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Eunicida
Figure 1. Composite phylogeny of the Metazoa. More inclusive clades discus...
LATE ORDOVICIAN JAWED POLYCHAETE FAUNAS OF THE TYPE CINCINNATIAN REGION, U.S.A
Jaw-bearing polychaetes of the Silurian Eramosa Lagerstätte, Ontario, Canada
Discovery of Devonian scolecodonts from the subsurface Western Desert, Egypt
Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) scolecodont clusters from the Soom Shale Lagerstätte, South Africa
Delayed herbivory and the assembly of marine benthic ecosystems
Review of Scolecodonts Assigned to Arabellites , Based on Hinde's (1879) Type Material
Vagrant benthos (Annelida; Polychaeta) associated with Upper Ordovician carbonate mud-mounds of subsurface Gotland, Sweden
Polychaete palaeoecology in an early Late Ordovician marine astrobleme of Sweden
A new fossil bristle worm (Annelida: Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) from the late Cretaceous of tropical America
A RECORD OF SEQUESTRATION OF PLANT MATERIAL BY MARINE BURROWING ANIMALS AS A NEW FEEDING STRATEGY UNDER OLIGOTROPHIC CONDITIONS EVIDENCED BY PYRITE MICROTEXTURES
The Weeks Formation Konservat-Lagerstätte and the evolutionary transition of Cambrian marine life
JAWED POLYCHAETES FROM THE UPPER SYLVAN SHALE (UPPER ORDOVICIAN), OKLAHOMA, USA
BIOLOGICAL ALTERATION OF BEACHROCK ON GRAND CAYMAN ISLAND, BRITISH WEST INDIES
SCOLECODONTS: I. DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY AND REVISION OF SYSTEMATIC NOMENCLATURE; II. LECTOTYPES, NEW NAMES FOR HOMONYMS, INDEX OF SPECIES
SILURIAN RAMPHOPRIONID POLYCHAETES FROM GOTLAND, SWEDEN
Abstract The Büdesheimer Bach borehole in the Prüm Syncline, Eifel Mountains, Germany encountered upper Frasnian and lowermost Famennian sediments including the Upper Kellwasser Horizon (UKW) and a limestone-dominated sequence (‘LKW’) which can be correlated with the Lower Kellwasser Horizon in other sections. The palynofacies is characterized by a high abundance of amorphous organic matter (AOM), prasinophytes, miospores and acritarchs indicative of a fully marine, rather distal and oxygen-deficient environment. AOM and a low sterane/hopane ratio suggest that cyanobacteria were important primary producers and that bacterial reworking and oxidation influenced the organic matter composition resulting in reduced total organic carbon (TOC) contents and lower hydrogen index (HI) values. The ‘LKW’ and the UKW can be distinguished from the adjacent units by the abundant prasinophytes and some geochemical parameters (e.g. higher HI, lower pristane/phytane ratio, lower aryl isoprenoid ratio) but these differences are not highly significant. However, the sediments between these two horizons show an increased input of bacteria and terrestrial plant material as a result of the regression that follows after the deposition of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon. Aryl isoprenoids originating from diagenetic transformation of the carotenoid isorenieratene, which are markers for anoxygenic photosynthetic green sulphur bacteria, have been detected in all samples but are more abundant in the ‘LKW’ and UKW. Hence, photic zone anoxia seems to have been more pronounced during deposition of these horizons, supporting the view that widespread anoxia was an important trigger of the massive end-Frasnian biotic decline.
Abstract Eunicidan polychaetes formed a significant part of Early Palaeozoic marine invertebrate communities, as shown by the abundance and diversity of scolecodonts (polychaete jaws) in the fossil record. In this study we summarize the early radiation and biodiversity trends and discuss the palaeobiogeography of these fossils. The oldest (latest Cambrian–Early Ordovician) representatives had primitive, usually symmetrical, placognath/ctenognath type jaw apparatuses. The first more advanced taxa, possessing labidognath-type jaw apparatuses or placognath apparatuses with compound maxillae, are first recorded in the Middle Ordovician. The most significant increase in generic diversity occurred in the Darriwilian, when many common taxa appeared and diversified. The Ordovician and Silurian scolecodont occurrences allow some palaeobiogeographical units and distribution patterns to be explored and outlined. The most robust data presently at hand derive from successions in Baltica and Laurentia. That information, together with new records from other palaeocontinents, reveals a wide distribution for the most frequent and species-rich genera and families, similar to the biogeographical patterns of extant polychaetes. Like many other benthic and pelagic fossil groups, scolecodont-bearing polychaetes show an increased cosmopolitan character in the Silurian as compared with the Ordovician. Species-level endemism appears to be relatively common, inferring a potential for scolecodonts as biogeographical tools in the future.
Spatial and temporal patterns of macroboring within Mesozoic and Cenozoic coral reef systems
Abstract Macroboring of coral reefs has varied significantly through time, with the modern intensity and producer composition (usually dominated by sponges) as a rather recent phenomenon. Given the outstanding role and influence of bioerosion on framework morphology, community composition and sediment production, Modern conditions are therefore poor analogues for the structure and function of pre-Neogene reef systems. Modern and Neogene reef borer associations are mostly dominated by sponges, although marked spatial variations in the abundance of borer groups are evident within individual reef systems. Highest diversity typically characterizes low energy, shallow water back-reef or lagoon sites. This condition evolved gradually from the Late Triassic onwards, when scleractinians first built reefs. Sponges appear to have played a subordinate role in Mesozoic coral-dominated buildups. Worms and barnacles dominate in the early Mesozoic (Triassic and Lower Jurassic), with a progressive increase in bivalve borers through the Jurassic. The paucity of data collected to date makes determination of the causes of temporal change in macroboring community composition difficult to constrain. Macroboring groups seem to have withstood biotic crises much better than their coral substrate and thus reef ecological evolutionary units are not applicable. There is some indication that macroborers may have radiated to colonize new ecological niches during the early stages of coral reef diversification. The development was nonetheless influenced by biotic changes in the marine realm, the strongest effects potentially resulting from switches in nutrient status and the origin or diversification of reef grazers.
Abstract Non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) are ‘extra’ microfossils often found in palynology slides. These include remains of organisms within the size range of pollen grains ( c. 10–250 µm), resistant to laboratory treatments used for the preparation of palynological samples. NPPs are a large and taxonomically heterogeneous group of remains of organisms living in diverse environments. Taxonomically, they belong to a wide variety of groups such as cyanobacteria, algae, vascular plants, invertebrates and fungi. The aim of this chapter is to provide a general overview of NPP groups observed in palynology slides. It includes more than 40 of the most common groups starting with acritarcha, cyanobacteria and algae, moving through transitional groups to animals and fungi and finishing with human-made objects such as textile fibres. Although far from complete, it provides an updated overview of taxonomical diversity of NPPs and their indicator values. Further works on NPP identifications are of great importance to improve our current knowledge. Since NPPs occur in all kinds of sediments, their analysis is a powerful tool for reconstructing environmental changes over time. Further detailed studies of specific NPP groups and their indicator values will open the way for new fields of study.