... been compared to plants, graptolites, and octocorals. Some interpretations have proposed affinities among hydrozoans based on colony form and the presence of putative polyp bases. Our analysis shows that, like extant thecate hydrozoans, Plumalina had a delicate, chitinous hydrocaulus with weakly...

...Charles E. Decker It is noteworthy that several genera described as graptolites have at times been shifted to a place with the hydrozoans under the Coelenterata and then back again to a regular place with the graptolites. While Kozlowski discovered a difference on peridermal covering...

... Discoveries ,” anonymous. The Link , Vol. 12 , No. 5 ( Carter Oil Company , Tulsa, Oklahoma , May, 1947 ), pp. 1 – 3 ; illus. Charles E. Decker , “ Additional Graptolites and Hydrozoan-like Fossils from Big Canyon Oklahoma ,” Jour. Paleon. ( Tulsa, Oklahoma ), Vol. 21 , No. 2 (March...

..., and Cameron, 2013 and Oesia disjuncta Walcott, 1911 (Caron et al., 2013 ; Nanglu et al., 2016 ) from the Burgess Shale, and undescribed fragments from the Kaili Formation in Southwest China (Harvey et al., 2012 ). Frond-like fossil remains with a pair of tentacles from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte were...

...,” Geol. Soc. America Memoir 19 (1947), pp. 390, 391. 5 Gertrude Elles and E. M. R. Wood, “Monograph of British Graptolites,” Paleontographical Society of London (1901–1918), pp. 245–47. Fossil hydrozoans are found associated with graptolites from Cambrian through Ordovician and Silurian...

... solitary hydroid), arthropods, priapulids, various worm-like forms, entoproct-like organisms, and a variety of enigmatic fossils. The fauna includes taxa that are rarely preserved even in exceptional fossil biotas, and offers the potential for a new perspective on Ordovician ecosystems. The dominantly...

..., molds, color differences, or carbonized remains, led to several cases of mistaken identity so that many purported fossil hydrozoans have been reassigned to stromatoporoids, chaetetids, or graptolites ( Scrutton, 1979 , 1999 ; Wood, 1987 ). Other problematic reef-building taxa include Palaeoaplysina...

.... Ruedemann went on in his own career to demonstrate the usefulness of graptolites in solving geologic problems and to document the usefulness of geologic mapping in establishing stratigraphic and geographic distribution patterns among fossils. In his summary of early studies of graptolites, Bulman (1970...

...WANG YI; HAO SHOU-GANG; CHEN XU; RONG JIA-YU; LI GUO-XIANG; LIU JIANBO; XU HONGHE The horizon yielding Sphenothallus is at the base of the Lungmachi Formation. The fossil-bearing bed is a grayish mudstone in a lens-like body, measuring 5 cm in thickness, and 200 cm in width ( Fig. 2...

... . Maletz , J. , 2014 , Hemichordata (Pterobranchia, Enteropneusta) and the fossil record : Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , v. 398 , p. 16 – 27 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.010 . Maletz , J. , and Steiner , M. , 2015 , Graptolite (Hemichordata...

..., with a distinctive glossy luster. The single specimen from the Marjum Formation is white to dark gray, with patches of black in the stipe and lateral thecae. Like dithecoid graptolite material from the Wheeler Formation, it has a distinctive glossy luster. The stipe in this specimen is largely uncrushed and three...

... in zoantharian corals . Pp. 3 – 27 in Boardman et al. 1973. Conway Morris , S. 1993 . Ediacaran-like fossils in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type faunas of North America . Palaeontology , 36 : 593 – 635 . Cook , P. L. 1979 . Some problems in interpretation of heteromorphy...

...: graptolites. hy: hydrozoans. Io: Iocrinus . Is: Isotelus . kb: thick bifoliate bryozoans. kr: thick ramose bryozoans. Le: Lepidocoleus . Me: Merocrinus . Mo: Modiolopsis . nb: thin bifoliate bryozoans. nr: thin ramose bryozoans. nu: nuculoids. os: ostracods. Pa: Parvohallopora . Pe: Plectorthis . Pl...

... as “the shale” but once he called it “the graptolite shale.” He indicated that the graptolites had not been studied, and in a footnote explained: “These are fossils which in the shales are long and narrow, and have the form of blades of grass except that they have saw-like edges.” He indicated...

... strata contained a variable biota as is evident by the recorded fossils that include remains of sessile and vagrant benthos, as well as nektonic and planktonic organisms. Several faunal elements characteristic of Late Ordovician shelf communities, such as trilobites, brachiopods and graptolites, are rare...

... distinguishing pixels representing the fossil from those corresponding to matrix. Software exists to automate this process but an understanding of the taphonomy and likely anatomy of the specimen, and of artefacts generated by the process (e.g. ‘out-of-plane’ structures visible through bubbles in the encasing...

... at a significantly younger date. Shown in light blue is generic fossil record (at 1 X; see scale on left) of five different epifaunal suspension feeding taxa: cnidarians, ectoprocts, brachiopods, benthic graptolites, and noneleutherozoan echinoderms ( Sepkoski, 2002 ). Only these five were considered because...

... Ediacaran organisms, which are preserved as external moulds on bed bases, woody like plants (Retallack, 1994 )? (2) Are the Ediacaran fossils preserved in fossil soils (Retallack, 2012 , 2013 )? (3) Is the red colour of Australian Ediacaran sediments primary or secondary (Retallack, 2012 )? (4) Did...

... Palaeoplate . Lethaia . 52 ( 2 ): 220 – 231 . Muscente AD , Allmon WD , Xiao S. 2016 . The hydroid fossil record and analytical techniques for assessing the affinities of putative hydrozoans and possible hemichordates . Palaeontology . 59 ( 1 ): 71 – 87 . Nõlvak J...