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Journal Article

Shallow Damage Zone Structure of the Wasatch Fault in Salt Lake City from Ambient‐Noise Double Beamforming with a Temporary Linear Array

Konstantinos Gkogkas, Fan‐Chi Lin, Amir A. Allam, Yadong Wang
Published: 10 March 2021
Seismological Research Letters (2021) 92 (4): 2453–2463.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200404
...Konstantinos Gkogkas; Fan‐Chi Lin; Amir A. Allam; Yadong Wang Abstract We image the shallow structure across the East Bench segment of the Wasatch fault system in Salt Lake City using ambient noise recorded by a month‐long temporary linear seismic array of 32 stations. We first extract Rayleigh...
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View PDF for article title, Shallow Damage Zone Structure of the Wasatch <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> in Salt Lake City from Ambient‐Noise Double Beamforming with a Temporary Linear Array
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Image
Development of the 3D fault representation. (a) Simplified surface traces of fault segments and associated dips. Surface control points were taken at the ends and center of each dip segment. (b) Example use of control points, projected to the basin floor and then to a depth of 20 km, from the East Bench fault. (c) Oblique view of Salt Lake basin with control points and meshed fault surface.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Development of the 3D fault representation. (a) Simplified surface traces o...

Published: 20 June 2017
, from the East Bench fault. (c) Oblique view of Salt Lake basin with control points and meshed fault surface.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
Image
Map of the Salt Lake basin showing known Quaternary surface faulting on the Wasatch fault zone and the surface trace of the WFSLC model. The mesh shows the 3D structure of the WFSLC with along-strike and along-dip distances in 1000-m contours. Letters represent the epicenter locations in the six rupture models. The outer rectangle shows the extent of the computational model used for FD simulations; the inner rectangle indicates the region shown in Figure 2. WSF, Warm Springs fault; EBF, East Bench fault; CS, Cottonwood section.

Map of the Salt Lake basin showing known Quaternary surface faulting on the...

Published: 01 October 2011
locations in the six rupture models. The outer rectangle shows the extent of the computational model used for FD simulations; the inner rectangle indicates the region shown in Figure  2 . WSF, Warm Springs fault; EBF, East Bench fault; CS, Cottonwood section.
Image
(a) Key active faults (red lines) along the Wasatch range front in central Utah (modified from DuRoss et al., 2016). Black lines show other Quaternary active faults. Black box represents the study area. (b) Bouguer gravity map for the Salt Lake basin showing northwest‐trending depth‐to‐bedrock contours (compiled by Roten et al., 2011) that support a linkage between the East Bench fault (EBF) and Warm Springs fault (WSF). Black box represents Figure 2 region. The green star represents the 2020 Magna earthquake epicenter. Historical seismicity (red circles) shows a focus on the west side of the valley. CF, Cottonwood fault.

(a) Key active faults (red lines) along the Wasatch range front in central ...

Published: 03 June 2021
‐to‐bedrock contours (compiled by Roten et al. , 2011 ) that support a linkage between the East Bench fault (EBF) and Warm Springs fault (WSF). Black box represents Figure  2 region. The green star represents the 2020 Magna earthquake epicenter. Historical seismicity (red circles) shows a focus on the west
Image
Street map of Salt Lake City (SLC) along 1700 South Street, showing station locations (black triangles) of the temporary network. The surface trace of the East Bench fault (EBF) of the Wasatch fault system is shown with black solid lines (McKean, 2018; McDonald et al., 2020). The retrogressive phases of the Provo shoreline are shown with dotted lines (McKean, 2018). The upside‐down triangle shows the virtual source station location used in the record sections of Figure 2. Few major streets mentioned in the Data and Methods section are identified. Inset plot: Map of western US where the location of Salt Lake City is indicated by a diamond.

Street map of Salt Lake City (SLC) along 1700 South Street, showing station...

Published: 10 March 2021
Figure 1. Street map of Salt Lake City (SLC) along 1700 South Street, showing station locations (black triangles) of the temporary network. The surface trace of the East Bench fault (EBF) of the Wasatch fault system is shown with black solid lines ( McKean, 2018 ; McDonald et al. , 2020
Image
Locations of figures, locales, and faults discussed throughout the article. Surficial faults are shown as solid, heavy black lines with bar and ball on down‐dropped side of faults (fault traces from the Utah Quaternary Fault and Fold Database [UGS, 2020]). Existing or known inferred basin faults from recent geologic mapping (Biek et al., 2007; Solomon et al., 2007; Clark et al., 2017; McKean, 2019; McKean and Hylland, 2019a; McKean et al., 2019) are shown as dashed lines. Cross section A–A′ shown in Figure 8. Hillshade basemap from Utah Automated Geographic Reference Center (AGRC, 2018). EBF, East Bench fault; EP, Ensign Peak; GF, Granger fault; HF, Harkers fault; KTI, Kennecott Utah Copper’s tailings impoundment; OGSLFZ, Oquirrh‐Great Salt Lake fault zone; OTF, reactivated Ogden thrust fault; SLS, Salt Lake salient; TF, Taylorsville fault; TFZ, Transverse fault zone; UNF, unnamed normal fault; WFZ‐SLCS, Wasatch fault zone‐Salt Lake City segment; WFZ‐WS, Wasatch fault zone‐Weber segment; WSF, Warm Springs fault; and WVFZ, West Valley fault zone.

Locations of figures, locales, and faults discussed throughout the article....

Published: 30 December 2020
Reference Center (AGRC, 2018) . EBF, East Bench fault; EP, Ensign Peak; GF, Granger fault; HF, Harkers fault; KTI, Kennecott Utah Copper’s tailings impoundment; OGSLFZ, Oquirrh‐Great Salt Lake fault zone; OTF, reactivated Ogden thrust fault; SLS, Salt Lake salient; TF, Taylorsville fault; TFZ, Transverse
Image
Fig. 10. Field sketches illustrating the structural styles at the outcrop scale. A. North-vergent anticline in barite and sulfides. Note complex folding in the forelimb. The 950? bench level, east pit Red Dog mine. B. Faulted, upright to inclined, asymmetric detachment folds in incompetent strata of the Etivluk Group are thrust over strongly cleaved shales of the Okpikruak Formation. Note outcrop-scale duplex structure in the immediate hanging wall and development of hanging-wall anticline and footwall syncline, 1000? bench level, east pit Red Dog mine. C. Small-scale footwall duplex in well-bedded lower Siksikpuk cherts beneath overthrust barite and sulfides. The 900? bench level, east pit Red Dog mine. D. Detail of oblique view of north-northeast–transported fault propagation folds. The 1025? bench level, east pit Red Dog mine.

F ig . 10. Field sketches illustrating the structural styles at the outcrop...

Published: 01 November 2004
F ig . 10. Field sketches illustrating the structural styles at the outcrop scale. A. North-vergent anticline in barite and sulfides. Note complex folding in the forelimb. The 950? bench level, east pit Red Dog mine. B. Faulted, upright to inclined, asymmetric detachment folds in incompetent strata
Image
(a) Looking east up the case‐study benched trench across the Wasatch fault in Alpine, Utah. (b) Same view of the 3D model of the south wall showing the aligned photographs (rectangles) and their look directions (vectors). Images are approximately orthogonal to the trench walls and acquired from three levels: in the base of the trench, on the opposite bench, and from the ground surface. The tripods are ∼1.5  m tall in both panels. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Looking east up the case‐study benched trench across the Wasatch fault ...

Published: 01 September 2015
Figure 2. (a) Looking east up the case‐study benched trench across the Wasatch fault in Alpine, Utah. (b) Same view of the 3D model of the south wall showing the aligned photographs (rectangles) and their look directions (vectors). Images are approximately orthogonal to the trench walls
Image
Scarp cited as evidence for active faulting east of Smyrna Bench. From West et al. (1996); reprinted with permission.

Scarp cited as evidence for active faulting east of Smyrna Bench. From Wes...

Published: 01 November 2012
Figure 12 Scarp cited as evidence for active faulting east of Smyrna Bench. From West et al. (1996) ; reprinted with permission.
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Map of the sites along Harris Road discussed in this article. The white box labeled “Site BFH1” is the footprint of trenches BFH1 West and BFH1 East. The three east–west trending lines within that white box correspond to the locations of the three logged trench faces: the south wall of BFH1 East, and the upper and lower benches of the south wall of BFH1 West. The upper bench was ∼1 m south of the lower bench in BFH1 West. Initially, a single slot trench was excavated across both faults, F1w and F1e. However, the initial trench collapsed within the vicinity of F1w due to the high water table. After logging the part of the initial trench that crossed F1e, we back-filled the trench and excavated the wider, shallower, benched trench (BFH1 West) across F1w. The white box labeled “Site BFH2” corresponds roughly to the location of the auger borehole profile at site BFH2.

Map of the sites along Harris Road discussed in this article. The white bo...

Published: 01 December 2006
of BFH1 East, and the upper and lower benches of the south wall of BFH1 West. The upper bench was ∼1 m south of the lower bench in BFH1 West. Initially, a single slot trench was excavated across both faults, F1w and F1e. However, the initial trench collapsed within the vicinity of F1w due to the high
Journal Article

A Broad, Distributed Active Fault Zone Lies beneath Salt Lake City, Utah

Lee M. Liberty, James St. Clair, Adam P. McKean
Published: 03 June 2021
The Seismic Record (2021) 1 (1): 35–45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0320210009
...‐to‐bedrock contours (compiled by Roten et al. , 2011 ) that support a linkage between the East Bench fault (EBF) and Warm Springs fault (WSF). Black box represents Figure  2 region. The green star represents the 2020 Magna earthquake epicenter. Historical seismicity (red circles) shows a focus on the west...
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Image
Figure 2. Relief and bathymetry of Cinarcik Basin (Rangin et al., 2001). This triangular half graben is bordered on north by arcuate transtensional segment of northern North Anatolian transform fault between Tuzla and Istanbul bends. This fault forms south-facing monocline on horizontal “bench” at base of footwall escarpment. Bench height and width (inset plot) decrease linearly westward and vanish near Istanbul bend. Bench narrows abruptly toward east across toe of large slump. Basin tilts toward depocenter at narrow eastern corner. Deepest part is maintained horizontal (−1265 to −1270 m) by turbidite sedimentation. It is surrounded by abandoned turbidite surface, which was deformed into three tilted panels separated by synclinal kinks (black and red arrows, respectively) and into bench on footwall side of fault. Bench and tilted panels reach ∼−1200 m, above which flanks of basin become steeper. Sharp truncation of channels at slope change (e.g., southern flank) is strong evidence for depositional contact. Contour-subparallel corrugations are probably from shallow-rooted low-displacement normal faults accommodating downslope motion of tilted turbidites (Stewart, 1999). Steep walls around basin are rocky outcrops subject to erosion (Armijo et al., 2005).

Figure 2. Relief and bathymetry of Cinarcik Basin ( Rangin et al., 2001 ). ...

Published: 01 November 2006
Figure 2. Relief and bathymetry of Cinarcik Basin ( Rangin et al., 2001 ). This triangular half graben is bordered on north by arcuate transtensional segment of northern North Anatolian transform fault between Tuzla and Istanbul bends. This fault forms south-facing monocline on horizontal “bench
Image
Photos of east-dipping Miocene sedimentary rocks at Pipeline mine (Fig. 2). Individual benches are roughly 10 m high. (A) Annotated and unannotated panorama of east-dipping, fanning-upward sequence of coarse clastic sedimentary rocks in fault contact with Lower Paleozoic carbonate. Individual benches about 10 m high. Pzlc = Lower plate of Roberts Mountains allochthon; Tms = Miocene sedimentary rocks. (B) Close-up of fault-bounded, more steeply dipping west side of section. Prominent dark gray band is tephra layer dated to 15.78 ± 0.17 Ma (sample JC09-CT322, Table 1). (C) Close-up of more gently dipping upper (east) part of section. Note thick, massive sand package (brown layer) underlying more well-bedded gray coarse conglomerate.

Photos of east-dipping Miocene sedimentary rocks at Pipeline mine ( Fig. 2 ...

Published: 01 November 2014
Fig. 10 Photos of east-dipping Miocene sedimentary rocks at Pipeline mine ( Fig. 2 ). Individual benches are roughly 10 m high. (A) Annotated and unannotated panorama of east-dipping, fanning-upward sequence of coarse clastic sedimentary rocks in fault contact with Lower Paleozoic carbonate
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(a) Schematic cross-section of a piedmont zone showing the postulated relationships among retreating mountain front or scarp, weathering pediment, suballuvial bench, and onlapping alluvial fan deposits. Facies assemblages are diachronous and their boundaries are parallel to the suballuvial bench. Based on Lawson (1915). (b) Schematic cross-section showing an eastward-sloping pediment that may have formed in the Cape Wrath area by scarp retreat during an initial cycle of erosion following uplift of the area along a fault to the east. (c) Schematic cross-section showing how a pediment in the Cape Wrath area may have been buried by alluvial fan deposits during a second cycle of erosion following uplift along a fault to the west. A suballuvial bench may have formed through retreat of the western fault scarp. The horizontal scale is for (b) and (c), vertical exaggeration c. × 8.

(a) Schematic cross-section of a piedmont zone showing the postulated relat...

Published: 01 July 2001
to the suballuvial bench. Based on Lawson (1915) . (b) Schematic cross-section showing an eastward-sloping pediment that may have formed in the Cape Wrath area by scarp retreat during an initial cycle of erosion following uplift of the area along a fault to the east. (c) Schematic cross-section showing how
Image
(a) Schematic cross-section of a piedmont zone showing the postulated relationships among retreating mountain front or scarp, weathering pediment, suballuvial bench, and onlapping alluvial fan deposits. Facies assemblages are diachronous and their boundaries are parallel to the suballuvial bench. Based on Lawson (1915). (b) Schematic cross-section showing an eastward-sloping pediment that may have formed in the Cape Wrath area by scarp retreat during an initial cycle of erosion following uplift of the area along a fault to the east. (c) Schematic cross-section showing how a pediment in the Cape Wrath area may have been buried by alluvial fan deposits during a second cycle of erosion following uplift along a fault to the west. A suballuvial bench may have formed through retreat of the western fault scarp. The horizontal scale is for (b) and (c), vertical exaggeration c. × 8.

(a) Schematic cross-section of a piedmont zone showing the postulated relat...

Published: 01 March 2001
to the suballuvial bench. Based on Lawson (1915) . (b) Schematic cross-section showing an eastward-sloping pediment that may have formed in the Cape Wrath area by scarp retreat during an initial cycle of erosion following uplift of the area along a fault to the east. (c) Schematic cross-section showing how
Journal Article

Twentieth-century crustal deformation in the Garlock fault–Slate Range area, southeastern California

GEORGE I. SMITH, JACK P. CHURCH
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 1980
GSA Bulletin (1980) 91 (9): 524–534.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<524:TCDITG>2.0.CO;2
..., in the southwest corner of the Great Basin, the north-northwest–trending Slate Range anticline and Argus–Slate Range syncline appear to be active where bench-mark lines cross them. South of the fault, the east-northeast–trending Dome Mountain anticline and Pilot Knob Valley syncline appear active. Maximum rates...
View PDF for article title, Twentieth-century crustal deformation in the Garlock <span class="search-highlight">fault</span>–Slate Range area, southeastern California
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Map showing the Warm Springs, East Bench, and Cottonwood sections of the SLCS and the WVFZ. Red lines indicate the surface traces of the two fault zones. The red arrows show the ends of the SLCS. Figure adopted from the Utah Geological Survey.

Map showing the Warm Springs, East Bench, and Cottonwood sections of the SL...

Published: 01 May 2024
Figure 1. Map showing the Warm Springs, East Bench, and Cottonwood sections of the SLCS and the WVFZ. Red lines indicate the surface traces of the two fault zones. The red arrows show the ends of the SLCS. Figure adopted from the Utah Geological Survey.
Journal Article

Stratigraphic and Structural Traps in Big Piney-La Barge Area, Wyoming: ABSTRACT

A. J. Gosar
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 June 1960
AAPG Bulletin (1960) 44 (6): 957.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/0BDA60B6-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D
... by the steep attitude of the La Barge thrust fault. Five benches are defined in the Second Frontier, four of which are lenticular in outline. The Second Bench of the Second Frontier provides the only true blanket sand in this entire interval. Muddy production appears to be controlled by variable sand...
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Journal Article

3D Ground‐Motion Simulations of M w 7 Earthquakes on the Salt Lake City Segment of the Wasatch Fault Zone: Variability of Long‐Period ( T ≥ 1 s ) Ground Motions and Sensitivity to Kinematic Rupture Parameters

Morgan P. Moschetti, Stephen Hartzell, Leonardo Ramírez‐Guzmán, Arthur D. Frankel, Stephen J. Angster, William J. Stephenson
Published: 20 June 2017
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2017) 107 (4): 1704–1723.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160307
..., from the East Bench fault. (c) Oblique view of Salt Lake basin with control points and meshed fault surface.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition. ...
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View PDF for article title, 3D Ground‐Motion Simulations of M w 7 Earthquakes on the Salt Lake City Segment of the Wasatch <span class="search-highlight">Fault</span> Zone: Variability of Long‐Period ( T ≥ 1 s ) Ground Motions and Sensitivity to Kinematic Rupture Parameters
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Journal Article

Geology of Stensvad Field, Montana, and Its Regional Geologic Setting, with Notes on Tyler Reservoir: ABSTRACT

Donald E. Dinkins
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 June 1960
AAPG Bulletin (1960) 44 (6): 955.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/0BDA60A4-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D
...Donald E. Dinkins ABSTRACT The Stensvad field is a fault-stratigraphic trap situated in an east plunging syncline. An east west fault limits the field to the south while stratigraphy controls the west and north limits. Pre-Alaska Bench post-Heath nomenclature has been, and is, very complicated due...
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