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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Afar (1)
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Cape Verde Islands (2)
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Central Africa
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Angola
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beryllium ores (1)
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chromite ores (5)
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cobalt ores (3)
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copper ores (51)
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IOCG deposits (3)
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iron ores (13)
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lead ores (18)
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lead-zinc deposits (12)
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manganese ores (7)
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palladium ores (1)
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polymetallic ores (5)
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pyrite ores (1)
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rare earth deposits (2)
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silver ores (19)
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zinc ores (23)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (99)
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mineral exploration (55)
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oil and gas fields (75)
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shale gas (5)
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-
-
phosphate deposits (2)
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placers
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beach placers (1)
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potash (2)
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quartz crystal (1)
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sodium carbonate (1)
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strategic minerals (1)
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tight sands (4)
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water resources (2)
-
-
elements, isotopes
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boron
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B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
carbon
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C-13/C-12 (129)
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C-14 (76)
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organic carbon (17)
-
-
chemical ratios (16)
-
halogens
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bromine (1)
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chlorine
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Cl-36 (2)
-
-
fluorine (2)
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iodine
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I-129 (2)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (12)
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deuterium (2)
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tritium (1)
-
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incompatible elements (1)
-
isotope ratios (248)
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (4)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
-
Be-10 (8)
-
C-14 (76)
-
Cl-36 (2)
-
Cs-137 (4)
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I-129 (2)
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K-40 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (14)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (10)
-
Pb-210 (5)
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Pu-244 (1)
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Ra-226 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
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Tc-99 (1)
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Th-230 (2)
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Th-232 (1)
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tritium (1)
-
U-234/Th-230 (1)
-
U-235 (1)
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-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (129)
-
D/H (12)
-
deuterium (2)
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (3)
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Fe-57 (1)
-
Fe-57/Fe-54 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (17)
-
N-15/N-14 (4)
-
Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (50)
-
O-16 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (99)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (4)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (14)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (6)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (10)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (24)
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Si-30/Si-28 (2)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (68)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
-
Lu/Hf (3)
-
metals
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actinides
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neptunium (1)
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plutonium
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Pu-244 (1)
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thorium
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U-234/Th-230 (1)
-
-
uranium
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U-234/Th-230 (1)
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U-235 (1)
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U-238 (2)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (4)
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lithium (3)
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potassium
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K-40 (1)
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rubidium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (8)
-
-
calcium
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Sr/Ca (1)
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-
magnesium (6)
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radium
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Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
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Sr/Ca (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (68)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (4)
-
-
antimony (1)
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arsenic (3)
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chromium (5)
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cobalt (1)
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copper (3)
-
gold (7)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (17)
-
-
iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (3)
-
Fe-57 (1)
-
Fe-57/Fe-54 (1)
-
ferric iron (3)
-
ferrous iron (7)
-
-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (14)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (6)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (10)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-210 (5)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
manganese (7)
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mercury (2)
-
molybdenum (2)
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nickel (4)
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niobium (4)
-
platinum group
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iridium (6)
-
osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (4)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
palladium (2)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum (4)
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platinum ores (8)
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rhodium (1)
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ruthenium (3)
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precious metals (5)
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rare earths
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cerium (4)
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europium (2)
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lanthanum (1)
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lutetium (4)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (50)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (6)
-
-
scandium (1)
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terbium (1)
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yttrium (8)
-
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rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
silver (2)
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tantalum (2)
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technetium
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Tc-99 (1)
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-
titanium (4)
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zinc (2)
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zirconium (2)
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-
nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (4)
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organic nitrogen (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40 (1)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
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-
helium
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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krypton (1)
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neon (1)
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radon (1)
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xenon (2)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-16 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (99)
-
-
phosphorus (5)
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silicon
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Si-30/Si-28 (2)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (24)
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trace metals (5)
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fossils
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Chordata
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Osteichthyes
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Sarcopterygii (2)
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Tetrapoda
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Labyrinthodontia
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Aves (2)
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Mammalia
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Bison
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Bos (1)
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Cervidae
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Cervus (1)
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Cetacea
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Mysticeti (1)
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Perissodactyla
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-
-
-
Primates
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Hominidae
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Australopithecinae
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-
-
simians
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Pongidae
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Proconsul (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
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Elephantoidea
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Elephantidae
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Elephas (1)
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Mammuthus (1)
-
-
-
Mastodontoidea
-
Mammutidae (1)
-
-
-
Rodentia
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Myomorpha
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Cricetidae
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Microtus (1)
-
-
-
Sciuromorpha
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Sciuridae (1)
-
-
-
Sirenia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia
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Ceratopsia
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Ceratopsidae (2)
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Ornithopoda
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Hadrosauridae (2)
-
-
-
Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda
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Camarasaurus (1)
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Diplodocidae
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Apatosaurus (1)
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Diplodocus (1)
-
-
-
-
Theropoda (2)
-
-
-
-
Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Lacertilia
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Mosasauridae (3)
-
-
-
-
Sauropterygia
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Plesiosauria (1)
-
-
-
Synapsida
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Therapsida
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Cynodontia (3)
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Dicynodontia
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Lystrosaurus (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cloudina (4)
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coprolites (6)
-
cyanobacteria
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Renalcis (2)
-
-
eukaryotes (8)
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fossil man (1)
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fungi (3)
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Graptolithina (10)
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Chondrites ichnofossils (4)
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Cruziana (9)
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Diplocraterion (1)
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Ophiomorpha
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Ophiomorpha nodosa (1)
-
-
Palaeophycus (4)
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Planolites (10)
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Rhizocorallium (2)
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Skolithos (10)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (2)
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Merostomata
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Xiphosura (1)
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-
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Cladocera (1)
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Copepoda (1)
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Malacostraca (5)
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Cytheracea
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Cyprideis (1)
-
-
-
Platycopida
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Cytherellidae
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Cytherelloidea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (2)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (3)
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-
Trichoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Myriapoda (2)
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Ptychopariida
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Olenidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (4)
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Rhynchonellida (1)
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Spiriferida (1)
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Strophomenida (1)
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Terebratulida (2)
-
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Inarticulata (2)
-
-
Bryozoa
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Cheilostomata (1)
-
-
Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (3)
-
Scleractinia
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Acropora
-
Acropora palmata (1)
-
-
-
Tabulata (2)
-
-
-
Scyphozoa
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Conulariida (2)
-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Asterozoa
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Stelleroidea
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Asteroidea (1)
-
-
-
Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (6)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Echinoidea (3)
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Holothuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
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Rudistae (4)
-
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Mytilus
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Mytilus edulis (1)
-
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Nuculanidae (1)
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Ostreoidea
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Gryphaea (1)
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Ostreidae
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Crassostrea (1)
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Ostrea (1)
-
-
-
Pholadomyoida (1)
-
Pterioida
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Pteriina
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Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae (1)
-
-
Pectinacea
-
Pectinidae (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Ammonites (6)
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Baculites (2)
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Scaphites (1)
-
-
Coleoidea (2)
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Nautiloidea
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Nautilus (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
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Mesogastropoda
-
Cerithiidae (1)
-
-
-
Hyolithes (2)
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Polyplacophora (1)
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Tentaculitida (2)
-
-
Porifera
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Demospongea
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Chaetetida
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Chaetetidae (1)
-
-
-
Stromatoporoidea (2)
-
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (3)
-
-
Miliolina (1)
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Rotaliina
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Discorbacea (1)
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina (2)
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia (1)
-
-
Globotruncanidae (1)
-
-
Lagenidae (1)
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Orbitoidacea
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Amphistegina (1)
-
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Rotaliacea
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Ammonia (1)
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Elphidium (1)
-
Miogypsinidae
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Miogypsina (1)
-
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Nummulitidae
-
Nummulites (1)
-
-
-
-
Textulariina (1)
-
-
Radiolaria (7)
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Thecamoeba (2)
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Tintinnidae
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Calpionellidae (1)
-
-
-
Vermes
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Annelida (5)
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Nematoida (1)
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Polychaeta (2)
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scolecodonts (2)
-
-
-
lichens (1)
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Metazoa (8)
-
microfossils
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Chitinozoa (4)
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Conodonta
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Hindeodus (1)
-
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (3)
-
-
problematic microfossils (7)
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scolecodonts (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (11)
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Chitinozoa (4)
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Dinoflagellata (7)
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miospores
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pollen (18)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (1)
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Tasmanites (1)
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (10)
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nannofossils (10)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae
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Lithothamnium (1)
-
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Archaeopteris (1)
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Lycopsida (4)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (1)
-
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae (1)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Araucariaceae (1)
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Cordaitales (2)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (1)
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-
-
Pteridospermae (2)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (7)
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prokaryotes (2)
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Pterobranchia (4)
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thallophytes (2)
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tracks (11)
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trails (7)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (14)
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Ar/Ar (85)
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exposure age (5)
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fission-track dating (19)
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He/He (1)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (3)
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K/Ar (14)
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Lu/Hf (3)
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Nd/Nd (1)
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optical dating (1)
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optically stimulated luminescence (21)
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paleomagnetism (65)
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Pb/Pb (7)
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racemization (1)
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radiation damage (2)
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Rb/Sr (6)
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Re/Os (6)
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Sm/Nd (14)
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tephrochronology (15)
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thermochronology (26)
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tree rings (4)
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U/Pb (212)
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U/Th/Pb (11)
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uranium disequilibrium (3)
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-
geologic age
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Anthropocene (2)
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Cenozoic
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Agbada Formation (1)
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Bakhtiari Formation (1)
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Bronze Age (3)
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Iron Age (1)
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Koobi Fora Formation (1)
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lower Cenozoic (3)
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middle Cenozoic (1)
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Omo Group (1)
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Quaternary
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Cordilleran ice sheet (6)
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (6)
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Mesolithic (1)
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middle Holocene (4)
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Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Neolithic (1)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Roman period (2)
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-
-
Kazusa Group (1)
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middle Quaternary (1)
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Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
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Champlain Sea (3)
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Glasford Formation (1)
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Illinoian (2)
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Irvingtonian (1)
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Lake Agassiz (3)
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Lake Lahontan (3)
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Lake Missoula (1)
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lower Pleistocene
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Calabrian (1)
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Gelasian (1)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
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Miami Limestone (1)
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middle Pleistocene
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Elsterian (1)
-
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Peoria Loess (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
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Devensian
-
upper Devensian (1)
-
-
Eemian (1)
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Lisan Formation (2)
-
Weichselian
-
Loch Lomond Stade (1)
-
upper Weichselian
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Allerod (2)
-
Younger Dryas (9)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
middle Wisconsinan (1)
-
upper Wisconsinan
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Fraser Glaciation (2)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
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Brunhes Chron (2)
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Bull Lake Glaciation (1)
-
-
-
Shungura Formation (1)
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Sirius Group (1)
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Siwalik System (3)
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Stone Age
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Mesolithic (1)
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Neolithic (1)
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Paleolithic
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Acheulian (1)
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middle Paleolithic (1)
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upper Paleolithic (1)
-
-
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Tertiary
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Asmari Formation (1)
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Calipuy Group (1)
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Challis Volcanics (1)
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Florissant Lake Beds (1)
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John Day Formation (1)
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lower Tertiary (3)
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middle Tertiary (2)
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Neogene
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Browns Park Formation (1)
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Capistrano Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (11)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
-
lower Miocene
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Burdigalian (2)
-
-
middle Miocene
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Badenian (1)
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Langhian (3)
-
-
Paintbrush Tuff (1)
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Pebas Formation (1)
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Puerto Madryn Formation (1)
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Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
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Tiva Canyon Member (1)
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Topopah Spring Member (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Chinji Formation (1)
-
Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (5)
-
-
Tortonian (7)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (1)
-
-
Pliocene
-
Cimmerian (1)
-
Hadar Formation (1)
-
lower Pliocene
-
Zanclean (1)
-
-
upper Pliocene (10)
-
Yorktown Formation (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (3)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Barail Group (1)
-
Dongying Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
Annot Sandstone (3)
-
Avon Park Formation (1)
-
Colton Formation (1)
-
Cozy Dell Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (8)
-
Lake Gosiute (2)
-
Lake Uinta (2)
-
lower Eocene
-
Wind River Formation (1)
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (1)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Barton Clay (1)
-
Claiborne Group (1)
-
Laney Shale Member (1)
-
Lisbon Formation (1)
-
Tallahatta Formation (1)
-
Tyee Formation (1)
-
-
Mission Valley Formation (1)
-
Ootsa Lake Group (1)
-
Umpqua Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Moodys Branch Formation (1)
-
Priabonian (1)
-
Uinta Formation (1)
-
-
Wilkins Peak Member (1)
-
-
Hanna Formation (3)
-
lower Paleogene (4)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (3)
-
K-T boundary (5)
-
-
middle Paleocene
-
Selandian (2)
-
-
upper Paleocene (2)
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (3)
-
Renova Formation (2)
-
Tyonek Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (2)
-
White River Group (1)
-
Wilcox Group (4)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (2)
-
upper Tertiary
-
Poznan Clays (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Karewa Group (1)
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Coal Measures (2)
-
Dalradian (3)
-
Lake Bonneville (3)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (14)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Colorado Group (2)
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (2)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Logan Canyon Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (1)
-
Albian
-
lower Albian (1)
-
upper Albian (4)
-
-
Aptian
-
Shuaiba Formation (3)
-
-
Barremian (4)
-
Berriasian (4)
-
Bluesky Formation (3)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (2)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Clearwater Formation (5)
-
Crato Formation (2)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (1)
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (2)
-
Mannville Group (6)
-
McMurray Formation (19)
-
Mesa Rica Sandstone (1)
-
Missisauga Formation (3)
-
Moosebar Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (4)
-
Muddy Sandstone (2)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Skull Creek Shale (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (1)
-
Torok Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Valanginian (4)
-
Yingcheng Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Greensand (1)
-
Mancos Shale (11)
-
Middle Cretaceous (9)
-
Nanushuk Group (1)
-
Natih Formation (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
-
Bagh Beds (1)
-
Bearpaw Formation (4)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (3)
-
Belly River Formation (3)
-
Blackhawk Formation (6)
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (2)
-
Buda Limestone (2)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
upper Campanian (3)
-
-
Cardium Formation (4)
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (7)
-
Cenomanian
-
Dunvegan Formation (6)
-
lower Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Dawson Canyon Formation (1)
-
Djadokhta Formation (2)
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Eutaw Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (11)
-
Fox Hills Formation (3)
-
Frontier Formation (10)
-
Gallup Sandstone (2)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (1)
-
Austin Chalk (3)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (5)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (5)
-
Javelina Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (5)
-
Lance Formation (2)
-
Lewis Shale (2)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (1)
-
upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Maevarano Formation (1)
-
Marilia Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (6)
-
Middendorf Formation (1)
-
Milk River Formation (2)
-
Montana Group (1)
-
Neuquen Group (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (1)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (3)
-
Point Lookout Sandstone (1)
-
Prince Creek Formation (2)
-
Rosario Formation (1)
-
Santonian (6)
-
Schrader Bluff Formation (1)
-
Senonian (23)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (1)
-
Star Point Sandstone (2)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (4)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Wahweap Formation (1)
-
Wall Creek Member (3)
-
Williams Fork Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (2)
-
Whitemud Formation (1)
-
Yacoraite Formation (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Glen Canyon Group (1)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (2)
-
Clarens Formation (3)
-
Fernie Formation (3)
-
Ferrar Group (2)
-
Heather Formation (3)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
East Berlin Formation (1)
-
Laberge Group (1)
-
lower Liassic (3)
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (3)
-
Portland Formation (1)
-
Sinemurian (5)
-
Toarcian (7)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
upper Liassic (4)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (1)
-
Tarbert Formation (2)
-
-
Bathonian (5)
-
Callovian (8)
-
Page Sandstone (2)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (3)
-
Oxford Clay (2)
-
Posidonia Shale (1)
-
San Rafael Group (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (3)
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (3)
-
Haynesville Formation (2)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (4)
-
Kimmeridgian (4)
-
Morrison Formation (8)
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (8)
-
Portlandian (5)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (3)
-
Tithonian (11)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (2)
-
lower Mesozoic (4)
-
Mist Mountain Formation (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (8)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Triassic
-
Chanares Formation (1)
-
Charlie Lake Formation (5)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (2)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
Dinwoody Formation (1)
-
Griesbachian (2)
-
Induan (2)
-
Olenekian (3)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (20)
-
Smithian (4)
-
Spathian (6)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Doig Formation (5)
-
Ladinian (5)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (6)
-
Montney Formation (7)
-
Nicola Group (1)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (2)
-
Carnian (4)
-
Chinle Formation (8)
-
Keuper (2)
-
Molteno Formation (2)
-
Norian (3)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (2)
-
-
Shinarump Member (2)
-
Stuhini Group (1)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic
-
Yixian Formation (3)
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (5)
-
Yanshanian (3)
-
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
MIS 6 (1)
-
MIS 7 (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Atdabanian (1)
-
Gog Group (2)
-
Kinzers Formation (1)
-
Poleta Formation (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (2)
-
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Bright Angel Shale (1)
-
Flathead Sandstone (2)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Dresbachian (1)
-
Furongian (4)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (3)
-
Pilgrim Formation (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (6)
-
Steptoean (2)
-
-
-
Cape Elizabeth Formation (1)
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (2)
-
Big Snowy Group (1)
-
Huanglong Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (2)
-
Dinantian (10)
-
-
Mabou Group (3)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kayak Shale (1)
-
Kekiktuk Conglomerate (2)
-
Kinderhookian (1)
-
Osagian
-
Keokuk Limestone (1)
-
-
Tournaisian (7)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Price Formation (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (2)
-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Meramecian (1)
-
Pennington Formation (1)
-
Serpukhovian (3)
-
-
Windsor Group (3)
-
-
Namurian (5)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (1)
-
Cumberland Group (2)
-
Francis Creek Shale (1)
-
Joggins Formation (3)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (1)
-
-
Carbondale Formation (1)
-
Desmoinesian (3)
-
Moscovian (2)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Morien Group (2)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Canyon Group (1)
-
Kasimovian (1)
-
Missourian (1)
-
Virgilian
-
Tonganoxie Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (1)
-
Stephanian (1)
-
Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Casco Bay Group (2)
-
Casper Formation (1)
-
Catskill Formation (2)
-
Deadwood Formation (2)
-
Devonian
-
Beaverhill Lake Group (2)
-
Gile Mountain Formation (1)
-
Keg River Formation (2)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (5)
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (5)
-
Elk Point Group (2)
-
Givetian (4)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Prairie Evaporite (5)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (11)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
lower Famennian (2)
-
upper Famennian (1)
-
Wabamun Group (3)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (2)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
Nisku Formation (2)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
Zlichovian (1)
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (3)
-
Exshaw Formation (2)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
Helderberg Group (2)
-
Horton Group (4)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
Merrimack Group (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
Beekmantown Group (3)
-
Floian (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Prairie du Chien Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (6)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Dapingian (2)
-
Darriwilian (4)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (2)
-
-
Montoya Group (1)
-
Skiddaw Slates (1)
-
Tetagouche Group (2)
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (3)
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (3)
-
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (1)
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Edenian (1)
-
Hirnantian (9)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (5)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Reedsville Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (3)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Vinini Formation (1)
-
-
Paganzo Group (1)
-
Permian
-
Chase Group (1)
-
Cutler Formation (3)
-
Ecca Group (5)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Brushy Canyon Formation (2)
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (5)
-
Lower Permian
-
Al Khlata Formation (2)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (4)
-
Kungurian (4)
-
Sakmarian (3)
-
-
Leman Sandstone Formation (1)
-
Leonardian
-
Bone Spring Limestone (2)
-
-
Opeche Shale (1)
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (10)
-
Newcastle Coal Measures (2)
-
Passa Dois Group (1)
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (3)
-
Unayzah Formation (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (2)
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (20)
-
Rangal Coal Measures (1)
-
Raniganj Formation (1)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (6)
-
-
Wellington Formation (1)
-
Werra Series (1)
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (1)
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Sauk Sequence (5)
-
Shawangunk Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Grimsby Sandstone (1)
-
Llandovery
-
Aberystwyth Grits (1)
-
Aeronian (1)
-
Rhuddanian (2)
-
Telychian (1)
-
-
Wenlock (3)
-
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Bloomsburg Formation (1)
-
Ludlow
-
Gorstian (1)
-
Ludfordian (1)
-
-
Pridoli (3)
-
Salina Group (1)
-
-
-
Talchir Formation (6)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Dwyka Formation (2)
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
-
Waits River Formation (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (14)
-
Precambrian
-
Animikie Group (1)
-
Archean
-
Aravalli System (1)
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Eoarchean (2)
-
Fig Tree Group (2)
-
Gilman Formation (1)
-
J-M Reef (1)
-
Kromberg Formation (1)
-
Mesoarchean (8)
-
Neoarchean (16)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
-
-
Peninsular Gneiss (1)
-
Timiskaming Group (1)
-
Warrawoona Group (1)
-
-
Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
-
Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
-
Chuar Group (5)
-
Cuddapah System (2)
-
Delhi Supergroup (1)
-
Fortescue Group (1)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (3)
-
Hadean (2)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Hazel Formation (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (3)
-
Kisseynew Complex (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (2)
-
Luoquan Formation (1)
-
middle Precambrian (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
-
Noonday Dolomite (3)
-
Onverwacht Group (4)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Pahrump Series (2)
-
Pongola Supergroup (2)
-
Prichard Formation (1)
-
Purcell System (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (3)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (8)
-
Unkar Group (3)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
-
Baraboo Quartzite (2)
-
-
Bambui Group (3)
-
Banded Gneissic Complex (1)
-
Baraga Group (1)
-
Damara System (7)
-
Great Oxidation Event (3)
-
Huronian (4)
-
Hutuo Group (1)
-
Isan Orogeny (1)
-
Keweenawan
-
Copper Harbor Conglomerate (1)
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Kombolgie Formation (1)
-
Kunyang Group (1)
-
Lewisian (2)
-
Malmani Subgroup (2)
-
McNamara Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (8)
-
Calymmian (1)
-
Revett Quartzite (2)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
-
Miette Group (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (9)
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Maranon Complex (1)
-
Marinoan (6)
-
Moine Supergroup (1)
-
Moinian (1)
-
Otavi Group (2)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (1)
-
-
Sturtian (7)
-
Tonian (3)
-
Torridonian (6)
-
Vendian (17)
-
-
Oronto Group (3)
-
Ortega Group (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Cobalt Group (1)
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Orosirian (1)
-
Statherian (1)
-
Virginia Formation (1)
-
-
Pocatello Formation (3)
-
Pretoria Group (3)
-
Roan Supergroup (1)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
-
Umberatana Group (1)
-
Windermere System (4)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (1)
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
Wyman Formation (1)
-
-
Saxothuringian (1)
-
Vindhyan (4)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (8)
-
granophyre (2)
-
hypabyssal rocks (4)
-
kimberlite (7)
-
peperite (4)
-
picrite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (5)
-
appinite (1)
-
diabase (5)
-
diorites
-
ferrodiorite (1)
-
quartz diorites (3)
-
tonalite
-
enderbite (1)
-
-
-
gabbros
-
alkali gabbros
-
teschenite (1)
-
-
norite (7)
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
troctolite (4)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (1)
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (3)
-
charnockite (1)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
leucogranite (3)
-
monzogranite (5)
-
rapakivi (2)
-
S-type granites (2)
-
-
granodiorites (9)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamproite (2)
-
lamprophyres
-
camptonite (1)
-
minette (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (2)
-
pegmatite (8)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites
-
nepheline syenite (1)
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
-
hornblendite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
harzburgite (6)
-
lherzolite (7)
-
spinel lherzolite (2)
-
spinel peridotite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (2)
-
-
columnar basalt (1)
-
flood basalts (12)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (12)
-
ocean-island basalts (7)
-
shoshonite (2)
-
tholeiite (6)
-
tholeiitic basalt (5)
-
-
basanite (3)
-
dacites (21)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (6)
-
-
keratophyre
-
quartz keratophyre (1)
-
-
komatiite (5)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
phonolites
-
tinguaite (1)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (3)
-
ignimbrite (43)
-
pumice (13)
-
rhyolite tuff (2)
-
scoria (6)
-
tuff (56)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (8)
-
rhyolites
-
pantellerite (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (5)
-
trachytes (10)
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (18)
-
volcanic ash (11)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (6)
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cataclasites (1)
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eclogite (3)
-
gneisses
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granite gneiss (4)
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orthogneiss (4)
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paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (7)
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hornfels (1)
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impactites
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impact breccia
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suevite (2)
-
-
-
marbles (5)
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metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (5)
-
metabasite (3)
-
metadiabase (1)
-
metagabbro (3)
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metagranite (1)
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metakomatiite (3)
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metarhyolite (1)
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metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
khondalite (1)
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metaconglomerate (1)
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metapelite (3)
-
metasandstone (1)
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paragneiss (1)
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shungite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
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greisen (1)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
skarn (4)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (20)
-
migmatites (2)
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mylonites (4)
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phyllites (2)
-
quartzites (9)
-
schists
-
greenschist (1)
-
greenstone (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (18)
-
turbidite (89)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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angrite (1)
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eucrite
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Pasamonte Meteorite (1)
-
-
Martian meteorites (1)
-
-
chondrites
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carbonaceous chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
awaruite (1)
-
-
arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
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sperrylite (2)
-
-
arsenites (1)
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bismuthides (1)
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borates (1)
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carbonates
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ankerite (2)
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aragonite (6)
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bastnaesite (3)
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calcite (19)
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dolomite (16)
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hydromagnesite (1)
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hydrotalcite (1)
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magnesian calcite (3)
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magnesite (2)
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meionite (1)
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rhodochrosite (1)
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siderite (4)
-
smithsonite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (1)
-
halides
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chlorides
-
halite (8)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (3)
-
topaz (2)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
minerals (4)
-
native elements
-
diamond (3)
-
fullerene (1)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (1)
-
-
oxides
-
aluminum oxides (1)
-
baddeleyite (2)
-
brannerite (1)
-
cassiterite (2)
-
chromite (2)
-
cryptomelane (2)
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cuprite (1)
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ferrihydrite (1)
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goethite (1)
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hematite (9)
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hercynite (1)
-
hydroxides
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aluminum hydroxides (1)
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iron hydroxides (1)
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oxyhydroxides (2)
-
-
ilmenite (4)
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iron oxides (10)
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maghemite (1)
-
magnetite (7)
-
manganese oxides (3)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (1)
-
columbite (3)
-
pyrochlore (2)
-
-
perovskite (1)
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rutile (3)
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specularite (1)
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spinel (2)
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tantalates
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tantalite (1)
-
-
thorianite (1)
-
titanium oxides (2)
-
titanomagnetite (1)
-
ulvospinel (1)
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uraninite (2)
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wustite (1)
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zirconolite (2)
-
-
phosphates
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apatite (27)
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britholite (2)
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fluorapatite (1)
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francolite (1)
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monazite (14)
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xenotime (3)
-
-
platinum minerals (5)
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selenides (1)
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silicates
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aluminosilicates (2)
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asbestos (1)
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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glaucophane (1)
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hornblende (6)
-
nephrite (1)
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riebeckite (1)
-
tremolite (1)
-
-
-
jade (2)
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leucosphenite (1)
-
pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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aegirine (1)
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augite (2)
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diopside (1)
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hedenbergite (2)
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jadeite (2)
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omphacite (1)
-
pigeonite (1)
-
spodumene (2)
-
-
orthopyroxene (5)
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (2)
-
K-feldspar (11)
-
orthoclase (1)
-
sanidine (7)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
anorthite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (1)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
scapolite group
-
meionite (1)
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
jasper (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz (13)
-
-
zeolite group
-
pollucite (2)
-
-
-
iron silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
britholite group
-
britholite (2)
-
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
garnet group (5)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (2)
-
forsterite (3)
-
kirschsteinite (1)
-
olivine (12)
-
-
sillimanite (2)
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (2)
-
-
topaz (2)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (180)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
bertrandite (1)
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (1)
-
beryl (3)
-
cordierite (1)
-
emerald (2)
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (1)
-
elbaite (3)
-
schorl (2)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (7)
-
-
clay minerals
-
beidellite (2)
-
halloysite (2)
-
hectorite (1)
-
kaolinite (11)
-
montmorillonite (4)
-
nontronite (1)
-
smectite (20)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
illite (16)
-
mica group
-
annite (1)
-
biotite (9)
-
celadonite (1)
-
glauconite (6)
-
lepidolite (1)
-
muscovite (6)
-
phengite (1)
-
phlogopite (1)
-
zinnwaldite (1)
-
-
palygorskite (3)
-
sericite (1)
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (1)
-
anhydrite (8)
-
barite (4)
-
celestine (2)
-
glauberite (1)
-
gypsum (13)
-
jarosite (1)
-
selenite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
bornite (1)
-
chalcocite (2)
-
chalcopyrite (2)
-
cooperite (2)
-
greigite (1)
-
iron sulfides (1)
-
laurite (1)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
pyrite (23)
-
pyrrhotite (1)
-
realgar (1)
-
-
sulfosalts (2)
-
tellurides (1)
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
wolframite (1)
-
-
uranium minerals (1)
-
vanadates (3)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (358)
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academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
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Afar (1)
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Cape Verde Islands (2)
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Central Africa
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Angola
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Cuanza Basin (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Gabon (1)
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Congo Craton (3)
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East Africa
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Afar Depression (2)
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Eritrea (1)
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Ethiopia
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Awash Valley (2)
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Tigray Ethiopia (1)
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Wallo Ethiopia (1)
-
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Ethiopian Rift (1)
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (3)
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Lake Malawi (1)
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Mozambique (2)
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Turkana Basin (1)
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Zambia (1)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Malawi (1)
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Lake Natron (1)
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Lake Tanganyika (3)
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Lake Turkana (1)
-
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East African Rift (6)
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Gregory Rift (2)
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Kufra Basin (1)
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Limpopo Basin (2)
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Madagascar (4)
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Ahnet (1)
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Bechar Algeria
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Ougarta Algeria (1)
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Berkine Basin (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (4)
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High Atlas (3)
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Middle Atlas (1)
-
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Egypt
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Alexandria Egypt (1)
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Nile Delta (2)
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Sinai Egypt (1)
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Ghadames Basin (1)
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Illizi Basin (1)
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Libya
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Murzuk Basin (7)
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Sirte Basin (1)
-
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Morocco
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Marrakech Morocco (1)
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (4)
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High Atlas (3)
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Middle Atlas (1)
-
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Rif (1)
-
Tafilalt (1)
-
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Tunisia (6)
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Western Sahara (1)
-
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Nubia (1)
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Nubian Shield (3)
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Sahara (4)
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Sahel (1)
-
Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (12)
-
Botswana
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Okavango Delta (1)
-
-
Gariep Belt (2)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (16)
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Kalahari Craton (2)
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Karoo Basin (20)
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Lesotho (2)
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Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
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Namibia
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Kaoko Belt (1)
-
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (7)
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Cape fold belt (10)
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Cape Province region (3)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa (5)
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Free State South Africa
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Vredefort Dome (1)
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Gauteng South Africa
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Johannesburg South Africa (1)
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Pretoria South Africa (2)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
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Merensky Reef (1)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa (1)
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North-West Province South Africa
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Ventersdorp South Africa (1)
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Sutherland South Africa (1)
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Transvaal region (2)
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Western Cape Province South Africa
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Langebaanweg South Africa (1)
-
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Witwatersrand (2)
-
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Swaziland (4)
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Zimbabwe
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Belingwe greenstone belt (1)
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Great Dyke (1)
-
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West Africa
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Burkina Faso (2)
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Cameroon (1)
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Liberia (1)
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Mali (1)
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (6)
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Senegal (1)
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Taoudenni Basin (2)
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Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
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Antarctica
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Amundsen Sea (1)
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Antarctic ice sheet
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East Antarctic ice sheet (3)
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Antarctic Peninsula (8)
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Anvers Island (2)
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East Antarctica (2)
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Ellsworth Land (2)
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James Ross Island (2)
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Marie Byrd Land (4)
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Deception Island (1)
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King George Island (1)
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Queen Maud Range (1)
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Victoria Land
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Allan Hills (1)
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McMurdo dry valleys
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Lake Fryxell (1)
-
-
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West Antarctica (2)
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Wilkes Land (2)
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Arctic Ocean
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Barents Sea (8)
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Canada Basin (1)
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Chukchi Sea (2)
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Haltenbanken (2)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Russian Arctic
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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Burma (1)
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Indonesia
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Japan
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Honshu
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Shizuoka Japan
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Tohoku (1)
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Kurosegawa Zone (1)
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Kyushu
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Sambagawa Belt (1)
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Korea
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Malay Peninsula
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Malaysia
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Mongolia
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Cuddapah Basin (7)
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columnar basalt (1)
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Indian Ocean
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industrial minerals (2)
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Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
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Expedition 313
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IODP Site M0027 (1)
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Expedition 318
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IODP Site U1356 (1)
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intrusions (179)
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Invertebrata
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Chelicerata
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Podocopida
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Platycopida
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Insecta
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Myriapoda (2)
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Brachiopoda
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Scyphozoa
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Echinodermata
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Mollusca
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Cephalopoda
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Textulariina (1)
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Vermes
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Buda Limestone (2)
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Travis Peak Formation (1)
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Dakota Formation (1)
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Logan Canyon Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Agrio Formation (1)
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Albian
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lower Albian (1)
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upper Albian (4)
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Aptian
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Shuaiba Formation (3)
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Barremian (4)
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Bluesky Formation (3)
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Clearwater Formation (5)
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Edwards Formation (1)
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Gething Formation (1)
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Hauterivian (2)
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Mannville Group (6)
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McMurray Formation (19)
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Moosebar Formation (1)
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Mowry Shale (4)
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Neocomian (1)
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Lower Greensand (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (9)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Almond Formation (1)
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Bagh Beds (1)
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Bearpaw Formation (4)
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Bridge Creek Limestone Member (2)
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Buda Limestone (2)
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Campanian
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Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
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lower Campanian (1)
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upper Campanian (3)
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Cardium Formation (4)
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Carlile Shale (1)
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Castlegate Sandstone (7)
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Cenomanian
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Dunvegan Formation (6)
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lower Cenomanian (1)
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Coniacian (3)
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Ferron Sandstone Member (11)
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Gulfian
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Aguja Formation (1)
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Austin Chalk (3)
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Woodbine Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian
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Maevarano Formation (1)
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Schrader Bluff Formation (1)
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Senonian (23)
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Smoky Hill Chalk Member (1)
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Straight Cliffs Formation (4)
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Turonian
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Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
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Viking Formation (2)
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Yacoraite Formation (1)
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Franciscan Complex (2)
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Great Valley Sequence (1)
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Jurassic
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Carmel Formation (2)
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Fernie Formation (3)
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Heather Formation (3)
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Lower Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic
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Summerville Formation (1)
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Norphlet Formation (3)
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Posidonia Shale (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Arab Formation (3)
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Kimmeridgian (4)
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Smackover Formation (1)
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Tithonian (11)
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Kayenta Formation (2)
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lower Mesozoic (4)
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Navajo Sandstone (8)
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Newark Supergroup (1)
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Triassic
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Chanares Formation (1)
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Charlie Lake Formation (5)
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Hawkesbury Sandstone (2)
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Lower Triassic
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Bunter (1)
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Griesbachian (2)
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Induan (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (20)
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Middle Triassic
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Anisian (4)
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Doig Formation (5)
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Ladinian (5)
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Moenkopi Formation (6)
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Nicola Group (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Baldonnel Formation (2)
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Chinle Formation (8)
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Molteno Formation (2)
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Norian (3)
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Pardonet Formation (1)
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Rhaetian
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Penarth Group (2)
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Shinarump Member (2)
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Stuhini Group (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
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Yanchang Formation (1)
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upper Mesozoic
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Yixian Formation (3)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (5)
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Yanshanian (3)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (68)
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Leg 108
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Middle Mississippian
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Price Formation (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Atokan
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Upper Carboniferous
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Upper Devonian
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Frasnian
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Zlichovian (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Conococheague Formation (1)
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Martinsburg Formation (2)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (3)
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Cincinnatian
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Sandbian (1)
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Utica Shale (1)
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Paganzo Group (1)
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Permian
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Guadalupian
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Tansill Formation (1)
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Wordian (1)
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Kaibab Formation (1)
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Khuff Formation (5)
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Lower Permian
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Al Khlata Formation (2)
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Cisuralian
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Leman Sandstone Formation (1)
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Leonardian
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Opeche Shale (1)
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Qixia Formation (1)
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Wolfcampian
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Hueco Limestone (1)
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Maokou Formation (1)
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Middle Permian (10)
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Rotliegendes (3)
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Unayzah Formation (3)
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Upper Permian
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Changxing Formation (1)
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Lopingian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (20)
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Rangal Coal Measures (1)
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Raniganj Formation (1)
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Salado Formation (1)
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Zechstein (6)
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Wellington Formation (1)
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Werra Series (1)
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Yates Formation (1)
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Pilot Shale (1)
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Road River Formation (1)
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Sauk Sequence (5)
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Silurian
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Lockport Formation (1)
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Lower Silurian
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Grimsby Sandstone (1)
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Llandovery
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Aberystwyth Grits (1)
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Wenlock (3)
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Upper Silurian
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Bloomsburg Formation (1)
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Ludlow
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Pridoli (3)
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Salina Group (1)
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-
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Talchir Formation (6)
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Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
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Bakken Formation (2)
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Dwyka Formation (2)
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Guandacol Formation (1)
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Waits River Formation (1)
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palynology (3)
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paragenesis (22)
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petroleum
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Plantae
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Chlorophyta
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae
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Lithothamnium (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Lycopsida (4)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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-
-
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Coniferales
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Glossopteridales
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plate tectonics (252)
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pollution (28)
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Precambrian
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Animikie Group (1)
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Eoarchean (2)
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Fig Tree Group (2)
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Gilman Formation (1)
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J-M Reef (1)
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Kromberg Formation (1)
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Mesoarchean (8)
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Neoarchean (16)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
-
-
Peninsular Gneiss (1)
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Timiskaming Group (1)
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Warrawoona Group (1)
-
-
Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
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Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
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Chuar Group (5)
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Cuddapah System (2)
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Gunflint Iron Formation (3)
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Hadean (2)
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Hamersley Group (1)
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Hazel Formation (1)
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Johnnie Formation (3)
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Kisseynew Complex (1)
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Lewisian Complex (2)
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Luoquan Formation (1)
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middle Precambrian (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
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Noonday Dolomite (3)
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Onverwacht Group (4)
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Osler Series (1)
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Pahrump Series (2)
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Pongola Supergroup (2)
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Prichard Formation (1)
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Purcell System (1)
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Stillwater Complex (3)
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Transvaal Supergroup (8)
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Unkar Group (3)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
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Baraboo Quartzite (2)
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-
Bambui Group (3)
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Banded Gneissic Complex (1)
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Damara System (7)
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Great Oxidation Event (3)
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Huronian (4)
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Hutuo Group (1)
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Isan Orogeny (1)
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Keweenawan
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Copper Harbor Conglomerate (1)
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Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Kombolgie Formation (1)
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Kunyang Group (1)
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Lewisian (2)
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Malmani Subgroup (2)
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McNamara Group (1)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Belt Supergroup (8)
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Calymmian (1)
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Revett Quartzite (2)
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Roper Group (1)
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Wumishan Formation (1)
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Miette Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (9)
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Dengying Formation (1)
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Doushantuo Formation (1)
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Ediacaran
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Wonoka Formation (1)
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Infracambrian (1)
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Maranon Complex (1)
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Marinoan (6)
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Moine Supergroup (1)
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Moinian (1)
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Otavi Group (2)
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Riphean
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upper Riphean (1)
-
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Sturtian (7)
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Tonian (3)
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Torridonian (6)
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Vendian (17)
-
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Oronto Group (3)
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Ortega Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Pocatello Formation (3)
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Umberatana Group (1)
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Vadito Group (1)
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coal
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Flat stratified Earth
Intra-Messinian truncation surface in the Levant Basin explained by subaqueous dissolution Available to Purchase
A note on the electromagnetic response of a stratified Earth Available to Purchase
Contributions to love-wave transformation theory: Earth-flattening transformation for love waves from a point source in a sphere Available to Purchase
Modeling of atmospheric nuclear explosions over a mountainous region by vertical and horizontal single forces Available to Purchase
Focal mechanism and source depth of earthquakes from body- and surface-wave data Available to Purchase
Spectral response of an elastic sphere to dipolar point-sources Available to Purchase
Orbitally Driven Depositional Cyclicity in Shallow Marine Carbonates of the Lower Paleozoic Aisha-Bibi Seamount (Malyi Karatau, Kazakhstan): Integrated Sedimentological and Time-Series Study Available to Purchase
Abstract Meter-scale shallowing-upwards cycles (SUCs) are common in the shallow marine platform carbonate deposits around the world and throughout the geologic record. Despite that, their origin remains largely unresolved. Possible mechanisms capable of producing this kind of cyclicity include periodic (orbitally driven) and random sea-level oscillations, Ginsburgian autocyclicity, and random or quasi-periodic tectonic processes. Shallow-marine carbonate deposits of the Cambro-Ordovician Aisha-Bibi seamount (Malyi Karatau, Kazakhstan) contain tens to hundreds of meter-scale SUCs. Those cycles are typically composed of (from bottom to top) (1) transgressive lag flat-pebble conglomerates, (2) subtidal cross-stratified and bioturbated peloidal grainstones with mudstone drapes, intraformational flat-pebble conglomerates, and occasional thrombolites, (3) intertidal ribbon rocks (centimeter-scale heterolithic interlayering of mudstone and grainstone), and (4) upper intertidal-supratidal mudcracked cyanobacterial laminites and stromatolites. Boundaries between the subfacies within each cycle are typically transitional, reflecting gradual change from one laterally adjacent depositional subenvironment to the other; the boundaries between the cycles, however, are sharp and commonly erosional, separating non-adjacent subfacies and indicating abrupt change in sedimentation. Although each depositional cycle represents deposition under conditions of gradual lowering of relative sea level, the uninterrupted stacks of multiple SUCs indicate occurrence of repetitive high-frequency relative sea-level oscillations during the sediment accumulation. Three continuous, well-exposed cyclic sections were measured in detail; the longest one (Ooshbas) contains 124 cycles. That allowed us to test the Aisha-Bibi SUC sedimentary record for presence of orbital periodicities. Frequency modulation analysis was applied in order to overcome problems related to variable sediment accumulation rates. Time-series analysis of the Ooshbas SUC stacking patterns revealed the presence of Cambrian precessional periodicities, registering three out of four characteristic precessional “bundling” frequencies with > 90% confidence. That suggests that the depositional cyclicity recorded in the shallow marine deposits of Aisha-Bibi was driven by Milankovitch-forced eustatic sea-level changes.