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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
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Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Admiralty Bay (1)
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Africa
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Afar (3)
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Central Africa
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Angola (4)
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Congo (1)
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Congo River (1)
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Equatorial Guinea (1)
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Gabon (1)
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East Africa
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Eritrea (1)
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Ethiopia (1)
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Ethiopian Rift (1)
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (3)
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Nakuru Basin (1)
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Lake Natron (1)
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Lake Turkana (3)
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Mozambique (2)
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Tanzania
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Olduvai Gorge (1)
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Turkana Basin (1)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Tanganyika (4)
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East African Rift (10)
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Gregory Rift (2)
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Limpopo Belt (1)
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Madagascar (1)
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Nile River (5)
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North Africa
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Algeria (5)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (2)
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High Atlas (4)
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Egypt
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Alexandria Egypt (1)
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Eastern Desert (7)
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Libya
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (2)
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Rif (1)
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Tunisia (5)
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Sahara (3)
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Southern Africa
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Kaapvaal Craton (3)
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Karoo Basin (12)
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Namibia
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Walvis Bay (1)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (1)
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Cape fold belt (4)
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Cape Province region (1)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa
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Cape Town South Africa (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Barberton South Africa (1)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa (2)
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North-West Province South Africa (1)
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Western Cape Province South Africa (3)
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West Africa
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Benue Valley (1)
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Cameroon (1)
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Ghana (4)
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Ivory Coast (5)
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Liberia (1)
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Nigeria
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Sierra Leone (1)
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Zimbabwe Craton (1)
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East Antarctica (3)
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Victoria Land
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Russian Arctic
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Arran (1)
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Asia
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Altai Russian Federation
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Central Asia
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Pamirs (3)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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Burma (4)
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China
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Fujian China (1)
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Guizhou China (9)
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Hebei China
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Heilongjiang China
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Henan China (4)
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Hubei China
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Hunan China (1)
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Inner Mongolia China (1)
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Jiangxi China (1)
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Kunlun Fault (2)
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Liaoning China
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Meishan China (2)
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Nanpanjiang Basin (3)
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North China Platform (4)
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Ordos Basin (5)
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Qinghai China (4)
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Qinling Mountains (3)
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Shandong China
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Dongying Depression (3)
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Jiyang Depression (1)
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Shanxi China (2)
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Sichuan Basin (7)
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Sichuan China
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Songliao Basin (3)
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Japan
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India
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Ghats
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Saurashtra (1)
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Karnataka India
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Maharashtra India
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Northeastern India
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Orissa India (2)
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Southern Granulite Terrain (1)
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Iowa
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Michigan
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Missouri
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New York
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North Carolina
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Texas
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Wyoming
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commodities
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brines (43)
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placers
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potash (2)
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tight sands (2)
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water resources (18)
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-
elements, isotopes
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boron
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B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
carbon
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C-13 (4)
-
C-13/C-12 (151)
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C-14 (120)
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C-14/C-12 (2)
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organic carbon (36)
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chemical elements (3)
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chemical ratios (13)
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halogens
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bromine
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bromide ion (1)
-
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chlorine
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chloride ion (6)
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Cl-36 (9)
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Cl-37/Cl-35 (1)
-
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fluorine
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fluoride ion (1)
-
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iodine
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I-129 (1)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (21)
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deuterium (6)
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tritium (3)
-
-
isotope ratios (253)
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (5)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Be-10 (17)
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Be-7 (2)
-
C-14 (120)
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C-14/C-12 (2)
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Cl-36 (9)
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Cs-137 (13)
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I-129 (1)
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K-40 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Pa-231 (2)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (6)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
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Pb-210 (24)
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Ra-226 (6)
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Ra-228 (1)
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Ra-228/Ra-226 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Rn-220 (1)
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Rn-222 (3)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
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Th-228 (1)
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Th-230 (4)
-
Th-232 (1)
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-
tritium (3)
-
U-234 (3)
-
U-238 (3)
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
U-238/U-235 (1)
-
Zn-65 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
C-13 (4)
-
C-13/C-12 (151)
-
C-14/C-12 (2)
-
Ca-44/Ca-40 (2)
-
Cl-37/Cl-35 (1)
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
-
Cu-65 (1)
-
D/H (21)
-
deuterium (6)
-
Fe-54 (1)
-
Fe-56 (1)
-
He-3 (3)
-
He-4 (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
Li-6 (1)
-
Li-7 (1)
-
Li-7/Li-6 (2)
-
Mg-25/Mg-24 (1)
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (4)
-
N-15/N-14 (8)
-
Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (20)
-
Ni-60 (1)
-
O-16 (1)
-
O-17/O-16 (1)
-
O-18 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (112)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (33)
-
Si-29/Si-28 (1)
-
Si-30/Si-28 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (52)
-
W-182 (1)
-
Zn-66 (1)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (1)
-
Lu/Hf (2)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
protactinium
-
Pa-231 (2)
-
-
thorium
-
Th-228 (1)
-
Th-230 (4)
-
Th-232 (1)
-
Th-234 (2)
-
-
uranium
-
U-234 (3)
-
U-238 (3)
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
U-238/U-235 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (13)
-
-
lithium
-
Li-6 (1)
-
Li-7 (1)
-
Li-7/Li-6 (2)
-
-
potassium
-
K-40 (1)
-
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
sodium (6)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium
-
Ba/Ca (1)
-
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (17)
-
Be-7 (2)
-
-
calcium
-
Ba/Ca (1)
-
Ca-44/Ca-40 (2)
-
Mg/Ca (6)
-
Sr/Ca (3)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (6)
-
Mg-25/Mg-24 (1)
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (4)
-
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (6)
-
Ra-228 (1)
-
Ra-228/Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr/Ca (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (52)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (5)
-
-
antimony (2)
-
arsenic (4)
-
cadmium (6)
-
chromium
-
Cr-53/Cr-52 (1)
-
-
cobalt (6)
-
copper
-
Cu-65 (1)
-
-
gold (4)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
-
indium (1)
-
iron
-
Fe-54 (1)
-
Fe-56 (1)
-
ferric iron (5)
-
ferrous iron (6)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-210 (24)
-
-
manganese (9)
-
mercury (5)
-
molybdenum (11)
-
nickel
-
Ni-60 (1)
-
-
niobium (1)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
-
-
precious metals (3)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (2)
-
lanthanum (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (20)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (2)
-
-
silver (2)
-
thallium (1)
-
tin (2)
-
titanium (1)
-
tungsten
-
W-182 (1)
-
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vanadium (2)
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N-15/N-14 (8)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (12)
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O-18/O-16 (112)
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selenium (2)
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Si-29/Si-28 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (33)
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Mammalia
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Primates
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Proboscidea
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Rodentia
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Ichthyosauria
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Synapsida
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Testudinata (1)
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Insecta
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Inarticulata (1)
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Crinozoa
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Pterioida
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Pectinacea
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Cephalopoda
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Coleoidea
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Porifera
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Protista
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Miliolina
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Rotaliina
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Uvigerinidae
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Uvigerina
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Uvigerina peregrina (2)
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Cassidulinacea
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Anomalinidae
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Cibicidoides (3)
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Cassidulina (4)
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Globocassidulina (2)
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Globigerinacea
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Globigerinidae
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Globigerina (1)
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Globigerinoides
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Globigerinoides ruber (1)
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Neogloboquadrina
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (4)
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Nodosariacea
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Nodosariidae
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Lenticulina (1)
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Orbitoidacea
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Amphistegina (3)
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Cibicides (3)
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Discocyclina (1)
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Rotaliacea
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Ammonia
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Ammonia beccarii (4)
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Elphidium
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Elphidium excavatum (5)
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Heterostegina
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Heterostegina depressa (2)
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Nummulitidae
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Nummulites
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Operculina (2)
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-
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea
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Ammobaculites (1)
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Lituolidae
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Trochammina (3)
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Radiolaria (9)
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Thecamoeba (3)
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Vermes
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Polychaeta
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Metazoa (3)
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microfossils
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Conodonta
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Hindeodus (1)
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae
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Triticites
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Triticites ventricosus (1)
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Leperditicopida (1)
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problematic microfossils (4)
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palynomorphs
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pollen (44)
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Plantae
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Codiaceae
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Tasmanites (2)
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Emiliania
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Emiliania huxleyi (1)
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diatoms (21)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (4)
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Bryophyta
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Musci (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Dicroidium (2)
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Lycopsida
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Sphenopsida
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Spermatophyta
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Pinaceae
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Cordaitales
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Cycadales (1)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (2)
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Pteridospermae (7)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (4)
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prokaryotes (1)
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Tardigrada (1)
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thallophytes (4)
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tracks (10)
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trails (2)
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geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (9)
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Ar/Ar (50)
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exposure age (14)
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fission-track dating (9)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (4)
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paleomagnetism (58)
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tree rings (7)
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uranium disequilibrium (13)
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geologic age
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Anthropocene (1)
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Cenozoic
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Bakhtiari Formation (2)
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Bronze Age (6)
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Caloosahatchee Formation (1)
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Chalcolithic (1)
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Iron Age (2)
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Quaternary
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Cordilleran ice sheet (3)
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Holocene
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Boreal (1)
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Medieval Warm Period (1)
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middle Holocene (7)
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Neoglacial
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Neolithic (3)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (2)
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Roman period (7)
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-
-
Mazama Ash (1)
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Pleistocene
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Blackwater Draw Formation (1)
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Illinoian (2)
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Lake Lahontan (1)
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Lake Missoula (4)
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lower Pleistocene
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Calabrian (1)
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Gelasian (2)
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Olduvai Subchron (2)
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Matuyama Chron (1)
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middle Pleistocene (7)
-
upper Pleistocene
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Devensian
-
upper Devensian (1)
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Hoxnian (1)
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Lake Lisan (9)
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Lisan Formation (13)
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Weichselian
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Loch Lomond Stade (1)
-
upper Weichselian
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Allerod (1)
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Bolling (1)
-
Younger Dryas (14)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
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Lavery Till (1)
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upper Wisconsinan (3)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Pinedale Glaciation (1)
-
-
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Siwalik System (1)
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Stone Age
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Mesolithic (1)
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Neolithic (3)
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Paleolithic
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Acheulian (1)
-
upper Paleolithic (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Esna Shale (2)
-
Florissant Lake Beds (3)
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
-
lower Tertiary (6)
-
Maikop Series (2)
-
Neogene
-
Hazeva Formation (2)
-
Miocene
-
Astoria Formation (1)
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Barstow Formation (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (4)
-
Crater Flat Tuff (1)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (1)
-
lower Miocene
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Burdigalian (2)
-
-
middle Miocene
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Badenian (2)
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Grund Formation (1)
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Langhian (1)
-
-
Ngorora Formation (1)
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Paintbrush Tuff (2)
-
Puerto Madryn Formation (2)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
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Tiva Canyon Member (3)
-
Topopah Spring Member (2)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (6)
-
-
Santa Margarita Formation (2)
-
Tortonian (4)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (1)
-
-
Pliocene
-
Bowden Formation (1)
-
lower Pliocene
-
Zanclean (2)
-
-
upper Pliocene (7)
-
-
upper Neogene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Barail Group (1)
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Dongying Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Annot Sandstone (1)
-
Avon Park Formation (1)
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Bridger Formation (2)
-
Bridgerian (1)
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Chuckanut Formation (1)
-
Dammam Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (9)
-
Lake Gosiute (2)
-
lower Eocene
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Thebes Formation (3)
-
Willwood Formation (2)
-
Ypresian (6)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (2)
-
Claiborne Group (1)
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Laney Shale Member (1)
-
Lutetian (2)
-
-
Parachute Creek Member (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
La Meseta Formation (1)
-
Priabonian (3)
-
-
Wilkins Peak Member (3)
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Boom Clay (2)
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Frio Formation (2)
-
Glendon Limestone (1)
-
Hemlock Conglomerate (1)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (3)
-
-
middle Oligocene
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Marianna Limestone (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene (4)
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (4)
-
K-T boundary (9)
-
-
Nacimiento Formation (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
Tullock Member (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Tiffanian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2)
-
Tyonek Formation (1)
-
upper Paleogene (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
White River Group (1)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (3)
-
upper Tertiary (4)
-
Vaqueros Formation (1)
-
Zambales Ophiolite (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Karewa Group (1)
-
Pinecrest Beds (1)
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Coal Measures (2)
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (8)
-
Mesozoic
-
Antalya Complex (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Judea Group (2)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (3)
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (2)
-
-
Aptian
-
Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
Barremian (3)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Bluesky Formation (2)
-
Cloverly Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (2)
-
Isachsen Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (3)
-
McMurray Formation (2)
-
Mowry Shale (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Pearsall Formation (1)
-
Speeton Clay (1)
-
Torok Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Urgonian (1)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
Wealden (1)
-
Zubair Formation (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (2)
-
Middle Cretaceous (4)
-
Mishash Formation (3)
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Shiranish Formation (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (3)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (2)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (2)
-
lower Campanian (2)
-
upper Campanian (2)
-
-
Carlile Shale (2)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (2)
-
Cenomanian (7)
-
Cody Shale (1)
-
Coniacian (6)
-
Djadokhta Formation (1)
-
Duwi Formation (2)
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Frontier Formation (1)
-
Gallup Sandstone (1)
-
Ghareb Formation (3)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (4)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (4)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
Judith River Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (9)
-
La Luna Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (2)
-
Maestrichtian
-
upper Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Marshalltown Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (3)
-
Milk River Formation (1)
-
Mooreville Chalk (1)
-
Navesink Formation (1)
-
Neuquen Group (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Ojo Alamo Sandstone (1)
-
Pierre Shale (5)
-
Ripley Formation (1)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (1)
-
Santonian (4)
-
Senonian (14)
-
Sharon Springs Member (1)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (1)
-
Sussex Sandstone Member (1)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (3)
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
upper Turonian (1)
-
-
Williams Fork Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (3)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Bazhenov Formation (4)
-
Heather Formation (2)
-
Kingak Shale (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Dunlin Group (1)
-
Hettangian (2)
-
lower Liassic (4)
-
middle Liassic (2)
-
Nordegg Member (1)
-
Pliensbachian (3)
-
Sinemurian (2)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (2)
-
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (4)
-
upper Liassic (3)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (2)
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (1)
-
Etive Formation (2)
-
Ness Formation (1)
-
Rannoch Formation (1)
-
Tarbert Formation (1)
-
-
Bathonian
-
Great Oolite Group (1)
-
-
Callovian (4)
-
Dogger (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (3)
-
Opalinus Clay (1)
-
Oxford Clay (4)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (3)
-
Fulmar Formation (2)
-
Haynesville Formation (1)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (3)
-
Kimmeridgian (2)
-
Morrison Formation (2)
-
Naknek Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Portlandian (2)
-
Smackover Formation (6)
-
Sundance Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (6)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
Kunga Group (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
Maiolica Limestone (3)
-
Navajo Sandstone (2)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Pucara Group (1)
-
Triassic
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Dinwoody Formation (1)
-
Griesbachian (2)
-
Olenekian (2)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (23)
-
Smithian (1)
-
Spathian (2)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (4)
-
Ladinian (4)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
Red Peak Formation (1)
-
Shublik Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Chinle Formation (2)
-
Keuper (2)
-
Norian (1)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (3)
-
-
Sag River Sandstone (1)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (4)
-
Yanchang Formation (3)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
Wingate Sandstone (1)
-
Yanshanian (2)
-
-
MIS 11 (1)
-
MIS 2 (3)
-
MIS 5 (3)
-
MIS 6 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Carrara Formation (1)
-
Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lancara Formation (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Terreneuvian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (3)
-
Flathead Sandstone (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Copper Ridge Dolomite (1)
-
Furongian
-
Paibian (1)
-
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (2)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Huanglong Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (4)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (2)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (3)
-
Osagian
-
Burlington Limestone (2)
-
Keokuk Limestone (2)
-
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
Great Scar Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Salem Limestone (1)
-
Warsaw Formation (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (4)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (6)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Conemaugh Group (2)
-
Cumberland Group (1)
-
Joggins Formation (3)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Mattoon Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (1)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Cherokee Group (1)
-
-
Kewanee Group (1)
-
Moscovian (2)
-
Paradox Formation (1)
-
-
Monongahela Group (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Strawn Series (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Canyon Group (1)
-
Cisco Group (1)
-
Glenshaw Formation (1)
-
Kasimovian (1)
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (1)
-
Lecompton Limestone (1)
-
Oread Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (2)
-
Westphalian (5)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Guilmette Formation (2)
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (2)
-
Shap Granite (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Cedar Valley Formation (1)
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Eifelian (3)
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Givetian (5)
-
Hamilton Group (3)
-
Marcellus Shale (4)
-
Moscow Formation (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
Prairie Evaporite (2)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (2)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Ramparts Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (3)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Domanik Formation (1)
-
Duperow Formation (2)
-
Famennian
-
lower Famennian (2)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
upper Frasnian (3)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Kellwasser event (2)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
Waterways Formation (2)
-
-
Dunkard Group (2)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (3)
-
New Albany Shale (2)
-
Ordovician
-
Buchans Group (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (2)
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Fillmore Formation (2)
-
Ibexian (2)
-
Manitou Formation (1)
-
Tremadocian (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (1)
-
Darriwilian (2)
-
Decorah Shale (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
Llanvirnian (2)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Caradocian (1)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (1)
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Fairview Formation (3)
-
Hirnantian (3)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Katian (6)
-
Kope Formation (4)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (2)
-
Yeoman Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Paganzo Group (1)
-
Permian
-
Cutler Formation (1)
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Gharif Formation (2)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Roadian (1)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Hughes Creek Shale (1)
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Barakar Stage (2)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (3)
-
Asselian (1)
-
Kungurian (3)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
Leonardian
-
Clear Fork Group (1)
-
-
Opeche Shale (1)
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (7)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Unayzah Formation (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (4)
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (23)
-
Zechstein (6)
-
-
Wellington Formation (1)
-
Whitehill Formation (1)
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lockport Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (2)
-
Grimsby Sandstone (1)
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (1)
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
Tuscarora Formation (2)
-
Wenlock
-
Sheinwoodian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Rochester Formation (2)
-
-
Niagaran (4)
-
Perry Mountain Formation (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Salina Group (4)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (2)
-
Dwyka Formation (2)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (1)
-
Woodford Shale (2)
-
-
Phanerozoic (21)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Gilman Formation (1)
-
Neoarchean (6)
-
Paleoarchean (3)
-
Warrawoona Group (1)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (1)
-
Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
-
Cuddapah System (1)
-
Hadean (2)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Hazel Formation (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
Hutuo Group (1)
-
Malmani Subgroup (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Missoula Group (1)
-
Ravalli Group (1)
-
Revett Quartzite (2)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran (24)
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Riphean (2)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
Vendian (12)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Michigamme Formation (1)
-
Rustenburg Layered Suite (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (1)
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
kimberlite (6)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (1)
-
tonalite (2)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (9)
-
granites
-
A-type granites (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
-
granodiorites (2)
-
lamprophyres (2)
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (2)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (4)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (3)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite (3)
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (7)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (1)
-
mugearite (1)
-
trachybasalts (1)
-
-
flood basalts (3)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (9)
-
ocean-island basalts (9)
-
tholeiite (2)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (1)
-
-
dacites (4)
-
glasses
-
obsidian (1)
-
volcanic glass (1)
-
-
meimechite (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (8)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
scoria (2)
-
tuff (10)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites
-
pantellerite (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (1)
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (26)
-
volcanic ash (10)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metabentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (1)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (7)
-
gneisses
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (4)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (1)
-
hornfels (4)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia (1)
-
-
marbles (10)
-
metacarbonate rocks (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metagabbro (1)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metapelite (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (3)
-
skarn (2)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (6)
-
migmatites (3)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (2)
-
-
phyllites (1)
-
quartzites (6)
-
schists
-
blueschist (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (26)
-
turbidite (28)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
iron meteorites
-
octahedrite
-
Canyon Diablo Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
stony irons
-
pallasite (1)
-
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
angrite (1)
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
chassignite
-
Chassigny Meteorite (1)
-
-
nakhlite
-
Nakhla Meteorite (1)
-
-
shergottite (1)
-
-
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CM chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alabaster (1)
-
alloys
-
carbides
-
moissanite (1)
-
-
nitrides (2)
-
phosphides
-
schreibersite (2)
-
-
-
arsenates (1)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (1)
-
aragonite (11)
-
calcite (68)
-
dolomite (25)
-
huntite (1)
-
hydromagnesite (1)
-
ikaite (1)
-
kutnohorite (1)
-
nahcolite (2)
-
norsethite (1)
-
siderite (1)
-
smithsonite (1)
-
spurrite (7)
-
trona (1)
-
-
chromates (2)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
atacamite (1)
-
halite (29)
-
sylvite (3)
-
-
fluorides
-
cryolite (1)
-
fluorite (1)
-
humite (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (2)
-
iron minerals (1)
-
manganese minerals (1)
-
metabentonite (1)
-
minerals (11)
-
native elements
-
diamond (2)
-
fullerene (1)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
nitrates (1)
-
onyx (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (2)
-
ozocerite (1)
-
-
oxalates (1)
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
birnessite (2)
-
brucite (1)
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
chromite (1)
-
corundum (3)
-
cuprite (1)
-
ferrihydrite (2)
-
germanates (1)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
goethite (3)
-
hematite (9)
-
hercynite (1)
-
hibonite (2)
-
hollandite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (2)
-
-
iron oxides (7)
-
maghemite (1)
-
magnesioferrite (4)
-
magnetite (4)
-
manganese oxides (1)
-
martite (1)
-
niobates
-
loparite (1)
-
-
periclase (3)
-
perovskite (6)
-
spinel (2)
-
tantalates
-
microlite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
titanomagnetite (3)
-
trevorite (1)
-
uraninite (3)
-
vernadite (1)
-
zincite (2)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (18)
-
fluorapatite (9)
-
francolite (2)
-
merrillite (2)
-
monazite (6)
-
whitlockite (1)
-
xenotime (2)
-
-
selenates (1)
-
selenides (1)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (2)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group (1)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (3)
-
jadeite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (4)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
celsian (2)
-
K-feldspar (3)
-
microcline (1)
-
orthoclase (1)
-
perthite (1)
-
sanidine (5)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
celsian (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
anorthite (1)
-
labradorite (1)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
kalsilite (2)
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
agate (1)
-
amethyst (1)
-
carnelian (1)
-
chalcedony (2)
-
chrysoprase (1)
-
coesite (1)
-
cristobalite (1)
-
jasper (1)
-
moganite (2)
-
opal
-
opal-A (5)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
smoky quartz (1)
-
-
stishovite (1)
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
phillipsite (2)
-
-
-
magnesian silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
chondrodite (1)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (1)
-
andradite (5)
-
grossular (1)
-
majorite (1)
-
pyrope (1)
-
schorlomite (1)
-
uvarovite (1)
-
-
humite (1)
-
larnite (14)
-
merwinite (2)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (1)
-
forsterite (1)
-
olivine (7)
-
-
spurrite (7)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (2)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (59)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
hemimorphite (1)
-
melilite group
-
gehlenite (9)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates (1)
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chamosite (2)
-
chlorite (9)
-
-
clay minerals
-
beidellite (1)
-
halloysite (2)
-
imogolite (1)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 119
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Carboniferous
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Huanglong Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (4)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (2)
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Boone Formation (1)
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (3)
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Osagian
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Burlington Limestone (2)
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Keokuk Limestone (2)
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Tournaisian
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upper Tournaisian (1)
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-
-
Middle Mississippian
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Visean
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Great Scar Limestone (1)
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-
-
Upper Mississippian
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Hartselle Sandstone (1)
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Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
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Meramecian
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Salem Limestone (1)
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Warsaw Formation (1)
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Serpukhovian (4)
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Windsor Group (1)
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Namurian (6)
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Pennsylvanian
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Conemaugh Group (2)
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Cumberland Group (1)
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Joggins Formation (3)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
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Mattoon Formation (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (1)
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Desmoinesian
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Cherokee Group (1)
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Kewanee Group (1)
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Moscovian (2)
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Paradox Formation (1)
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-
Monongahela Group (1)
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Pottsville Group (1)
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Strawn Series (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Canyon Group (1)
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Cisco Group (1)
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Glenshaw Formation (1)
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Kasimovian (1)
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Virgilian
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Douglas Group (1)
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Lecompton Limestone (1)
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Oread Limestone (1)
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-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Millstone Grit (2)
-
Westphalian (5)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
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Devonian
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Guilmette Formation (2)
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Keg River Formation (1)
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (2)
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Shap Granite (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Cedar Valley Formation (1)
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Dundee Limestone (1)
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Eifelian (3)
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Elk Point Group (1)
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Givetian (5)
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Hamilton Group (3)
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Marcellus Shale (4)
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Moscow Formation (2)
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Onondaga Limestone (1)
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Prairie Evaporite (2)
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Winnipegosis Formation (2)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (3)
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Ramparts Formation (1)
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Swan Hills Formation (3)
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Upper Devonian
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Domanik Formation (1)
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Duperow Formation (2)
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Famennian
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lower Famennian (2)
-
-
Frasnian
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Leduc Formation (1)
-
upper Frasnian (3)
-
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Kellwasser event (2)
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Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
Waterways Formation (2)
-
-
Dunkard Group (2)
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Ellis Bay Formation (1)
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Knox Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
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Conococheague Formation (1)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (3)
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New Albany Shale (2)
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Ordovician
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Buchans Group (1)
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Eureka Quartzite (1)
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian (2)
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Beekmantown Group (1)
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Fillmore Formation (2)
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Ibexian (2)
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Manitou Formation (1)
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Tremadocian (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Bromide Formation (1)
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Darriwilian (2)
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Decorah Shale (1)
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Galena Dolomite (1)
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Llanvirnian (2)
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Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
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Whiterockian (1)
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Trenton Group (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (1)
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Caradocian (1)
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Cincinnatian
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Maysvillian (1)
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Richmondian (1)
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-
Fairview Formation (3)
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Hirnantian (3)
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Juniata Formation (1)
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Katian (6)
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Kope Formation (4)
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Mohawkian (1)
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Red River Formation (1)
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Sandbian (1)
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Wufeng Formation (2)
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Yeoman Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
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Paganzo Group (1)
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Permian
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Cutler Formation (1)
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Ecca Group (2)
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Gharif Formation (2)
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Guadalupian
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Bell Canyon Formation (1)
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Capitanian (2)
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Roadian (1)
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Tansill Formation (1)
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Wordian (1)
-
-
Hughes Creek Shale (1)
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Khuff Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Barakar Stage (2)
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (3)
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Asselian (1)
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Kungurian (3)
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Sakmarian (1)
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Leonardian
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Clear Fork Group (1)
-
-
Opeche Shale (1)
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Qixia Formation (1)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
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Maokou Formation (1)
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Middle Permian (7)
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Rotliegendes (2)
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Unayzah Formation (2)
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Upper Permian
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Changxing Formation (1)
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (4)
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Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (23)
-
Zechstein (6)
-
-
Wellington Formation (1)
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Whitehill Formation (1)
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Yates Formation (1)
-
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Silurian
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Lockport Formation (1)
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Lower Silurian
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Brassfield Formation (2)
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Grimsby Sandstone (1)
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Llandovery
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Aeronian (1)
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Rhuddanian (1)
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-
Tuscarora Formation (2)
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Wenlock
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Sheinwoodian (1)
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-
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Middle Silurian
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Rochester Formation (2)
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Niagaran (4)
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Perry Mountain Formation (1)
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Upper Silurian
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Cayugan
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Tonoloway Limestone (1)
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Ludlow (1)
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Salina Group (4)
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-
-
Taiyuan Formation (1)
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Tensleep Sandstone (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Antrim Shale (1)
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Bakken Formation (2)
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Dwyka Formation (2)
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Weber Sandstone (1)
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Woodford Shale (2)
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Tasmanites (2)
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diatoms (21)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae (4)
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Bryophyta
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Musci (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Dicroidium (2)
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Lycopsida
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Cordaitales
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Pteridospermae (7)
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plate tectonics (280)
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Precambrian
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Warrawoona Group (1)
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Brockman Iron Formation (1)
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Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
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Cuddapah System (1)
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Hadean (2)
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Hamersley Group (1)
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Hazel Formation (1)
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Stillwater Complex (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
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Uinta Mountain Group (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Athabasca Formation (1)
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Revett Quartzite (2)
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (1)
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Dengying Formation (2)
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Doushantuo Formation (2)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Michigamme Formation (1)
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Rustenburg Layered Suite (1)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (2)
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Doushantuo Formation (2)
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Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
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Waterberg System (1)
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problematic fossils
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arkose (2)
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laterites (1)
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Dead Sea basin
Basin-scale migration of continental-rift brines: Paleohydrologic modeling of the Dead Sea basin Available to Purchase
Coseismic horizontal slip revealed by sheared clastic dikes in the Dead Sea Basin Available to Purchase
Simulation of Seismic‐Wave Propagation through Geometrically Complex Basins: The Dead Sea Basin Available to Purchase
A large-scale radial pattern of seismogenic slumping towards the Dead Sea Basin Available to Purchase
Modeling the Sensitivity to Environmental Controls of the Late Pleistocene Lacustrine Delta Sequences in the Dead Sea Basin Available to Purchase
Abstract The late Pleistocene in the Dead Sea Basin is one of the most studied and well-dated under-filled lacustrine deposits in the world and therefore provides a unique opportunity for analyzing individual controlling factors by applying field data into a forward model. The analysis of the depositional history of basins commonly shows a nonunique solution caused by the interdependence of the depositional controlling factors. This can be demonstrated by modeling stratigraphic successions that were constructed using different sedimentary and tectonic values but visually look the same. Here, we used the computer forward simulation SEDPAK to reconstruct the stratigraphic sequences observed in the field using multiple data sets that were established for these deposits. By applying a high-resolution lake level curve, subsidence history, and depositional rates in the offshore sections, we reduced the uncertainties of the model that match outcrop observations. We were then able to test the sensitivity of the simulated cross section to changes in individual parameters and evaluate the contribution of each of them to the result. This allows checking for errors and locations where more data are needed. It also provides insights into the distribution and character of potential hydrocarbon reservoir facies.
Climatic changes during the Pliocene as observed from climate-sensitive rocks and clay minerals of the Sedom formation, the Dead Sea Basin Available to Purchase
Evolution of the Late Pleistocene–Holocene Dead Sea Basin from Sequence Statigraphy of Fan Deltas and Lake-Level Reconstruction Available to Purchase
The structure and development of the Dead Sea basin: Recent studies Available to Purchase
Recent studies on the evolution of the Dead Sea basin have shed light on the intricate tectonic regime of the area. Combined with newly available data from Jordan, a new picture of a symmetrical deep basin is emerging. Salt is prevalent over the entire width of the basin in the south. The original thickness of this layer was calculated to be ∼2 km, but at present it does not exceed 900 m. Crustal studies indicate a difference between the southern and northern basins, which are separated by a large, normal fault. Depth to the basement in the northern basin is estimated to be 6–8 km, while that of the southern basin is 12 km. Relocation of deep earthquakes revealed that the majority of well-constrained micro-earthquakes (M L ≤ 3.2) occurred at depths much deeper than previously expected (20–32 km). Seismicity and the low value of regional heat flow suggest that the lower crust might be cool and brittle. A lithospheric strength profile was calculated, indicating a narrow brittle-to-ductile transition at a depth of 31 km. Uplift measurements, submersible studies, and combined geological-geophysical mapping are some of the new techniques applied to the area to solve the complex neotectonic structure. Results indicate that the southern and northern basins are both currently active. In addition to tectonics, activity is also inferred by the presence of salt diapirs, whose uplift or subsidence may be related to current motion along active faults. Discrepancies in earthquake-reoccurrence times may indicate that the main fault in the northern Dead Sea basin, the Jericho fault (also known as the Jordan fault), is segmented, or that earthquakes occur in clusters. One such segment is responsible for the formation of a small subbasin on the northwestern shore of the lake, the Qumran basin, whose complex neotectonic regime includes strike-slip, reverse and normal faulting, folding, right bending splays, and a migrating depocenter. Recent global positioning system measurements provide slip-rates of 2.6–3.8 mm/yr for the current plate motion in this area. An open crack between the seafloor and a sharp bathymetric cliff in the lake provides visual evidence for this motion, while data from shallow seismic surveys present paleoseismic information on this activity.
Quaternary rise of the Sedom diapir, Dead Sea basin Available to Purchase
Mount Sedom is the surface expression of a salt diapir that has emerged since the Pleistocene in the southwestern part of the Dead Sea basin. Milestones in the uplift history of the Sedom salt diapir since its inception were deduced from angular and erosional unconformities, thickness variations, caprock formation, chemistry and isotope composition of lacustrine aragonite, cave morphology, precise leveling, and satellite geodesy. Thickness variations of the overburden observed in transverse seismic lines suggest that significant growth of the Sedom diapir may have initiated only after this thickness exceeded ∼2400 m in the Late Pliocene. The formation of the caprock signifies the arrival of the Sedom diapir from depth to the dissolution level between 300,000–100,000 yr B.P. During this period and later, angular and erosional unconformities in the upper part of the overburden near Mount Sedom are attributed to the piercing diapir. Rapid solution of rock salt from parts of Mount Sedom inundated by Lake Lisan after ca. 40,000 yr B.P. is inferred from Na/Ca ratios in aragonite and their relation to δ 13 C. On the mountain itself, the older parts (70,000–43,000 yr B.P.) of the lacustrine Lisan Formation are missing. The top of the preserved sediments is covered by alluvial sediments that must have been deposited when the elevation of Mount Sedom was not higher than 265 m below sea level (mbsl) at ca. 14,000 yr B.P. The present elevation of these sediments at 190 mbsl indicates an average uplift rate of ∼5 mm/yr over the past 14,000 yr. Similar uplift rates of 6–9 mm/yr are inferred for the Holocene from displacement of the “salt mirror” and hanging passages of caves. The present uplift rate, calculated from precise leveling and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), is similar to the average Holocene rate. Based on the gathered data, we reconstruct the topographic rise of Sedom diapir and its relation to lake level variations during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
U-Th and radiocarbon chronologies of late Quaternary lacustrine records of the Dead Sea basin: Methods and applications Available to Purchase
Precise and high-resolution chronologies of continental sedimentary records (e.g., lacustrine and cave deposits) are instrumental for establishing Quaternary climatic pattern on the continents and for comparison to marine and ice core records of climate change. Radiocarbon is the major dating method for establishing Holocene and late-glacial chronologies, yet its use often requires determination of the reservoir age, and beyond ca. 24 ka cal. B.P., the calibration curve to calendar years is not well established. Thus, beyond the youngest portion of the last Glacial period, U-Th dating of carbonates becomes the major means in obtaining high-resolution chronologies. However, these age determinations are hampered by contamination of the samples with detrital U and Th and by the presence of aqueous Th. Here we summarize the approaches used to address the problems in U-Th and radiocarbon dating of the late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary records of the Dead Sea basin. This mainly includes solutions for the problem of detrital U and Th and aqueous (initial) Th in the Lisan carbonates and the evaluation of “reservoir ages” in the determination of carbonate radiocarbon ages. The calendar U-Th and calibrated radiocarbon ages are used for establishing the environmental (climate and seismological) chronology of the region (e.g., reconstruction of a high-resolution lake level curve and correlation with global climatic records), for paleomagnetic reconstruction (e.g., the documentation of secular variations and geomagnetic excursions such as the Laschamp Event ca. 40 ka cal B.P.), and extending the calibration of the radiocarbon time scale.
Quaternary lake levels in the Dead Sea basin: Two centuries of research Available to Purchase
We dedicate this manuscript to Dr. Cipora Klein, who studied the historic levels of the Dead Sea . This paper reviews the research and lake level reconstruction of the late Pleistocene and Holocene lakes in the Dead Sea basin. Lake Lisan and the Dead Sea occupied the Dead Sea basin during the past 70 k.y., and responded to and amplified regional climatological variations in the Eastern Mediterranean. Overall, the lake level history is correlative with global climate patterns. The Lake Lisan high levels correspond to the last Glacial period (marine isotope stages 2–4); its dramatic level drop to the transition to the Holocene, and the Dead Sea low stands to the current interglacial period. The Lisan level record also appears to show relationships to millennial events in Greenland ice and deep-sea cores. The paper describes the methodologies applied to identify indicators of lake level elevations and the determination of their ages. It is divided to (1) the early research history (mainly commencing at the nineteenth century) in the Dead Sea basin; (2) the early efforts of lake level curve reconstructions; and (3) the most recent studies that yield well-dated, high resolution lake level chronologies.
On the origin and fate of the brines in the Dead Sea basin Available to Purchase
This paper summarizes the research efforts devoted over the years to the understanding of the origin and evolution of brines in the Dead Sea basin. These brines are characterized by a unique Ca-Chloride composition, which evolved from interaction of evaporated seawater filling the late Neogene Sedom lagoon with the Cretaceous carbonate rocks exposed at the basin-bounding escarpments. Following the disconnection of the lagoon from the open sea and the development of inland lakes, the composition of the ancient Sedom brine changed due to precipitation of evaporites and addition of salts from incoming fresh water. Relative to highly evaporated seawater, these processes led to enrichment of the brines in Cl, Br, Mg, Ca, and K and depletion in Na and SO 4 . The modern Dead Sea, representing a recent product of these evolutionary processes, derived its ingredients from residual brines that remained after the desiccation of the late Pleistocene Lake Lisan, from incoming fresh water, and from saline springs that emerge along the western shores of the Dead Sea. Similar sources probably dictated the composition of the Pleistocene lakes (Amora, Lisan), though their relative contribution changed through time, reflecting the control of climate on the hydrological system (e.g., the activity of saline springs).