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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Kundelungu Plateau (1)
-
-
West Congo Belt (1)
-
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
Congo Craton (7)
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia
-
Tigray Ethiopia (1)
-
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Gariep Belt (2)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Namibia
-
Damara Belt (5)
-
Kaoko Belt (5)
-
Karibib Namibia (1)
-
Otavi Namibia (2)
-
-
-
West African Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Canada Basin (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
East Greenland (1)
-
-
Svalbard (2)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Shield (1)
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Oman (9)
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Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Karatau Range (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Guizhou China (2)
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Hebei China
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Beijing China (1)
-
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Hunan China (1)
-
Tarim Platform (1)
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Yangtze Platform (3)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
-
Yunnan China (1)
-
-
Mongolia (3)
-
-
Middle East (1)
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Tien Shan
-
Karatau Range (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Great Bahama Bank (1)
-
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Shetland Islands (2)
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Australasia
-
Australia
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Adelaide Geosyncline (2)
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Amadeus Basin (3)
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Northern Territory Australia (1)
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South Australia (4)
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Tasmania Australia (2)
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Cache Valley (1)
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Caledonides (2)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland (1)
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-
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Mackenzie Mountains (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta (1)
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British Columbia (2)
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Canadian Cordillera (2)
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
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Northwest Territories (1)
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Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
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Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Kazakhstan
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Karatau Range (1)
-
-
Russian Federation
-
Bashkortostan Russian Federation (1)
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Chelyabinsk Russian Federation (1)
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Komi Russian Federation (1)
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Siberian Platform (1)
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Urals
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Southern Urals (1)
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Death Valley (11)
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Europe
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Bashkortostan Russian Federation (1)
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Komi Russian Federation (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Armorican Massif (1)
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Normandy (1)
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Ireland
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Donegal Ireland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Finnmark Norway
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Varanger Peninsula (1)
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Hardangervidda (1)
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Northern Norway (1)
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Southern Norway (1)
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-
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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Scotland
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Scottish Highlands (1)
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Shetland Islands (2)
-
-
-
Northern Ireland (1)
-
-
-
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King Island (2)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Northern Appalachians (1)
-
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
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North Slope (1)
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Russian Platform (1)
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South America
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Amazon Basin (1)
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Amazonian Craton (1)
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Brazil
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-
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Dom Feliciano Belt (1)
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Peru (1)
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Uruguay (2)
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Spring Mountains (1)
-
United States
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Alaska
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-
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California
-
Inyo County California
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Panamint Range (3)
-
-
Kingston Range (1)
-
Southern California (2)
-
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Idaho
-
Bannock County Idaho (2)
-
Bannock Range (2)
-
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Massachusetts
-
Suffolk County Massachusetts
-
Boston Massachusetts (1)
-
-
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New England (1)
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Rhode Island (1)
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Utah (1)
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-
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commodities
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brines (1)
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metal ores
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base metals (2)
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copper ores (2)
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gold ores (1)
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iron ores (2)
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lead ores (1)
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lead-zinc deposits (1)
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manganese ores (1)
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silver ores (1)
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uranium ores (1)
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vanadium ores (1)
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zinc ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (6)
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mineral exploration (3)
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petroleum (1)
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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B-11/B-10 (3)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (31)
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organic carbon (1)
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chemical ratios (1)
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isotope ratios (35)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
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stable isotopes
-
B-11/B-10 (3)
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C-13/C-12 (31)
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
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O-17 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (8)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (3)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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metals
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actinides
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uranium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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-
magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
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chromium
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
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iron
-
ferrous iron (1)
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-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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yttrium (1)
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vanadium (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (8)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
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-
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fossils
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burrows (1)
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cyanobacteria (1)
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eukaryotes (3)
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ichnofossils (2)
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca (1)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Textulariina (1)
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-
-
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Metazoa (3)
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microfossils
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problematic microfossils (3)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (6)
-
-
Plantae
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algae (2)
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-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (3)
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (1)
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Ar/Ar (2)
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K/Ar (1)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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paleomagnetism (4)
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Pb/Pb (2)
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Rb/Sr (1)
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Re/Os (4)
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Sm/Nd (2)
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tephrochronology (2)
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U/Pb (20)
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U/Th/Pb (2)
-
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geologic age
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene (2)
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Pliocene (2)
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Dalradian (4)
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Mesozoic (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Tommotian (1)
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Middle Cambrian (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician (1)
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-
-
Phanerozoic (2)
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Precambrian
-
Johnnie Formation (4)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (4)
-
Noonday Dolomite (2)
-
Pahrump Series (2)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
-
Damara System (5)
-
Dedham Granodiorite (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (3)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (22)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Marinoan (23)
-
Nantuo Formation (4)
-
Otavi Group (11)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Sturtian (18)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (13)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Pocatello Formation (2)
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Nantuo Formation (4)
-
-
Tapley Hill Formation (1)
-
Windermere System (2)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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granites
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leucogranite (1)
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-
-
volcanic rocks
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basalts (1)
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pyroclastics
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tuff (1)
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tuffite (1)
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rhyodacites (1)
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-
-
metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (2)
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gneisses
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orthogneiss (1)
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-
marbles (1)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metasedimentary rocks (5)
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metasomatic rocks
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skarn (1)
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slates (2)
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turbidite (2)
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-
minerals
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carbonates
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calcite (1)
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ikaite (1)
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phosphates
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monazite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (20)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
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illite (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (1)
-
-
sulfides
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molybdenite (1)
-
pyrite (1)
-
-
vanadates (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (30)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Kundelungu Plateau (1)
-
-
West Congo Belt (1)
-
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
Congo Craton (7)
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia
-
Tigray Ethiopia (1)
-
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Zambia (1)
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Gariep Belt (2)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Namibia
-
Damara Belt (5)
-
Kaoko Belt (5)
-
Karibib Namibia (1)
-
Otavi Namibia (2)
-
-
-
West African Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Canada Basin (1)
-
-
Arctic region
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Greenland
-
East Greenland (1)
-
-
Svalbard (2)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (1)
-
Oman (9)
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Karatau Range (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Guizhou China (2)
-
Hebei China
-
Beijing China (1)
-
-
Hunan China (1)
-
Tarim Platform (1)
-
Yangtze Platform (3)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
-
Yunnan China (1)
-
-
Mongolia (3)
-
-
Middle East (1)
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Tien Shan
-
Karatau Range (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Great Bahama Bank (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Shetland Islands (2)
-
-
atmosphere (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Adelaide Geosyncline (2)
-
Amadeus Basin (3)
-
Northern Territory Australia (1)
-
South Australia (4)
-
Tasmania Australia (2)
-
-
-
bibliography (1)
-
biogeography (1)
-
boron
-
B-11/B-10 (3)
-
-
brines (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (1)
-
-
-
Mackenzie Mountains (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (1)
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British Columbia (2)
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (31)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (1)
-
Pleistocene (2)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
-
-
deformation (5)
-
diagenesis (6)
-
Europe
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Bashkortostan Russian Federation (1)
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Komi Russian Federation (1)
-
Western Europe
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France
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Armorican Massif (1)
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Normandy (1)
-
-
Ireland
-
Donegal Ireland (1)
-
-
Scandinavia
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Norway
-
Finnmark Norway
-
Varanger Peninsula (1)
-
-
Hardangervidda (1)
-
Northern Norway (1)
-
Southern Norway (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland
-
Scottish Highlands (1)
-
Shetland Islands (2)
-
-
-
Northern Ireland (1)
-
-
-
-
faults (4)
-
folds (4)
-
geochemistry (15)
-
geochronology (1)
-
geophysical methods (1)
-
glacial geology (26)
-
ichnofossils (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
granites
-
leucogranite (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (1)
-
tuffite (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (2)
-
Invertebrata
-
Mollusca (1)
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Textulariina (1)
-
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
B-11/B-10 (3)
-
C-13/C-12 (31)
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (8)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
-
-
-
Mesozoic (1)
-
metal ores
-
base metals (2)
-
copper ores (2)
-
gold ores (1)
-
iron ores (2)
-
lead ores (1)
-
lead-zinc deposits (1)
-
manganese ores (1)
-
silver ores (1)
-
uranium ores (1)
-
vanadium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
-
-
-
chromium
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
-
-
iron
-
ferrous iron (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
-
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
vanadium (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
gneisses
-
orthogneiss (1)
-
-
marbles (1)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks (5)
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (1)
-
-
slates (2)
-
-
metamorphism (6)
-
metasomatism (2)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (6)
-
mineral exploration (3)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Northern Appalachians (1)
-
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
-
-
-
ocean basins (1)
-
orogeny (4)
-
oxygen
-
O-17 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (8)
-
-
paleoclimatology (26)
-
paleoecology (6)
-
paleogeography (12)
-
paleomagnetism (4)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (6)
-
-
paragenesis (3)
-
petroleum (1)
-
Phanerozoic (2)
-
Plantae
-
algae (2)
-
-
plate tectonics (8)
-
Precambrian
-
Johnnie Formation (4)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (4)
-
Noonday Dolomite (2)
-
Pahrump Series (2)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Damara System (5)
-
Dedham Granodiorite (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (3)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (22)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Marinoan (23)
-
Nantuo Formation (4)
-
Otavi Group (11)
-
Riphean (1)
-
Sturtian (18)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (13)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Pocatello Formation (2)
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Nantuo Formation (4)
-
-
Tapley Hill Formation (1)
-
Windermere System (2)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (3)
-
-
remote sensing (4)
-
sea water (1)
-
sea-level changes (9)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
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dolostone (10)
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limestone (2)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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iron formations (2)
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phosphate rocks (1)
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-
clastic rocks
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black shale (2)
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conglomerate (2)
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diamictite (25)
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red beds (1)
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sandstone (5)
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shale (3)
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siltstone (4)
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tillite (6)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
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biogenic structures
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bioturbation (1)
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stromatolites (1)
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-
planar bedding structures
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cross-laminations (1)
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laminations (2)
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rhythmic bedding (1)
-
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soft sediment deformation
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olistoliths (1)
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olistostromes (2)
-
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sedimentation (8)
-
sediments
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clastic sediments
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cobbles (1)
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marine sediments (1)
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South America
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Amazon Basin (1)
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Amazonian Craton (1)
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Brazil
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Ghaub Formation
U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghaub Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation
Outcrop characteristics of Ghaub Formation diamictites exposed at Haartbees...
Reconnaissance measured sections of the Ghaub Formation on Fransfontein hom...
Outcrop images of the Bethanis Member of the Ghaub Formation illustrating t...
Bedding and clast characteristics of the Ghaub Formation illustrating the f...
Schematic of the relative thickness of the Ghaub Formation along a east to ...
28th DeBeers Alex. Du Toit Memorial Lecture, 2004. On Cryogenian (Neoproterozoic) ice-sheet dynamics and the limitations of the glacial sedimentary record
An ice grounding-line wedge from the Ghaub glaciation (635 Ma) on the distal foreslope of the Otavi carbonate platform, Namibia, and its bearing on the snowball Earth hypothesis
Snowball Earth Under the Microscope
Neoproterozoic glacial-rainout intervals: Observations and implications
Field photographs from the Fransfontein foreslope (see Figure 9 for locati...
Abstract The geological paradox of at least two Neoproterozoic glacial intervals at tropical latitudes intercalated within carbonates remains an unsolved puzzle. Several conceptual models have been proposed to explain these apparent rapid swings between climatic extremes and the associated isotopic changes in sea-water chemistry. In Oman, post-glacial transgressive sedimentary successions represent important hydrocarbon source rocks. Source rock characteristics of Neoproterozoic post-glacial successions in other parts of the world (even if not directly correlatable) are, therefore, of special economic interest. This paper concentrates on the Ghaub Formation diamictite interval in northern Namibia and the major environmental change in the aftermath of the assumed glaciation. The relationship of the post-glacial sediments with the underlying different types of cap carbonate and diamictite successions is discussed, and a model of the succession of events is presented. The palaeotopography, caused mostly by ongoing tectonic activity including uplift on the scale of thousands of metres, strongly influenced the petroleum system created and played an important role for the hydrocarbon prospectivity of this post-glacial succession. Tectonic activity on the shelf of the southern margin of the Congo Craton was repeated, and different sub-basins were created before, during and after the Ghaub glaciation. The newly formed relief was flooded, and the different sub-basins were affected by restricted circulation for quite some time. This general scenario bears many similarities to the late Ordovician–early Silurian petroleum system, also formed during post-glacial sea-level rise.
Field photographs from the Fransfontein Ridge (see Figure 9 for locations)...
Photomaps and measured columnar sections in key sectors of the Fransfontein...
Outcrop images of intervals in the Ghuab Formation illustrating: (A) thin i...
Duration and nature of the end-Cryogenian (Marinoan) glaciation
Autochthonous columnar sections of the Abenab and basal Tsumeb Subgroups on...
Glaciogenic and associated strata of the Otavi carbonate platform and foreslope, northern Namibia: evidence for large base-level and glacioeustatic changes
Abstract Two discrete, mappable, glaciogenic formations occur within the Otavi Group, a 3±1-km-thick carbonate-dominated platform of late Neoproterozoic age, developed on the SW promontory of the Congo craton in northern Namibia and exposed in bordering late Ediacaran fold belts. Each is overlain abruptly by an expanded postglacial carbonate sequence, the younger of which begins with a globally-correlative transgressive dolopelarenite. The older Chuos glaciation (<746 Ma) occurred during a time of north-south crustal stretching. Debris derived from upturned older rocks collected in structural depressions. The younger Ghaub glaciation (635 Ma) occurred, after stretching ceased, on a thermally-subsiding marine platform and its distally-tapered foreslope. A continuous ice grounding-zone wedge (GZW) occurs on the distal foreslope, while the upper foreslope and outer platform are devoid of glacial debris and only small pockets of lodgement facies exist on the inner platform. Debris in the GZW is derived from a distinctive falling-stand wedge that is unique to the foreslope and from immediately older strata mined preferentially from the inner platform. The GZW rests on a smooth surface that includes a transverse steep-walled trough presumably cut by an ice-stream, within which is a towering doubly-crested moraine composed of composite, massive, carbonate diamictite. The surface suggests that the ice-sheet was grounded on the distal foreslope, implying a large fall in base level at a glacial maximum that predates the GZW. The glacial record ends with Fe-stained beds, rich in ice-rafted debris, that are notably absent from the moraine, upper foreslope and platform, which were apparently above sea-level at that time.