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Etendeka Group

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Journal Article
Published: 01 December 2003
South African Journal of Geology (2003) 106 (4): 281–286.
... into the Cretaceous Etendeka Group. References Amaral , G. , Cordani , U.G. , Kawashita , K. , and Reynolds , J.H. ( 1966 ). Potassium-argon dates of basaltic rocks from southern Brazil . Geochimica et Cosmochima Acta , 31 , 117 – 142 Duncan , R.A. , Hooper , P.R. , Rehacek...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 September 2012
South African Journal of Geology (2012) 115 (3): 345–368.
..., northwestern Namibia. At this site, which owes its name to the “burnt” appearance of the rocks, the Ecca Group rocks form a 150 m high mesa, capped with aeolian sandstone of the Cretaceous Twyfelfontein Formation, Etendeka Group. Reinvestigation of the outcrops at Burnt Mountain revealed that the exceptional...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 June 2021
South African Journal of Geology (2021) 124 (2): 481–498.
... in the Etendeka province, Namibia, taken from published sources and augmented by 103 new chemical analyses of dykes. Six SOM-classified groups are identified, which are unevenly distributed among the extrusive and the intrusive rock suites. The lava samples are dominated by just three of the six SOM groups (95...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 May 2000
Journal of the Geological Society (2000) 157 (3): 513–516.
... is the Huab Basin region of NW Namibia, which forms the easternmost extent of the Paraná–Etendeka Province ( Fig. 1). Here the Etendeka Group deposits are extremely well exposed in the rocky Namib Desert. The basin contains Palaeozoic Karoo Supergroup sediments of fluvial, deltaic, and fluvio‐marine origin...
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Geographic distribution of SOM groups for the Etendeka dykes (and sills) and lavas. Grey shading represents outcrop of Etendeka lavas and intrusive complexes (cf. Figure 1). Note that locations of lava samples may have no relevance to eruptive sites, whereas the sampling and emplacement site for dykes are identical. Some samples in the database have no coordinates; the legend on each plot gives in parenthesis the total number of samples assigned to each group / the number of samples plotted on the map. The symbol sizes are graduated according to the number of samples in each cluster. The dashed line at 19°21.6’S is the division between the northern and southern Etendeka geochemical domains proposed by Marsh et al. (2001), which has relevance for the distribution of high-Ti and low-Ti basalts.
Published: 01 June 2021
Figure 11. Geographic distribution of SOM groups for the Etendeka dykes (and sills) and lavas. Grey shading represents outcrop of Etendeka lavas and intrusive complexes (cf. Figure 1 ). Note that locations of lava samples may have no relevance to eruptive sites, whereas the sampling
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(a) Southwest Gondwana reconstruction (modified after de Wit et al., 2008) relative to Africa, showing Rodinian (pre-900 Ma) cratons and Pan-African−Brasiliano orogenic belts. The southwest ‘cape’ of Congo Craton underlay the Otavi Group carbonate platform (770 to 600 Ma) and is flanked to the west and south by the 600 to 520 Ma Kaoko and Damara orogenic belts, respectively. Abbrevation: São Fr.=São Francisco Craton; PP=Paranapanema Block. (b) Tectonic elements of northwest Namibia (modified after Miller, 2008b). Congo Craton consists of Rodinian basement inliers (e.g. CBe=Epupa Inlier; CBk=Kamanjab Inlier), folded cover (Cc) of the Damara Supergroup (Figure 2b), and a Northern Margin Zone (NMZ) where the post-rift upper Swakop Group (Figure 2c) is a bathyal foreslope facies. Kaoko Belt consists of a Coastal terrane (CT) that is the preserved leading edge of a Cryogenian−Ediacaran magmatic arc−forearc related to Ribeira and Dom Feliciano magmatic arcs (Figure 1a); a central zone (CKZ) of middle-late Ediacaran crustal transpression, metamorphism and anatexis involving Congo basement and Damara Supergroup cover; and a southern zone (SKZ) in which a folded Cryogenian−Ediacaran deep-sea fan (Zerrissene Group) is intruded by discordant late Ediacaran−Cambrian granite bodies. Damara Belt consists of a Northern Zone (NZ) of northwest-vergent thrusts and folds involving Damara Supergroup (post-rift basin facies) and little-exposed Congo basement, intruded by late Ediacaran−Cambrian syenogranite; a Central Zone (CZ) of folded Orosirian and Stenian basement, Damara Supergroup cover, a late Ediacaran arc-type diorite-granodiorite suite and Cambrian syenogranite; and a Southern Zone (SZ) in which a southeast-facing accretionary prism composed of semipelitic schist with a band of amphibolite is thrust onto the SMZ and is intruded by Cambrian syenogranite. Kalahari Craton includes the Rehoboth basement inlier (KB, Orosirian−Stratherian and Ectasian−Stenian, Miller, 2012); folded cover (Kc) of Witvlei Group (Tonian−middle Ediacaran) and Nama Group (late Ediacaran−Cambrian foredeep); and a Southern Margin Zone (SMZ) where southeast-vergent thick-skinned thrust nappes involve Kalahari basement and Damara Supergroup cover. Post-orogenic cover includes sedimentary and volcanic rocks (KE) of Karoo Supergroup (Carboniferous−Jurassic) and Etendeka Group (Early Cretaceous), and latest Cretaceous−Cenozoic sediments of Namib and Kalahari Groups (NK). White rectangle at the ‘heel’ of Kamanjab Inlier (CBk) shows the area of Figure 3a.
Published: 01 June 2021
−Cambrian foredeep); and a Southern Margin Zone (SMZ) where southeast-vergent thick-skinned thrust nappes involve Kalahari basement and Damara Supergroup cover. Post-orogenic cover includes sedimentary and volcanic rocks (KE) of Karoo Supergroup (Carboniferous−Jurassic) and Etendeka Group (Early Cretaceous
Series: AAPG Memoir
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.1306/M73705C29
EISBN: 9781629810706
..., the W6 Group mudstones, claystones, and marls were deposited, followed by claystones of the W7 Group. The sedimentary succession of Quadrant 1911 postdates the Neocomian Etendeka plateau basalts found in onshore Namibia. After onset of the drift phase in late Hauterivian time, the Walvis Basin subsided...
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Comparison of SOM-grouped Etendeka dykes and lavas relative to the fields for Etendeka mafic magma types, compiled using the classification of Marsh et al. (2001). (a) and (b) Incompatible element ratios Ti/Zr versus Zr/Y; (c) and (d) Ti/Zr versus Ti/Y; (e) and (f) Zr/Y versus Mg# [100*molar Mg/(Mg+Fe)]. Data sources are provided in the Supplementary Data file.
Published: 01 June 2021
Figure 8. Comparison of SOM-grouped Etendeka dykes and lavas relative to the fields for Etendeka mafic magma types, compiled using the classification of Marsh et al. (2001) . (a) and (b) Incompatible element ratios Ti/Zr versus Zr/Y; (c) and (d) Ti/Zr versus Ti/Y; (e) and (f) Zr/Y versus Mg
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Comparison of Th/Yb versus Nb/Yb for SOM-grouped Etendeka dykes and lavas relative to the fields for Etendeka mafic magma types, compiled using the classification of Marsh et al. (2001). Sources for Tristan da Cunha: Le Roex et al. (1990); Cliff et al. (1991); Ewart et al. (2004a); Willbold and Stracke (2006). Damaran crust: McDermott and Hawkesworth (1990). OIB, E-MORB and N-MORB: Sun and McDonough (1989). CC=bulk continental crust: Taylor and McLennan (1995). GLOSS=Global Subducting Sediment: Plank and Langmuir (1998). Gaussberg lamproite: Murphy et al. (2002). Dashed lines encompass the “MORB-OIB array” of Pearce (2008) distinguishing mantle-derived magmas.
Published: 01 June 2021
Figure 9. Comparison of Th/Yb versus Nb/Yb for SOM-grouped Etendeka dykes and lavas relative to the fields for Etendeka mafic magma types, compiled using the classification of Marsh et al. (2001) . Sources for Tristan da Cunha: Le Roex et al. (1990) ; Cliff et al. (1991) ; Ewart et al. (2004a
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Spatial distribution of analysed dykes on a simplified geological map of the Cretaceous magmatic units and basement domains in the Etendeka province of northwest Namibia. Assignment to alkaline, mafic and felsic groups is based on Figure 2. Note the limited outcrop of Etendeka lavas compared with the dykes and sills (dykes from aeromagnetic data and satellite imagery: Miller, 1988; Lehtonen et al., 1995; Milner, 1997; Trumbull et al., 2004b). The main Damaraland intrusive complexes are labelled as follows: Brandberg (B); Messum (M); Cape Cross (C); Erongo (E); Spitzkoppe (S); Okenyenya (O); Paresis (P).
Published: 01 June 2021
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of analysed dykes on a simplified geological map of the Cretaceous magmatic units and basement domains in the Etendeka province of northwest Namibia. Assignment to alkaline, mafic and felsic groups is based on Figure 2 . Note the limited outcrop of Etendeka lavas
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Selected whole-rock element variations of dolerite dikes against MgO as a differentiation index. Comparisons are shown in plot (a) with the Tafelkop or LTZ-H group of Etendeka basalts (data from Jerram et al., 1999 and Gibson, 2002); and in plot (b) with the high-Ti Etendeka basalts (data from Ewart et al., 2004). Note in plot (c) that three different elements are plotted. Symbols denote Zr concentration and shaded fields show variations for Y and Ba. The data from Thompson et al.(2001) plot within the range of HOD data from this study and are omitted for clarity.
Published: 01 September 2007
Figure 6. Selected whole-rock element variations of dolerite dikes against MgO as a differentiation index. Comparisons are shown in plot ( a ) with the Tafelkop or LTZ-H group of Etendeka basalts (data from Jerram et al. , 1999 and Gibson, 2002 ); and in plot ( b ) with the high-Ti Etendeka
Journal Article
Published: 01 December 2011
South African Journal of Geology (2011) 114 (3-4): 335–352.
...N.R. BACKEBERG; D.L. REID; R.B. TRUMBULL; R.L. ROMER Abstract The False Bay Dyke Swarm represents igneous activity associated with the opening of the South Atlantic during the early Cretaceous, and can be considered a distal component of the Etendeka-Paraná Large Igneous Province. In contrast...
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Results of SOM analysis of 613 analyses of mafic rocks (335 dykes, 278 lavas) from the Etendeka province. (a) (left) The six compositional groups defined, with variables on the X-axis and normalised amplitude for each variable on the Y-axis (error bars are one s.d. of values for samples assigned to that type). (b) (right) Frequency histograms showing major differences in the occurrence of SOM groups 1 to 6 within the dyke and lava datasets.
Published: 01 June 2021
Figure 5. Results of SOM analysis of 613 analyses of mafic rocks (335 dykes, 278 lavas) from the Etendeka province. (a) (left) The six compositional groups defined, with variables on the X-axis and normalised amplitude for each variable on the Y-axis (error bars are one s.d. of values for samples
Journal Article
Published: 01 June 2022
American Mineralogist (2022) 107 (6): 1045–1052.
... whose Ti/Y is 474 belongs to the HT1 group ( Fig. 10 ). However, the results show that: (1) 3±10% and 4±8% of the olivine are HT1 from two IT samples from Etendeka province (97SB41 and 97SB62); (2) 11±5%, 10±3%, and 20±5% of the olivine from three IT samples of Emeishan LIP are HT1 (13-EJH08, 7-EJH08...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 December 2019
South African Journal of Geology (2019) 122 (4): 397–420.
.... A current topic of active research is the role that deep mantle plumes may have played in initiating, or assisting, continental fragmentation. I am part of a group of colleagues and students who are applying complementary datasets to understand how the Karoo (182 Ma), Etendeka (132 Ma), Marion (90 Ma...
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Primitive-mantle-normalized platinum-group element abundances for the transitional basalts of Mailaka. Data for Ontong Java Plateau, Kerguelen Plateau, Etendeka, and Deccan basaltic rocks are from Maier et al. (2003), Chazey et al. (2004, 2005), and Crocket et al. (2004). Primitive mantle values are from Becker et al. (2006). LIP = large igneoous province.
Published: 01 September 2010
Figure 7. Primitive-mantle-normalized platinum-group element abundances for the transitional basalts of Mailaka. Data for Ontong Java Plateau, Kerguelen Plateau, Etendeka, and Deccan basaltic rocks are from Maier et al. ( 2003 ), Chazey et al. ( 2004 , 2005 ), and Crocket et al. ( 2004
Journal Article
Published: 01 September 2010
The Journal of Geology (2010) 118 (5): 523–541.
...Figure 7. Primitive-mantle-normalized platinum-group element abundances for the transitional basalts of Mailaka. Data for Ontong Java Plateau, Kerguelen Plateau, Etendeka, and Deccan basaltic rocks are from Maier et al. ( 2003 ), Chazey et al. ( 2004 , 2005 ), and Crocket et al. ( 2004...
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Journal Article
Published: 19 July 2010
Geological Magazine (2010) 147 (6): 954–970.
.... 123 –37. Geological Society of London , Special Publication no. 216. Jerram D. A. , Mountney N. , Holzforster F. & Stolhofen H. 1999 . Internal stratigraphic relationships in the Etendeka Group in the Huab Basin, NW Namibia: understanding the onset of flood volcanism...
Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 01 December 2009
Geology (2009) 37 (12): 1071–1074.
... isotopes to fingerprint the timing of input of volcanic Pb from a particular large igneous province. Published data on Ocean Drilling Program Site 1149B sediments in the Pacific Ocean, associated with the Valanginian δ 13 C excursion that has been linked to the Paraná-Etendeka volcanism in central South...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 July 2001
Journal of the Geological Society (2001) 158 (4): 583–592.
... ( Picirrillo et al. 1987; Garland et al. 1995). The principle chemical groups and subgroups of the Paraná and Etendeka mafic and felsic volcanic rocks are summarized in Table 1, together with comparable magmatism from southern Uruguay. Ar/Ar magmas Paraná–Etendeka Uruguay South Atlantic...
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