)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
-
metals
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actinides
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uranium
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
rubidium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
-
-
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
platinum group (1)
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
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samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
-
oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18/O-16 (5)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (1)
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fossils
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Invertebrata
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Plantae
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U/Pb (16)
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U/Th/Pb (1)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Tertiary
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upper Miocene (2)
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Tesuque Formation (1)
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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middle Eocene (1)
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Oligocene (5)
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene (1)
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-
Dalradian (3)
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Mesozoic
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Condrey Mountain Schist (2)
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
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Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (2)
-
-
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
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Talkeetna Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
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Galice Formation (4)
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Josephine Ophiolite (3)
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-
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Triassic
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Upper Triassic (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Acadian (1)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
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Pennsylvanian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous (1)
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Devonian
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Upper Devonian (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Wilmington Complex (1)
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middle Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician (1)
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Middle Ordovician (2)
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Permian
-
Lower Permian (2)
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-
Silurian (1)
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Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
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Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian
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Archean
-
Kromberg Formation (1)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
-
-
-
Baltimore Gneiss (1)
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Lewisian Complex (1)
-
Onverwacht Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (3)
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Paleoproterozoic (2)
-
-
-
-
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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diabase (1)
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diorites
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quartz diorites (1)
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tonalite (2)
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gabbros
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A-type granites (1)
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monzogranite (1)
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porphyry
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vitrophyre (2)
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (3)
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welded tuff (3)
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rhyolites (2)
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ophiolite (4)
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granulites (2)
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meteorites
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meteorites (1)
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minerals
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oxides
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rutile (1)
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phosphates
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-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (5)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
augite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
plagioclase (2)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (2)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (17)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
cordierite (1)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
dickite (1)
-
kaolinite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (2)
-
-
-
-
sulfides
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (25)
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
James Ross Island (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Central Asia (1)
-
Far East
-
Burma (1)
-
China
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Xizang China
-
Lhasa China (1)
-
-
-
-
Himalayas (6)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Bengal Islands
-
Andaman Islands (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (3)
-
-
Kohistan (4)
-
Pakistan (2)
-
-
Indus River (1)
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (2)
-
Karakoram (3)
-
Middle East
-
Turkey
-
Lycian Taurus (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Canary Islands
-
Tenerife (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
Reynolds Range (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Gawler Craton (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Southland New Zealand
-
Fiordland (1)
-
-
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario
-
Muskoka District Ontario (1)
-
-
Quebec (2)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
upper Miocene (2)
-
-
Pliocene (2)
-
Tesuque Formation (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
middle Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene (5)
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
crust (18)
-
crystal growth (1)
-
data processing (2)
-
deformation (8)
-
diagenesis (1)
-
economic geology (1)
-
engineering geology (1)
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epeirogeny (2)
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Eurasia (1)
-
Europe
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (1)
-
-
-
-
Thrace
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Morbihan France (1)
-
-
Ireland
-
Galway Ireland
-
Galway Granite (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland
-
Aberdeenshire Scotland
-
Huntly Scotland (1)
-
-
Argyllshire Scotland (1)
-
Firth of Clyde (1)
-
Hebrides
-
Inner Hebrides (1)
-
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Ardnamurchan (1)
-
Sutherland Scotland
-
Scourie Scotland (1)
-
-
-
Perthshire Scotland (1)
-
Scottish Highlands (1)
-
-
-
Northern Ireland (1)
-
-
-
-
faults (14)
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folds (3)
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foliation (2)
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fractures (3)
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geochemistry (27)
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geochronology (3)
-
geology (1)
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geomorphology (1)
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geophysical methods (2)
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ground water (2)
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heat flow (1)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
hydrology (1)
-
ichnofossils
-
Thalassinoides (1)
-
Trypanites (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (1)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (2)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (3)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
harzburgite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (2)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (3)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
-
dacites (1)
-
glasses
-
pitchstone (1)
-
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (4)
-
ignimbrite (12)
-
tuff (7)
-
welded tuff (3)
-
-
rhyolites (2)
-
trachytes (1)
-
vitrophyre (2)
-
-
-
inclusions (4)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Indus Fan (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (31)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Gribble Valley
Primary and secondary flow structures in ash-flow tuffs of the Gribbles Run paleovalley, central Colorado
The Wall Mountain Tuff was deposited about 36 m.y. ago in paleovalleys extending from west of Salida to beyond Castle Rock, Colorado, a distance of at least 140 km. The Gribbles Run paleovalley, 16 km northeast of Salida, is exceptionally well exposed by modern dissection and reveals a complex interplay of primary and secondary structures formed during deposition of the Wall Mountain Tuff. Deposition occurred in laminar boundary layers between the bottom and sides of the channel and ash flows passing above. The overlapping sequence of events during deposition was (1) agglutination and incipient collapse of glassy particles, (2) laminar shearing of the compacting and welding mass to form a primary foliation analogous to flow banding in lavas, (3) expulsion of gases from the collapsing spongy mass and concentration of these gases along shear planes, (4) formation of gas pockets in places where the volume of gases expelled exceeded that which could be accommodated on shear planes, (5) elongation of gas pockets and pumice to form a primary lineation in the plane of the foliation, (6) statistical alignment of the long axes of solid particles parallel to the direction of flow and imbrication of the long axes so that they dip sourceward relative to the foliation planes, (7) development of primary flow folds with axes perpendicular to the lineation, and (8) end of forward motion. By the time forward motion ceased within a given layer, the tuff had the rheological properties of a rhyolite lava. The high viscosity of the welded tuff preserved open cavities and prevented differential compaction over lithic fragments or primary folds. More rapid deposition along the sides of the paleovalley than along its axis caused inward accretion of welded tuff with steep primary flow foliation to form a U-shaped cross-channel profile. Secondary folds, whose axes parallel the lineation, and concurrent growth faults formed locally by creep toward the valley axis. Spectacular internal unconformities developed where undeformed tuff was deposited over primary or secondary folds, yet all the tuff welded together to form a remarkably uniform simple cooling unit. Episodic downstream movements of a few metres, as the Wall Mountain Tuff adjusted to its bed and to its rising center of gravity, opened swarms of tension cracks along certain horizons. These tension cracks dip steeply in the downstream direction and provide a useful indicator of flow direction. Other structures useful in determining flow direction are imbricated crystals, streamlined ridges and grooves in lineated gas cavities, and upstream dip of axial planes on asymmetric primary folds. Emplacement temperature is the dominant factor in determining whether a tuff undergoes primary or secondary welding. If the temperature is well above the softening point, the glassy particles will agglutinate and collapse during deposition in the laminar boundary layer, and the tuff will show megascopic laminar flow structures (primary welding). If the temperature is below the softening point, deposition occurs as loose ash, and welding is a postemplacement process (secondary welding). Most tuffs undergo secondary welding and only the preferred orientation of solid particles and the grain-size distribution remain as evidence of laminar flow during deposition. The type of welding may vary both laterally and vertically within some ash-flow sheets and impose a significant facies variation.
Map of central Colorado, showing key features. The Laramideage Sawatch anti...
Discussion on geochemical and isotopic constraints on subduction polarity, magma sources and palaeogeography of the Kohistan Arc, northern Pakistan
Development of a back-arc basin from initial rifting to seafloor spreading: Constraints from Paleozoic basic rocks in the North Qinling accretionary orogen, central China
Controls on kaolinite and dickite distribution, Highland Boundary Fault Zone, Scotland and Northern Ireland
Morphological Variability of Silica Polymorphs within Crustal Xenoliths from Tapi Dyke Swarm, Northern Deccan Traps and their Petrogenetic Significance
Geochemical and isotopic constraints on subduction polarity, magma sources, and palaeogeography of the Kohistan intra-oceanic arc, northern Pakistan Himalaya
Supra–subduction zone extensional magmatism in Vermont and adjacent Quebec: Implications for early Paleozoic Appalachian tectonics
Post-Laramide, Eocene epeirogeny in central Colorado—The result of a mantle drip?
Subsidence-induced early doming at a large ignimbrite caldera
Umbers, ocean crust and the Irish Caledonides: terrane transpression and the morphology of the Laurentian margin
THROUGH FIRE, AND THROUGH WATER, AN ABUNDANCE OF MID-DEVONIAN CHARCOAL
The Fascadale Fault: A tectonic link between the Cenozoic volcanic centres of Rum and Ardnamurchan, Scotland, revealed by multibeam survey
Geology for Engineers: the Geological Model, Prediction and Performance
A sulphur isotope study of Ni-Cu mineralization in the Huntly-Knock Caledonian mafic and ultramafic intrusions of northeast Scotland
Late Jurassic paleogeography of the U.S. Cordillera from detrital zircon age and hafnium analysis of the Galice Formation, Klamath Mountains, Oregon and California, USA
Abstract The distribution of rock types in Scotland has ensured that Scotland is able to produce good quality rock aggregate almost anywhere in the country. In general all aggregate is derived from two main sources: deposits of sand and gravel, which are almost exclusively of glacial origin, and crushed rock aggregate from quarries mining solid rock. Scotland is self-sufficient in aggregate production (and, in fact, exports aggregates). The annual amount of crushed rock aggregate is more than twice that of sand and gravel, with a total annual production of about 33 x 10 6 tonnes. Figure 18.1 shows the annual production of aggregate from 1972 to 1998 (BGS 1972 et seq.) and indicates that production continued to increase (or at worst plateaued out) during the recession from 1990 to 1995, in spite of UK total production showing an overall reduction of over 20% during this period. The graph shows that the annual production of sand and gravel has fallen slightly from 12 x 10 6 to about 10 x 10 6 tonnes per annum, and that hard rock production is now more than 23 x 10 6 tonnes per annum. It should be emphasized that a crushed rock granite quarry at Glensanda on Loch Linnhe which started in 1987 accounts for more than 5 x 10 6 tonnes of the crushed rock annual production. This quarry, the first custom- designed superquarry in Scotland, sends material to southeastern England, and also to northern Europe and the United States (see below).