... points of the morphology of the Cystidea : Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology) , v. 34 , p. 1 – 52 . Gutiérrez-Marco , J.C. , 2000 . Revisión taxonómica de ‘ Echinosphaerites ’ murchisoni Verneuil y Barrande, 1855 (Echinodermata, Diploporita) del Ordovícico Medio centroibérico...

... questions because no questions rooted in evolutionary theory can be answered in the absence of a phylogeny. Consequently, placing Diploporita into a phylogenetic framework is critical for understanding their paleobiology. Diploporitans have long been considered one of the most problematic groups...

... that do not bear facets are not present, leaving only facetal plates A–E. Note the loss of A ambulacrum. Line drawing of Pustulocystis pentax Paul, 1971 (MUMG-T 226). Subphylum Blastozoa Sprinkle, 1973 Class Diploporita Müller, 1854 Superfamily Sphaeronitida Neumayr, 1889...

... branching of the ambulacra. The ontogenetic sequence was triradiate, then lateral ambulacra bifurcated, and finally second brachioles developed. Positions of second brachioles of pentaradiate glyptocystitoids code as AR, BL, CR, DL, ER. Other examples of Lovén's Law occur in Diploporita, Ophiuroidea...

... to the classes Asteroidea, Blastoidea, Crinoidea, Diploporita, Echinoidea, and Edrioasteroidea are used to assess the position of crinoids and blastozoans within competing echinoderm phylogenetic hypotheses. Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy of organic molecules in fossil extracts are used to compare...

... to communicate. In particular, many of the early echinoderm classes, including the Rhombifera, Diploporita, and Paracrinoidea, are informally known as cystoids [= blastozoans of Sprinkle (1973) or “cystoids sensu lato” of Paul (1988) , but broader than the class Cystoidea of Kesling (1967) ], a group...

... specimens limits the robustness of statistical analyses. This occurrence represents the first formal description of symbiotic pits on rhombiferans and indicates that at least four pelmatozoan classes (Crinoidea, Diploporita, Eocrinoidea, Rhombifera) were infested by pit-forming organisms. Symbiotic pits...

... and reposited. Subphylum Blastozoa Sprinkle, 1973 Class Diploporita Müller, 1854 Superfamily Sphaeronitida Neumayr, 1889 Family Holocystitidae Miller, 1889 Subfamily Trematocystinae Frest and Strimple in Frest et al., 2011 Genus Paulicystis Frest and Strimple...

... the paleobiogeography of extinct echinoderms to infer how they evolved and dispersed in response to major climatic perturbations. Of the blastozoan echinoderms, we primarily focus on the Diploporita in this study. Diploporitan echinoderms (Ordovician–Devonian) appeared in the fossil record in Lower Ordovician rocks...

... Ordovician global warming-the Boda event . Geology , 33 : 405 – 408 . doi:10.1130/G21180.1 . Frest , T.J. , Strimple , H. , and Paul , C.R.C. 2011 . The North American Holocystites Fauna (Echinodermata: Blastozoa: Diploporita): paleobiology and systematics . Bulletins of American...

... ). From Thomka & Brett (in press). Diploporita attachment structures encrustation Wenlock Holocystites fauna Diploporite ‘cystoids’ are a clade of early to middle Palaeozoic (Ordovician–Devonian) blastozoan echinoderms characterized by dipore-based respiratory structures...

... Limestone (Middle Ordovician), Missouri : Journal of Paleontology , v. 56 , p. 358 – 370 . Frest T.J. , Strimple H.L. , and Paul C.R.C. , 2011 , The North American Holocystites fauna (Echinodermata, Blastozoa: Diploporita): paleobiology and systematics : Bulletins...

... of the Holocystitidae of North America (Diploporita: Echinodermata) based on universal elemental homology: Journal of Paleontology. Smith A.B. , and Benson R.B.J. , 2013 , Marine diversity in the geological record, its relationship to surviving bedrock area, lithofacies diversity and original marine...

... 1973 ); for example, Diploporita possess diplopores (Paul 1972 ) and rhombiferans possess rhombs (Sprinkle 1973 ), but recent work has determined that many of these structures appear multiple times within Blastozoa, making the features homoplastic rather than homologous (see Sheffield and Sumrall...

... structures occurred first. Furthermore, the loss was commonly at the junction with the theca, so that entire structures were lost immediately rather than being degraded bit by bit from their tips. For example, in the Diploporita, no sphaeronitid is known with ambulacral appendages preserved...

..., Diploporita, and Echinoidea (Table 1), and indicate the full scope of their intended studies. Although some differences occur, the echinoderm classification presented in Austin and Austin was apparently the outline for the systematic portion of the entire planned monograph, “Austin’s Crinoidea.” Clearly, one...

... ‘ Echinosphaerites ’ murchisoni Verneuil y Barrande, 1855 (Echinodermata, Diploporita) del Ordovícico Medio centroibérica (España) . Geogaceta 27 , 83 – 6 . Gutiérrez-Marco , J. C. & Colmenar , J. 2011 . Biostratigraphy of the genus Calix (Echinodermata, Diploporita) in the Middle...