... protostomians to achieve biomineralization during the Terreneuvian Epoch, mainly the Fortunian Age. Fast evolutionary radiation within the Lophotrochozoa was followed by radiation of the sclerotized and biomineralized Ecdysozoa during Stage 3. The first mineralized skeletons of the Deuterostomia, represented...

... deuterostomes have been described from the Fortunian Stage of China (Han et al. 2017 ), and perhaps even the Ediacaran (Gehling, 1987 ; David et al. 2000 ), it seems that currently the most widely accepted first fossil occurrences of Deuterostomia are consigned to the Cambrian period. In particular, Stage...

... or are more closely related to one of the extant deuterostome subgroups (thus making them crown-group Deuterostomia) remains unclear. The bipartite division of the body had been argued to suggest affinities to tunicates ( Lacalli 2002 ), implying membership of Vetulicolia within Chordata. This systematic...

... Zealand inventory of biodiversity, Volume 1, Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, and Deuterostomia : Christchurch, New Zealand , Canterbury Press (in press) . Valentine , J.W. , 1989 , How good was the fossil record? Clues from the Californian Pleistocene : Paleobiology , v. 15 p...

...) and a lactate pathway, compared with the latter s single phosphagen and octopine pathway. Two observations can be made which simply relate to the phylogeny of the Animalia. (1) The presence of the lactate pathway in the Annelida and Arthropoda (Metameria) and in the Chordata and Echinodermata (Deuterostomia...

..., Deuterostomia . Canterbury University Press , Christchurch . Stanley S. M. 1970 . Relation of shell form to life habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) . Geological Society...

... phyla that originated in the Cambrian, that can only be subdivided into three major clades, the Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Deuterostomia ( Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ; Balavoine and Adoutte, 1998 ). Unfortunately, measures of tree comparison become more complex when trees with more than four taxa...

... of Invertebrates 6 : Deuterostomia : Wien, Springer , p. 1 – 58 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6_1 . Balser , E.J. , 2002 , Phylum Echinodermata: Crinoidea , in Young , C.M. , ed., Atlas of Marine Invertebrate Larvae : San Diego , Academic Press , p. 463 – 482 . Behrens...

... for the major phyla of Deuterostomia (Echinodermata and Vertebrata, including Conodontophorida) and many Protista (Foraminifera and Radiolaria), which exhibit a stunning variety of shapes and geometries. Endoskeletal spicules (sclerites) of different mineralogical composition evolved independently among several...

...., and Kitsos, M.-S., 2007 , The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighboring seas : Journal of Biological Research , v . 7 , p . 67 – 92 , doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011842...

... the bilaterian clades Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Deuterostomia. Figure 1. Composite phylogeny of the Metazoa. More inclusive clades discussed in the text are delimited by boxes or node designations. The basic topology is from the 18s rDNA and morphological analysis of Zrzavy et al. (1998...

... systematics have greatly advanced our understanding of the relationships within Metazoan lineages. Trees combining both molecular and morphological characters support the monophyly of the major Metazoan groups, Deuterostomia (Ambulacraria + Chordata) and Protostomia (Spiralia + Ecdysozoa), and support...

..., Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia) and the appearance of macroscopic representatives of these clades in the fossil record. As elaborated below, such macroevolutionary lags are not uncommon in plant and animal diversifications ( Erwin 2015 b ) and are consistent with current understanding of the early...

... mats, lace corals . Pp. 271 – 297 in D. P. Gordon , ed. New Zealand inventory of biodiversity , Vol. 1 . Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press , Christchurch . Herrera , A. , and J. B. C. Jackson . 1992 . Environmental...

.... , Bigey , F.P. (2009) Phylum Bryozoa: moss animals, sea mats, lace corals . In: Gordon D.P. (Ed), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, Volume 1, Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, pp. 271 – 297 . Hageman , S.J. , Bone , Y...

... of the U.S.S.R. have been placed in this Phylum by Sokolov (x967). In this context it is interesting that the Pogonophora may be Protostomia, related to annelids or at least an independent Phylum not as closely related to the Deuterostomia as had been thought previously (Norrevang I97O , Barrington 1974...

..., snails, squids, and kin : Chapter 10 in D. Gordon , ed. The New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity ; Vol. 1 . Kingdom Animalia : Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, and Deuterostomia . Canterbury University Press , Christchurch . Sutherland , R. , P. , King , R. , and Wood , 2001...

... unpublished). This “total evidence” tree supports the monophyly of both well-and newly-established nodes including all recognized phyla, Metazoa, Deuterostomia (represented here by echinoderms and hemichordates), Trochozoa (nemerteans, annelids, and molluscs), Platyzoa (the rotifer and the flatworm), Spiralia...

..., Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus), in decomposition and nutrient cycling in a tropical seagrass bed : Ecological Research , v. 2 , p. 19 – 29 . Koukouras , A. , Sinis , A.I. , Bobori , D. , Savas , K. , and Miltiadis-Spyridon , K. , 2007 , The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna...

... Bilateria of the form (Deuterostomia (Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa)), which is ample for this discussion. I also accept tentatively (Fig.  12 ) the sibling relationship between Cnidaria and Ctenophora proposed by Zhao et al . ( 2019 ) based on their careful analysis of putative Cambrian stem members...