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![Map showing the west mains section of the Crandall Canyon Mine where the 6 August 2007 collapse occurred. The southern solid box shows a minimum estimate of the collapse area constructed using MSHA's preliminary estimate of the collapse's E-W extent (Mike Gauna, MSHA, personal communication, 12 September 2007) and a likely minimum N-S extent. The dashed box shows a collapse area model that is more consistent with the seismological data, including our best location for the main shock (star). The dashed box is 920 m E-W by 220 m N-S, and its SE corner is at 39° 28.018′ N, 111° 12.838′ W. Base map from public records, Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining, dated 14 August 2007. March damage area from Gilbride (2007). Last known location of miners from Gates and Hayashi (2007); see also United States Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (2008, 71–73). Drill hole locations taken from Mine Safety and Health Administration (2007a).]()
![Map of the Crandall Canyon Mine area showing the epicenter of the 6 August 2007 ML 3.9 seismic event determined from standard UUSS data processing (open star), the master event relocation for this epicenter (solid star), and the 95% confidence ellipses for these solutions (dashed lines). Also shown are master event relocations for the 188 other seismic events in the University of Utah catalog with initial epicenters in the dotted 3-km-radius circle from i) July 2005 through December 2006 (boxes), ii) January 2007 until the time of the ML 3.9 event (diamonds), and iii) subsequent events in August 2007 (circles). The crosshatched box shows the minimum estimated area of the 6 August Crandall Canyon Mine collapse from Figure 2. The solid triangles mark the sites of three of the five temporary seismic stations operated in the area beginning on 8 August (UTC).]()
![Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an ML 3.9 earthquake that occurred 40 km to the WSW in the Sanpete Valley on 5 November 2007. The data were recorded on Transportable Array station Q16A, which is nearly the same distance from both events. The plots show: (A) vertical components, with epicentral distances and azimuths indicated; (B) vertical components at a compressed time scale; (C) radial components; and (D) transverse components. Similar waveform differences are seen at other stations.]()
![Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an ML 3.9 earthquake that occurred 260 km to the NNW near the city of Tremonton, Utah, on 1 September 2007. The data were recorded on the USGS station DUG, which is at a comparable distance from both events. See Figure 6 for further explanation.]()
![Map with locations of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) and 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star), and stations used in the inversion of the events shown with light blue and light red inverted triangles, respectively.]()
![Best-fit mechanisms for (A) the Crandall Canyon Mine event and (B) the Tremonton event. Triangles are positioned at the azimuth to the stations used in the inversion. The principal axes and values are given along with the total scalar moment (M0) and moment magnitude (MW).]()
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![Source-type plot after Hudson et al. (1989). Theoretical mechanisms are plotted with crosses and annotated. The 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star) plots near the DC mechanism. The 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) plots in the general moment tensor space that defines a closing crack, or collapse. The event is located well outside the region occupied by tectonic earthquakes and explosions and is near other collapse mechanisms (two mine collapses and one explosion cavity collapse) calculated by Ford et al. (2007). Ninety-five percent confidence regions are also given, where the region for the Crandall Canyon Mine event is so small as to not be visible outside the symbol.]()
![(A) Plot of magnitude vs. time for 189 seismic events located by the University of Utah during the period July 2005 through August 2007 and within 3 km of a point near the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse (dotted circle, Figure 3). Most if not all of the events are mining-related. The horizontal dashed line indicates the magnitude threshold of complete reporting. (B) Expanded plot for August 2007 showing 41 seismic events, including the ML 3.9 (MC 4.5; star) Crandall Canyon Mine collapse. Note the 5.8-day gap in aftershock activity for MC ≥ 1.6 (the applicable magnitude of completeness) between 7 and 13 August. Aftershocks smaller than the completeness threshold were detected during this time interval (see text).]()
![(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred solution. Four alluvial stations are not a part of the preferred moment tensor solution, but they are shown below the dashed line in gray for reference. For the moment tensor solution including these alluvial stations, see Figure S3 available in the electronic supplement to this article. Both Rudna and Crandall solutions have good fits, large isotropic components, and very small double‐couple (DC) components. Rudna is more isotropically dominated at 61% versus 52% for Crandall Canyon. Radiation patterns are constructed using the largest absolute amplitude on the tangential and vertical components for 10–20 s band‐passed data (thick lines) and synthetic (thin lines) waveforms. Crandall synthetics and southern Rudna synthetics are calculated with WUS; the northern, larger Rudna synthetic radiation pattern amplitudes are calculated with WUS basin. The predicted Rudna tangential‐component (Love‐wave) amplitudes using the WUS model match the data from the five stations located on rock fairly well. Crandall Canyon Love‐wave amplitudes are well matched by the synthetics for the majority of stations.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.]()
![(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred solution. Four alluvial stations are not a part of the preferred moment tensor solution, but they are shown below the dashed line in gray for reference. For the moment tensor solution including these alluvial stations, see Figure S3 available in the electronic supplement to this article. Both Rudna and Crandall solutions have good fits, large isotropic components, and very small double‐couple (DC) components. Rudna is more isotropically dominated at 61% versus 52% for Crandall Canyon. Radiation patterns are constructed using the largest absolute amplitude on the tangential and vertical components for 10–20 s band‐passed data (thick lines) and synthetic (thin lines) waveforms. Crandall synthetics and southern Rudna synthetics are calculated with WUS; the northern, larger Rudna synthetic radiation pattern amplitudes are calculated with WUS basin. The predicted Rudna tangential‐component (Love‐wave) amplitudes using the WUS model match the data from the five stations located on rock fairly well. Crandall Canyon Love‐wave amplitudes are well matched by the synthetics for the majority of stations.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.]()
![Data (black) and synthetics (gray) generated using the mechanism for the Crandall Canyon Mine event given in Figure 2(A). To the left of each set of traces are the station, azimuth, and distance in kilometers to the event. The traces are ordered by azimuth and are normalized to the maximum amplitude for a set of three-component recordings, where the amplitude is given in 10–7 m on the last line to the left of the traces.]()
![Epicenter map of seismicity within polygons outlining the Wasatch Plateau–Book Cliffs coal-mining region of Utah (black polygons) from January 1978 through August 2007. Almost all of this seismicity is inferred to be caused by underground mining. The stars mark locations of M ≥ 3.5 events, including the ML 3.9 Crandall Canyon Mine event on 6 August 2007. The thin black lines are Quaternary fault traces from Black et al. (2003). The inverted triangles mark entrances to active and recently active mines.]()
![Source‐type plot (Tape and Tape, 2013): circles, Utah earthquakes, deviatoric moment tensor solution (Whidden and Pankow, 2012); diamonds, same Utah earthquakes, full moment tensor solutions; black square, Crandall Canyon Mine collapse; gray squares, other Utah mine events; dark star, 2004 Poland earthquake, deviatoric moment tensor solution; stars show the 2004 earthquake and Rudna collapse studied in this article. The Rudna Mine event plots near other known mine collapses.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.]()
![Frequency-magnitude plots showing significantly different b-values (slopes) for seismicity in the vicinity of the Crandall Canyon Mine (3-km-radius circle, Figure 3) before and after the mine collapse on 6 August 2007. Seismicity in each case has a completeness magnitude of MC 1.6. The sample of prior seismicity (140 events) extends from 1 March 2005; the aftershock sample (15 events) extends through 31 August 2007. The b-values and their standard errors were calculated using Weichert's (1980) maximum-likelihood algorithm. The lower b-value of the aftershocks compared to the prior events suggests that the aftershocks occurred in areas of higher deviatoric stress.]()
![Rate of aftershock occurrence as a function of time following the Crandall Canyon mine collapse. Rates are based on 15 events of MC ≥ 1.6 that occurred between 0.08 and 19.4 days after the main event. Beginning with time t after the main event of 0.05 day, the plotted rates are for uniform intervals of logarithmic time in overlapping time bins centered at t = (.05)2n/2, n = 0...16, each extending from 0.5t to 2.0t. The least-squares slope of –0.75 ± 0.11 (std. error) defines the average decay constant p for Omori's law with c = 0 (Equation 4) and is close to the mean Omori decay constant observed for aftershock sequences of Utah earthquakes.]()
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Journal Article
Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2008
Seismological Research Letters (2008) 79 (5): 620–636.
...James C. Pechmann; Walter J. Arabasz; Kris L. Pankow; Relu Burlacu; Michael K. McCarter © 2008 by the Seismological Society of America 2008 At 2:48 a.m. local time (MDT; 08:48 UTC) on 6 August 2007, a major collapse occurred in the Crandall Canyon coal mine in east-central Utah...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Source Characterization of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Seismic Event in Central Utah Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2008
Seismological Research Letters (2008) 79 (5): 637–644.
...S. R. Ford; D. S. Dreger; W. R. Walter © 2008 by the Seismological Society of America 2008 On 6 August 2007 a local magnitude 3.9 seismic event occurred at 08:48:40 UTC in central Utah. The epicenter is within the boundaries of the Crandall Canyon coal mine ( cf . Pechmann et al. 2008...
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Journal Article
Shear Waves from Isotropically Dominated Sources: Comparison of the 2013 Rudna, Poland, and 2007 Crandall Canyon, Utah, Mine Collapses Available to Purchase
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 08 March 2016
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2016) 106 (2): 799–805.
...Katherine M. Whidden; Kristine L. Pankow Abstract Comparison of observed and synthetic radiation patterns suggests that Love waves generated by the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse ( M w 4.1) are the result of shear waves generated by a relatively large compensated linear vector dipole component...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplemental Content
Image
Map showing the west mains section of the Crandall Canyon Mine where the 6 ... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 2. Map showing the west mains section of the Crandall Canyon Mine where the 6 August 2007 collapse occurred. The southern solid box shows a minimum estimate of the collapse area constructed using MSHA's preliminary estimate of the collapse's E-W extent (Mike Gauna, MSHA, personal
Image
Map of the Crandall Canyon Mine area showing the epicenter of the 6 August ... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 3. Map of the Crandall Canyon Mine area showing the epicenter of the 6 August 2007 M L 3.9 seismic event determined from standard UUSS data processing (open star), the master event relocation for this epicenter (solid star), and the 95% confidence ellipses for these solutions
Image
Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine ma... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 6. Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an M L 3.9 earthquake that occurred 40 km to the WSW in the Sanpete Valley on 5 November 2007. The data were recorded on Transportable Array station Q16A, which is nearly the same
Image
Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine ma... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 7. Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an M L 3.9 earthquake that occurred 260 km to the NNW near the city of Tremonton, Utah, on 1 September 2007. The data were recorded on the USGS station DUG, which is at a comparable
Image
Map with locations of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red sta... Available to Purchase
in Source Characterization of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Seismic Event in Central Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 1. Map with locations of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) and 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star), and stations used in the inversion of the events shown with light blue and light red inverted triangles, respectively.
Image
Best-fit mechanisms for (A) the Crandall Canyon Mine event and (B) the Trem... Available to Purchase
in Source Characterization of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Seismic Event in Central Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 2. Best-fit mechanisms for (A) the Crandall Canyon Mine event and (B) the Tremonton event. Triangles are positioned at the azimuth to the stations used in the inversion. The principal axes and values are given along with the total scalar moment ( M 0 ) and moment magnitude ( M W ).
Journal Article
Source Characterization of Some Collapse Earthquakes due to Mining Activities in Shandong and Beijing, North China Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 12 December 2018
Seismological Research Letters (2019) 90 (1): 183–193.
... and mechanisms of events in Pingyi and Fangshan are similar to the Crandall Canyon Mine event on 6 August 2007 in Utah, with a very shallow focal depth and 72% closing crack component. The primary source of collapse events in the three regions could be caused by impact force with direction to mine cavity due...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplemental Content
Image
Source-type plot after Hudson et al. ( 1989 ). Theoretical mechanisms are... Available to Purchase
in Source Characterization of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Seismic Event in Central Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 7. Source-type plot after Hudson et al. ( 1989 ). Theoretical mechanisms are plotted with crosses and annotated. The 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star) plots near the DC mechanism. The 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) plots in the general moment
Image
(A) Plot of magnitude vs. time for 189 seismic events located by the Univer... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 4. (A) Plot of magnitude vs. time for 189 seismic events located by the University of Utah during the period July 2005 through August 2007 and within 3 km of a point near the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse (dotted circle, Figure 3 ). Most if not all of the events
Image
(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 201... Available to Purchase
in Shear Waves from Isotropically Dominated Sources: Comparison of the 2013 Rudna, Poland, and 2007 Crandall Canyon, Utah, Mine Collapses
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 08 March 2016
Figure 2. (a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred
Image
(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 201... Available to Purchase
in Shear Waves from Isotropically Dominated Sources: Comparison of the 2013 Rudna, Poland, and 2007 Crandall Canyon, Utah, Mine Collapses
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 08 March 2016
Figure 2. (a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred
Image
Data (black) and synthetics (gray) generated using the mechanism for the Cr... Available to Purchase
in Source Characterization of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Seismic Event in Central Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 3. Data (black) and synthetics (gray) generated using the mechanism for the Crandall Canyon Mine event given in Figure 2(A) . To the left of each set of traces are the station, azimuth, and distance in kilometers to the event. The traces are ordered by azimuth and are normalized
Image
Epicenter map of seismicity within polygons outlining the Wasatch Plateau–B... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
≥ 3.5 events, including the M L 3.9 Crandall Canyon Mine event on 6 August 2007. The thin black lines are Quaternary fault traces from Black et al. ( 2003 ). The inverted triangles mark entrances to active and recently active mines.
Image
Source‐type plot ( Tape and Tape, 2013 ): circles, Utah earthquakes, deviat... Available to Purchase
in Shear Waves from Isotropically Dominated Sources: Comparison of the 2013 Rudna, Poland, and 2007 Crandall Canyon, Utah, Mine Collapses
> Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Published: 08 March 2016
Figure 4. Source‐type plot ( Tape and Tape, 2013 ): circles, Utah earthquakes, deviatoric moment tensor solution ( Whidden and Pankow, 2012 ); diamonds, same Utah earthquakes, full moment tensor solutions; black square, Crandall Canyon Mine collapse; gray squares, other Utah mine events; dark
Image
Frequency-magnitude plots showing significantly different b -values (slope... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 10. Frequency-magnitude plots showing significantly different b -values (slopes) for seismicity in the vicinity of the Crandall Canyon Mine (3-km-radius circle, Figure 3 ) before and after the mine collapse on 6 August 2007. Seismicity in each case has a completeness magnitude of M
Image
Rate of aftershock occurrence as a function of time following the Crandall ... Available to Purchase
in Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah
> Seismological Research Letters
Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 9. Rate of aftershock occurrence as a function of time following the Crandall Canyon mine collapse. Rates are based on 15 events of M C ≥ 1.6 that occurred between 0.08 and 19.4 days after the main event. Beginning with time t after the main event of 0.05 day, the plotted rates
Journal Article
A Catalog of Regional Moment Tensors in Utah from 1998 to 2011 Available to Purchase
Journal: Seismological Research Letters
Publisher: Seismological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2012
Seismological Research Letters (2012) 83 (5): 775–783.
.... ( 2008 ). Source characterization of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine seismic event in central Utah , Seismol. Res. Lett. 79 , 637 – 644 . Ford S. R. Dreger D. S. Walter W. R. ( 2009 ). Identifying isotropic events using a regional moment tensor inversion , J. Geophys...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplemental Content
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