.... The profiles are marked as the red and white lines (labeled SN0–SN3 and WE1/WE2). The anchored and land-based soundings are marked as squares. The fumarolic field is located close to the northern bay. The locations of the three exemplary discussed soundings SN1-03, SN1-08, and L2 are marked. (b) Sketch...

... mechanism (Kodosky and Keskinen, 1990 ; Africano and Bernard, 2000 ; McCollom et al. , 2013 ). In addition, several other less common formation mechanisms of volcanic/fumarolic sulfate minerals have also been proposed, such as capillary action with subsequent evaporation of pore water, deposition...

... to result from mixing between the pyrite-forming fluid and vapors that invaded the main hydrothermal system episodically. Comparison to experimental studies of elemental partitioning and analyses of fumaroles and fluid inclusions from magmatic-hydrothermal systems suggests that the As-rich vapor formed...

... N140°-oriented fault that runs between Ghoubbet Bay and Lake Asal ( Pasquet et al. , 2021 ; Pasquet, 2023 ). This site includes a set of fumaroles with hydrothermal alteration around them ( Fig. 3 ). Steam is present over approximately 70 m wide and the Afar people living in this area have installed...

... during the Miocene at Yucca Mountain do allow us to test whether interacting normal faults could have locally perturbed the regional stress field sufficiently to lead to the formation of the swarms of fumarolic tube-bearing joints. We modeled the four major faults that occur near the field study...

... along the bay. Keweenaw National Historic Park KEWE MI 27 October 1992 The Keweenaw National Historic Park focuses on the copper mining heritage of the Upper Michigan Peninsula. It is underlain by two formations, both of which are volcanic: the Portage Lake Lava series, and the Copper Harbor...

... under which fluid-rock interactions occurred on the surface of ancient Mars. Acid-sulfate fumarole or hot spring alteration is a plausible mechanism for the formation of some sulfate-rich soils on Mars (e.g., Paso Robles soils in the Columbia Hills), and smectitic clays can also form and be preserved...

... of more than 560 °C (Zhao et al. 2011 ), a depth of 5–6 km,and a thickness of 15–20 km,underlies the study area (Bai et al. 2001 ). Influenced by the residual heat from the magma chamber, the Rehai geothermal field develops many strong geothermal manifestations: hydrothermal explosions, fumaroles...

... objectives are (1) to see if numerical models using known rock properties produce the spacing, formation temperatures, and shape of the observed columns, and (2) to systematically change permeability and topography to identify the patterns of flow that develop when a tuff is cooled by water from above...

...Ilya V. Chaplygin; Nadezhda N. Mozgova; Andrey V. Mokhov; Elizaveta V. Koporulina; Heinz-Jürgen Bernhardt; Igor A. Bryzgalov Abstract Minerals of the system ZnS–CdS formed between 400 and 725°C in active fumaroles at the Kudriavy volcano, Iturup Island, Russia, were studied using scanning electron...

.... 2000 ), anhydrite was found as an alteration product surrounding fumaroles in joints in burning oil shale on the Dorset Coast, near Kimmeridge Bay, United Kingdom. Sulfur dioxide from burning oil in the shale is thought to react with calcite in calcareous shale to form anhydrite ( Cole 1975 ; West...

... ). Hydrothermalism is also invoked as a likely source for alteration in localized surface environments (fumarolic fields or hot springs), leading to the formation of the clays, sulfates, and silica-rich deposits identified in Valles Marineris Chasma ( Milliken et al. 2008 ; Thollot et al. 2012 ), the silica...

..., minamiite (natroalunite-2 R ), ammoniojarosite, and ammonioalunite. A distinctive feature of steaming ground is a coating of readily soluble salts, usually sulfates ( Zhitova et al., 2017 ). Under fumarole activity in the craters of active volcanoes, acidic thermal solutions (pH ~ 0) favor the formation...

.... (2000) reported that the most typical components in the Vulcano fumaroles are Pb, Bi, As, Zn, Tl, and Cd. The thermochemical modeling (experimental and numerical) have shown that crystallization of these gases results in the formation of sulfides and sulfosalts mainly of Bi and Pb, whereas As remains...

... ( Urabe 1985 ; Bai and Koster van Groos 1999 ; Reed et al. 2000 ), prefers the aqueous fluid phase and extracts Na and K from the melt due to both partial formation of ion pairs and charge balance constraints for these major cations and the chloride anion. A large effect of chloride in a lithophile...

... the magnificent citadels and Bourbon lifestyle) smoking Vesuvius across the bay. So, actually there is real sense in publishing a guidebook dedicated to volcano travellers. Given the numbers involved in volcano tourism, it is unsurprising that a few are killed in the process now and then. Some...

... of hydrous magma at depth, in a manner analogous to the formation of porphyry copper deposits. These deposits involve the emplacement of hydrous magmas that crystallize and introduce magmatic fluids into the shallow hydrothermal system ( Burnham, 1979 ). As the system evolves, melt and fluid inclusions...

..., the resulting CO 2 production rate is comparable to CO 2 emissions currently measured in the volcanic area. The chemical and isotopic composition of the fumaroles supports the predominance of this crust-derived CO 2 in volatile emissions at Mount Vesuvius. © 2009 Geological Society of America 2009...

... and infrastructure ( Delgado et al. , 2016 ). The area is also affected by volcanic activity, which has resulted in emissions of ashes and fumaroles from the Sabancaya volcano in the recent years. Both seismic and volcanic activities are mainly related to the subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American...

... to the formation of vent orifices. Here we report on chemical and physical phenomena associated with the hottest and deepest sublacustrine hydrothermal vents in Yellowstone Lake. Results indicate that vapor-dominated sublacustrine systems are fundamentally different in hydrothermal alteration and hydrothermal...