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![Paleosols of Himachal Pradesh, India. A, Lower Dagshai Formation, road cut 8 km east of Kumarhatti (N30.84914° E77.0875°). B, Lower Kasauli Formation, road cut 4 km east of Kumarhatti (N30.86434° E77.07444°). C, Lower Dagshai Formation, road cut 2 km east of Chakki-ka-More (N30.86096° E77.003728°). D, Lower Dagshai Formation, road cut 1.5 km east of Rehon (N30.84418° E77.08827°). E, Lower Kasauli Formation, road cut 2.0 km northeast of Kumarhatti (N30.88975° N77.06692°). F, Upper Subathu Formation, road cut 1.0 km east of Rehon (N30.84914° N77.08750°). G, Middle Subathu Formation, road cut 2 km east of Chakki-ka-More (N30.86026° E77.00411°). H, Lower Subathu Formation north of Kuthar River, 400 m east of bridge, 1.6 km southwest of Subathu (N30.96481° N76.9796°).]()
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![Field photographs of paleosols in Himachal Pradesh, India. A, Contact (at person) of Dagshai Formation sandstones (vertically dipping to left) and upper Subathu Formation (red beds) near Rehon (N30.84418° W77.08827°). B, Kasauli Formation basal sandstone above red beds of Dagshai Formation dipping west, 3 km northeast of Kumarhatti (N30.888590° W77.06979°). C, Chakki pedotype in middle Subathu Formation, 400 m east of Chakki-ka-More (N30.86026° W77.00411°). D, Kotla pedotype in upper Subathu Formation near Rehon (N30.84164° W77.08663°). E, Gahi pedotype in lower Dagshai Formation, 1 km east of Chakki-ka-More (N30.86096° W77.003728°). F, Barog pedotype in upper Dagshai Formation, 3 km northeast of Kumar Hatti (N30.888590° W77.06979°).]()
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![Figure 6. (A and B) X-ray fluorescence analyses of Himalayan foreland basin mudstones (Table DR5; see text footnote 1). Nickel and chrome, plotted against aluminum to correct for the effects of carbonate dilution, record mafic influence. Thus, the data indicate a higher mafic input into the Subathu Formation compared to Dagshai and Kasauli Formations. Comparison with North American Shale Composite (NASC; Gromet et al., 1984), taken as an average of upper continental crust, shows the Subathu Formation to have a higher mafic input than average. The Passage beds (Mathur, 1979) are the rocks found at the Subathu-Dagshai Formation contact, in this case, variegated mudstones.]()
![Exposure of the purple shale that occurs at the contact between the Subathu Formation and the Dagshai Formation. Note white gypsum streaks in this shale. Length of the hammer is 30 cm. Locality: Kharsi Bridge, 15 km SW of Subathu town, Himachal Pradesh.]()
![Figure 2. (B) The Indian foreland basin sandstones all plot within the “recycled orogen” (RO) provenance field of Dickinson (1985) (CB—continental block; MA—magmatic arc). Mean with 90% confidence regions, calculated after Weltje (1998), is shown for the Red Subathu, Lower Dagshai, Main Dagshai plus Kumahatti-Solon, and Kasauli Formations). The Lower Dagshai compares well with the Dumri Formation (data are from DeCelles et al., 1998a), with several samples distinctly enriched in quartz (see text). Detrital feldspars increase steadily upward from the Dagshai to the Kasauli, and even further in the Siwalik Group and modern rivers and fans (data are from: 1, Critelli and Ingersoll, 1994; 2, DeCelles et al., 1998b; 3, Ingersoll and Suczek, 1979; 4, Suczek and Ingersoll, 1985), pointing to deepening erosion levels within the core of the growing orogen. Feldspars are relatively high in the Subathu Formation due to both concentration in the very fine sand fraction and recycling of Tethyan sandstones and suture-zone volcaniclastic material. The Q pole includes polycrystalline metamorphic quartz, but not chert. (C) Lithic types in the Indian foreland basin sandstones are mainly sedimentary grains (Ls), probably derived from Tethyan sedimentary rocks, and volcanic grains (Lv), derived from volcaniclastic rocks of the suture zone, for the Subathu Formation (sensu stricto) and Red Subathu rocks, respectively. In contrast, the Dagshai and Kasauli Formations are dominated by metasedimentary detritus (Lm) derived from Indian sedimentary and metasedimentary cover rocks, documenting a steady increase from very low (dominantly slate) to low (dominantly phyllite) metamorphic grade through time. Means with 90% confidence regions (calculated after Weltje, 1998) are provided. (D) The heavy mineral suite in the Subathu Formation is characterized by abundant Cr-spinel derived from Indus suture zone ophiolitic rocks and arc material. Ultrastable heavy minerals recycled from Indian cover sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks dominate the heavy mineral suite in the Dagshai and Kumahatti-Solon units. Garnet derived from Himalayan rocks of low to medium metamorphic grade become abundant in the Kasauli Formation. Ultrastable heavy minerals are mainly rutile (R) in the Subathu Formation, zircon (Z) in the Dagshai Formation, and tourmaline (T) in the Kumahatti-Solon unit and Kasauli Formation.]()
![(A) Conglomerate beds composed of the pebble-sized rocks of the Siwalik Group occurring as the undeformed footwall of the Nahan Thrust of the northwestern Himalayas near Pinjore, Haryana, India (Fig. 1C). (B) Alternation of sandstone (gray) with argillaceous layers (red) of the Dagshai Formation occurring as the undeformed hanging wall of the Nahan Thrust (Fig. 1C). (C–D) Damage zone rocks occurring around the fault core of the Nahan Thrust (Fig. 1C). (C) Asymmetric kink bands (stippled line) within the argillaceous sandstone layers. (D) Remnants of fractured sandstone block within brecciated rock (stippled line).]()
![(A) Generalized lithotectonic subdivisions of the Himalayas (modified after Uddin and Lundberg, 1998); also shown are the locations of well-studied foreland sedimentary rocks: 1—Sulaiman range, 2—Kohat, 3—Balakot (all in Pakistan), 4—Subathu (India), 5—Bhainskati (Nepal), 6—Tingri (Tibet) with corresponding marine and overlying continental formations (boxes); duration of unconformity between the two are indicated by numbers in m.y. next to each box; note variable duration of unconformity between the two facies along the strike length of the orogen (B) inset: lithotectonic map of the Subathu sub-basin, India (after Khan and Prasad, 1998) and Koti area (present work; box in inset). Note repetition of Subathu/Dagshai Formation packages in Koti area due to thrusting yet preserving the sedimentary contact in between. Log locations in different thrust slices are numbered.]()
![Figure 3. Dense minerals in Tertiary Himalayan sandstones. During initial collision (late Paleocene/Early Eocene), detritus was derived from Indus suture zone and thrust sheets of Indian-margin sediments (Subathu Formation). Subsequently, very low grade Indian margin sequences were eroded to feed the Dagshai Formation, with first unroofing of garnet to staurolite-bearing Himalayan crystalline nappes recorded by Lower to Middle Miocene Kasauli to Dharamsala Formations (Najman and Garzanti, 2000; White et al., 2002). Epidote-rich Kamlial suites, instead, were chiefly eroded from arc sources. Supply from Himalayan metamorphic nappes is dominant only for anomalous sample 6A. Legend as in Figure 3. ZTR—zircon, tourmaline, rutile; E—epidote; S—spinel; A—amphibole; P—pyroxene; Gt—garnet; St—staurolite; Chtd—chloritoid. 99% confidence regions of mean, calculated after Weltje (2002), are shown for Kamlial and broadly coeval Kasauli + Dharamsala units.]()
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![Photomicrographs of metamorphosed Cenozoic sandstones in the foreland basin. (a) Medium grained sandstone. A quartz grain in the centre with silica overgrowth on the left is fractured in the middle (indicated by arrows), which is aligned with a calcite vein running from upper left hand to lower right hand corner of the diagram. Kumarhatti Enseq (Dagshai formation), near Silha village east of Bilaspur (HP) on Simla highway. Crossed nicols, bar length represents 0.1mm. (b) Fine grained ferruginous sandstone. A thick silica vein running E-W is crossed by another thinner vein towards right. Megascopically the sandstone breaks with conchoidal fracture, representing the property of indurated quartzite. Kumarhatti Enseq, near Silha village east of Bilaspur (HP). Plain polarized light, bar length represents 0.5 mm. (c) Very fine grained quartz-mica arenite, metamorphosed to schist. Interlamination and gradation between muscovite (light coloured, m) and biotite (dark coloured, b) flakes. Quartz grains (q) show corroded and fused contacts. Kumarhatti Enseq, near Lad Bharol village N of Sarkaghat (H.P.)on Baijnath-Sarkaghat road. Plain polarized light, bar length represents 0.1 mm. (Photomicrographs reproduced from plates 10.1 and 10.2 in Raiverman, 2002).]()
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Paleosols of Himachal Pradesh, India. A , Lower Dagshai Formation, road cu... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 January 2018
Figure 5. Paleosols of Himachal Pradesh, India. A , Lower Dagshai Formation, road cut 8 km east of Kumarhatti (N30.84914° E77.0875°). B , Lower Kasauli Formation, road cut 4 km east of Kumarhatti (N30.86434° E77.07444°). C , Lower Dagshai Formation, road cut 2 km east of Chakki-ka-More
Journal Article
Reconstructing early Himalayan tectonic evolution and paleogeography from Tertiary foreland basin sedimentary rocks, northern India Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 March 2000
GSA Bulletin (2000) 112 (3): 435–449.
...Yani Najman; Eduardo Garzanti Abstract The latest Paleocene–middle Eocene Subathu Formation and the Oligocene–Miocene Dagshai and Kasauli Formations of the Indian foreland basin record the early evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt. Sandstone petrography of the Subathu Formation shows...
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Journal Article
Marine to continental transition in Himalayan foreland Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2008
GSA Bulletin (2008) 120 (9-10): 1214–1232.
... Formation. Contrary to earlier inferences, the unconformity between the Subathu and Dagshai Formations is found to occur at the top of the white sandstone marked by caliche development or erosion by Dagshai channel sand interpreted as a Type 1 sequence boundary. The reworked fossils in calciturbidite units...
FIGURES
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Image
Field photographs of paleosols in Himachal Pradesh, India. A , Contact (at... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 January 2018
Figure 2. Field photographs of paleosols in Himachal Pradesh, India. A , Contact (at person) of Dagshai Formation sandstones (vertically dipping to left) and upper Subathu Formation (red beds) near Rehon (N30.84418° W77.08827°). B , Kasauli Formation basal sandstone above red beds of Dagshai
Image
FACIES TYPES IN MARINE SUBATHU AND CONTINENTAL DAGSHAI FORMATIONS Available to Purchase
Published: 01 September 2008
TABLE 1. FACIES TYPES IN MARINE SUBATHU AND CONTINENTAL DAGSHAI FORMATIONS
Journal Article
Detrital-zircon fission-track ages from the Lower Cenozoic sediments, NW Himalayan foreland basin: Clues for exhumation and denudation of the Himalaya during the India-Asia collision Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 March 2009
GSA Bulletin (2009) 121 (3-4): 519–535.
... both from the Indian and Asian plates, the possible suturing of these plates took place during the Subathu sedimentation. A sudden change in the provenance is recorded in the detrital-zircon FT cooling ages in the Oligo-Miocene Dagshai and Kasauli Formations, which have dominant 30 and 25 Ma P1 peaks...
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Journal Article
A Reinterpretation of the Geology and Biostratigraphy of the Lower Tertiary Formations exposed along the Bilaspur-Shimla Highway, Himachal Pradesh, India Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 June 1989
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (1989) 33 (6): 503–523.
...R. S. Batra Abstract The present paper offers a new interpretation of the geology and biostratigraphy of the Lower Tertiary Formations exposed on the Bilaspur-Shimla Highway, Himachal Pradesh. The structural interpretation of the frequent repetition of the Subathu-Dagshai Formations have been made...
Journal Article
Laser 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of single detrital muscovite grains from early foreland-basin sedimentary deposits in India: Implications for early Himalayan evolution Available to Purchase
Journal: Geology
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 June 1997
Geology (1997) 25 (6): 535–538.
...Y. M. R. Najman; M. S. Pringle; M. R. W. Johnson; A. H. F. Robertson; J. R. Wijbrans Abstract In India, the Dagshai and overlying Kasauli Formations represent the oldest exposed continental foredeep sediments eroded from the Himalayan orogen. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of individual detrital white micas...
Image
Figure 6. (A and B) X-ray fluorescence analyses of Himalayan foreland basin... Available to Purchase
in Reconstructing early Himalayan tectonic evolution and paleogeography from Tertiary foreland basin sedimentary rocks, northern India
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 March 2000
into the Subathu Formation compared to Dagshai and Kasauli Formations. Comparison with North American Shale Composite (NASC; Gromet et al., 1984 ), taken as an average of upper continental crust, shows the Subathu Formation to have a higher mafic input than average. The Passage beds ( Mathur, 1979 ) are the rocks
Image
Exposure of the purple shale that occurs at the contact between the Subathu... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 May 2010
Figure 2. Exposure of the purple shale that occurs at the contact between the Subathu Formation and the Dagshai Formation. Note white gypsum streaks in this shale. Length of the hammer is 30 cm. Locality: Kharsi Bridge, 15 km SW of Subathu town, Himachal Pradesh.
Image
Figure 2. (B) The Indian foreland basin sandstones all plot within the “rec... Available to Purchase
in Reconstructing early Himalayan tectonic evolution and paleogeography from Tertiary foreland basin sedimentary rocks, northern India
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 March 2000
plus Kumahatti-Solon, and Kasauli Formations). The Lower Dagshai compares well with the Dumri Formation (data are from DeCelles et al., 1998a ), with several samples distinctly enriched in quartz (see text). Detrital feldspars increase steadily upward from the Dagshai to the Kasauli, and even further
Image
(A) Conglomerate beds composed of the pebble-sized rocks of the Siwalik Gro... Available to Purchase
in Fault zone architecture and lithology-dependent deformation mechanisms of the Himalayan frontal fold-thrust belt: Insights from the Nahan Thrust, India
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 29 August 2022
) of the Dagshai Formation occurring as the undeformed hanging wall of the Nahan Thrust ( Fig. 1C ). (C–D) Damage zone rocks occurring around the fault core of the Nahan Thrust ( Fig. 1C ). (C) Asymmetric kink bands (stippled line) within the argillaceous sandstone layers. (D) Remnants of fractured sandstone block
Image
(A) Generalized lithotectonic subdivisions of the Himalayas (modified after... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 September 2008
of the Subathu sub-basin, India (after Khan and Prasad, 1998 ) and Koti area (present work; box in inset). Note repetition of Subathu/Dagshai Formation packages in Koti area due to thrusting yet preserving the sedimentary contact in between. Log locations in different thrust slices are numbered.
Image
Figure 3. Dense minerals in Tertiary Himalayan sandstones. During initial c... Available to Purchase
Published: 01 October 2003
the Dagshai Formation, with first unroofing of garnet to staurolite-bearing Himalayan crystalline nappes recorded by Lower to Middle Miocene Kasauli to Dharamsala Formations ( Najman and Garzanti, 2000 ; White et al., 2002 ). Epidote-rich Kamlial suites, instead, were chiefly eroded from arc sources. Supply
Journal Article
Advent of Strong South Asian Monsoon by 20 Million Years Ago Available to Purchase
Journal: The Journal of Geology
Publisher: The University of Chicago Press
Published: 01 January 2018
The Journal of Geology (2018) 126 (1): 1–24.
...Figure 5. Paleosols of Himachal Pradesh, India. A , Lower Dagshai Formation, road cut 8 km east of Kumarhatti (N30.84914° E77.0875°). B , Lower Kasauli Formation, road cut 4 km east of Kumarhatti (N30.86434° E77.07444°). C , Lower Dagshai Formation, road cut 2 km east of Chakki-ka-More...
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Includes: Supplemental Content
Journal Article
Marine to continental transition in Himalayan foreland: Discussion Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 May 2010
GSA Bulletin (2010) 122 (5-6): 954–955.
...Figure 2. Exposure of the purple shale that occurs at the contact between the Subathu Formation and the Dagshai Formation. Note white gypsum streaks in this shale. Length of the hammer is 30 cm. Locality: Kharsi Bridge, 15 km SW of Subathu town, Himachal Pradesh. ...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Marine to continental transition in Himalayan foreland: Reply Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 May 2010
GSA Bulletin (2010) 122 (5-6): 956–959.
..., we mentioned that our work was mainly focused on the upper Subathu and transitional part across the Subathu-Dagshai Formations. We are aware of and referred to the work of Singh and Andotra (2000) , which, on the contrary, concentrated only on the middle Subathu rocks (Kalakot Member). We were...
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Photomicrographs of metamorphosed Cenozoic sandstones in the foreland basin... Available to Purchase
in A Brief Account of the Continuum from Karakoram and Himalayan Ranges to Foreland and Ocean Basins
> Journal of the Geological Society of India
Published: 01 March 2013
to lower right hand corner of the diagram. Kumarhatti Enseq (Dagshai formation), near Silha village east of Bilaspur (HP) on Simla highway. Crossed nicols, bar length represents 0.1mm. ( b ) Fine grained ferruginous sandstone. A thick silica vein running E-W is crossed by another thinner vein towards right
Journal Article
Prof. Shashi Bhushan Bhatia (1930-2021) Free
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 July 2021
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (2021) 97 (7): 819.
... in determining the time of extinction of the dinosaurs and initiation of the Deccan Volcanicity. Another important input to the Cretaceous was a report of bryozoa in the Neelkanth Formation-considered at that time a part of the Tal Group. The most important contributions made by Prof S.B. Bhatia, however...
FIGURES
Journal Article
The Himalayan Foreland Basin- Stratigraphic Records of Continent-to-Continent Collisional Processes Free
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 July 2022
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (2022) 98 (7): 1015.
...). This stratigraphic interval has witnessed the marine to continental transition from the Subathu Formation to the Dagshai Formation, and constitutes the older Palaeogene phase of the foreland development which has also been associated with the Protohimalaya phase between ~50 Ma to ~40 Ma. The next phase i.e...
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