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Journal Article

Shear Waves from Isotropically Dominated Sources: Comparison of the 2013 Rudna, Poland, and 2007 Crandall Canyon, Utah, Mine Collapses Available to Purchase

Katherine M. Whidden, Kristine L. Pankow
Published: 08 March 2016
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2016) 106 (2): 799–805.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150179
...Katherine M. Whidden; Kristine L. Pankow Abstract Comparison of observed and synthetic radiation patterns suggests that Love waves generated by the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse ( M w 4.1) are the result of shear waves generated by a relatively large compensated linear vector dipole component...
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Journal Article

Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah Available to Purchase

James C. Pechmann, Walter J. Arabasz, Kris L. Pankow, Relu Burlacu, Michael K. McCarter
Published: 01 September 2008
Seismological Research Letters (2008) 79 (5): 620–636.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.79.5.620
...James C. Pechmann; Walter J. Arabasz; Kris L. Pankow; Relu Burlacu; Michael K. McCarter © 2008 by the Seismological Society of America 2008 At 2:48 a.m. local time (MDT; 08:48 UTC) on 6 August 2007, a major collapse occurred in the Crandall Canyon coal mine in east-central Utah...
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Journal Article

Source Characterization of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Seismic Event in Central Utah Available to Purchase

S. R. Ford, D. S. Dreger, W. R. Walter
Published: 01 September 2008
Seismological Research Letters (2008) 79 (5): 637–644.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.79.5.637
...S. R. Ford; D. S. Dreger; W. R. Walter © 2008 by the Seismological Society of America 2008 On 6 August 2007 a local magnitude 3.9 seismic event occurred at 08:48:40 UTC in central Utah. The epicenter is within the boundaries of the Crandall Canyon coal mine ( cf . Pechmann et al. 2008...
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Map showing the west mains section of the Crandall Canyon Mine where the 6 August 2007 collapse occurred. The southern solid box shows a minimum estimate of the collapse area constructed using MSHA's preliminary estimate of the collapse's E-W extent (Mike Gauna, MSHA, personal communication, 12 September 2007) and a likely minimum N-S extent. The dashed box shows a collapse area model that is more consistent with the seismological data, including our best location for the main shock (star). The dashed box is 920 m E-W by 220 m N-S, and its SE corner is at 39° 28.018′ N, 111° 12.838′ W. Base map from public records, Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining, dated 14 August 2007. March damage area from Gilbride (2007). Last known location of miners from Gates and Hayashi (2007); see also United States Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (2008, 71–73). Drill hole locations taken from Mine Safety and Health Administration (2007a).

Map showing the west mains section of the Crandall Canyon Mine where the 6 ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 2. Map showing the west mains section of the Crandall Canyon Mine where the 6 August 2007 collapse occurred. The southern solid box shows a minimum estimate of the collapse area constructed using MSHA's preliminary estimate of the collapse's E-W extent (Mike Gauna, MSHA, personal
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Map of the Crandall Canyon Mine area showing the epicenter of the 6 August 2007 ML 3.9 seismic event determined from standard UUSS data processing (open star), the master event relocation for this epicenter (solid star), and the 95% confidence ellipses for these solutions (dashed lines). Also shown are master event relocations for the 188 other seismic events in the University of Utah catalog with initial epicenters in the dotted 3-km-radius circle from i) July 2005 through December 2006 (boxes), ii) January 2007 until the time of the ML 3.9 event (diamonds), and iii) subsequent events in August 2007 (circles). The crosshatched box shows the minimum estimated area of the 6 August Crandall Canyon Mine collapse from Figure 2. The solid triangles mark the sites of three of the five temporary seismic stations operated in the area beginning on 8 August (UTC).

Map of the Crandall Canyon Mine area showing the epicenter of the 6 August ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 3. Map of the Crandall Canyon Mine area showing the epicenter of the 6 August 2007 M L 3.9 seismic event determined from standard UUSS data processing (open star), the master event relocation for this epicenter (solid star), and the 95% confidence ellipses for these solutions
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Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an ML 3.9 earthquake that occurred 40 km to the WSW in the Sanpete Valley on 5 November 2007. The data were recorded on Transportable Array station Q16A, which is nearly the same distance from both events. The plots show: (A) vertical components, with epicentral distances and azimuths indicated; (B) vertical components at a compressed time scale; (C) radial components; and (D) transverse components. Similar waveform differences are seen at other stations.

Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine ma... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 6. Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an M L 3.9 earthquake that occurred 40 km to the WSW in the Sanpete Valley on 5 November 2007. The data were recorded on Transportable Array station Q16A, which is nearly the same
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Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an ML 3.9 earthquake that occurred 260 km to the NNW near the city of Tremonton, Utah, on 1 September 2007. The data were recorded on the USGS station DUG, which is at a comparable distance from both events. See Figure 6 for further explanation.

Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine ma... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 7. Comparison of broadband velocity waveforms from the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock with those of an M L 3.9 earthquake that occurred 260 km to the NNW near the city of Tremonton, Utah, on 1 September 2007. The data were recorded on the USGS station DUG, which is at a comparable
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Map with locations of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) and 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star), and stations used in the inversion of the events shown with light blue and light red inverted triangles, respectively.

Map with locations of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red sta... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 1. Map with locations of the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) and 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star), and stations used in the inversion of the events shown with light blue and light red inverted triangles, respectively.
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Best-fit mechanisms for (A) the Crandall Canyon Mine event and (B) the Tremonton event. Triangles are positioned at the azimuth to the stations used in the inversion. The principal axes and values are given along with the total scalar moment (M0) and moment magnitude (MW).

Best-fit mechanisms for (A) the Crandall Canyon Mine event and (B) the Trem... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 2. Best-fit mechanisms for (A) the Crandall Canyon Mine event and (B) the Tremonton event. Triangles are positioned at the azimuth to the stations used in the inversion. The principal axes and values are given along with the total scalar moment ( M 0 ) and moment magnitude ( M W ).
Journal Article

Source Characterization of Some Collapse Earthquakes due to Mining Activities in Shandong and Beijing, North China Available to Purchase

Xiangteng Wang, Shuofan Wang, Zhiwei Li, Yibing Dong, David A. Yuen
Published: 12 December 2018
Seismological Research Letters (2019) 90 (1): 183–193.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180184
... and mechanisms of events in Pingyi and Fangshan are similar to the Crandall Canyon Mine event on 6 August 2007 in Utah, with a very shallow focal depth and 72% closing crack component. The primary source of collapse events in the three regions could be caused by impact force with direction to mine cavity due...
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(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred solution. Four alluvial stations are not a part of the preferred moment tensor solution, but they are shown below the dashed line in gray for reference. For the moment tensor solution including these alluvial stations, see Figure S3 available in the electronic supplement to this article. Both Rudna and Crandall solutions have good fits, large isotropic components, and very small double‐couple (DC) components. Rudna is more isotropically dominated at 61% versus 52% for Crandall Canyon. Radiation patterns are constructed using the largest absolute amplitude on the tangential and vertical components for 10–20 s band‐passed data (thick lines) and synthetic (thin lines) waveforms. Crandall synthetics and southern Rudna synthetics are calculated with WUS; the northern, larger Rudna synthetic radiation pattern amplitudes are calculated with WUS basin. The predicted Rudna tangential‐component (Love‐wave) amplitudes using the WUS model match the data from the five stations located on rock fairly well. Crandall Canyon Love‐wave amplitudes are well matched by the synthetics for the majority of stations.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 201... Available to Purchase

Published: 08 March 2016
Figure 2. (a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred
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(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred solution. Four alluvial stations are not a part of the preferred moment tensor solution, but they are shown below the dashed line in gray for reference. For the moment tensor solution including these alluvial stations, see Figure S3 available in the electronic supplement to this article. Both Rudna and Crandall solutions have good fits, large isotropic components, and very small double‐couple (DC) components. Rudna is more isotropically dominated at 61% versus 52% for Crandall Canyon. Radiation patterns are constructed using the largest absolute amplitude on the tangential and vertical components for 10–20 s band‐passed data (thick lines) and synthetic (thin lines) waveforms. Crandall synthetics and southern Rudna synthetics are calculated with WUS; the northern, larger Rudna synthetic radiation pattern amplitudes are calculated with WUS basin. The predicted Rudna tangential‐component (Love‐wave) amplitudes using the WUS model match the data from the five stations located on rock fairly well. Crandall Canyon Love‐wave amplitudes are well matched by the synthetics for the majority of stations.The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

(a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 201... Available to Purchase

Published: 08 March 2016
Figure 2. (a) Moment tensor solutions and surface‐wave radiation patterns for the 2013 Rudna Mine and (b) the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapses. Solid waveforms are data, and dashed waveforms are WUS synthetics. The Rudna solution includes only the top five stations and is our preferred
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—Restored east-west longitudinal section through Dry Canyon and Crandall Canyon faults. A, During deposition of Wanship Formation of Williams and Madsen (1959). B, Shortly after thrusting. Lithologic units as on Figure 2.

—Restored east-west longitudinal section through Dry Canyon and Crandall Ca... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 December 1974
Fig. 4. —Restored east-west longitudinal section through Dry Canyon and Crandall Canyon faults. A, During deposition of Wanship Formation of Williams and Madsen (1959) . B, Shortly after thrusting. Lithologic units as on Figure 2 .
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Source-type plot after Hudson et al. (1989). Theoretical mechanisms are plotted with crosses and annotated. The 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star) plots near the DC mechanism. The 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) plots in the general moment tensor space that defines a closing crack, or collapse. The event is located well outside the region occupied by tectonic earthquakes and explosions and is near other collapse mechanisms (two mine collapses and one explosion cavity collapse) calculated by Ford et al. (2007). Ninety-five percent confidence regions are also given, where the region for the Crandall Canyon Mine event is so small as to not be visible outside the symbol.

Source-type plot after Hudson et al. ( 1989 ). Theoretical mechanisms are... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 7. Source-type plot after Hudson et al. ( 1989 ). Theoretical mechanisms are plotted with crosses and annotated. The 1 September 2007 event near Tremonton (orange star) plots near the DC mechanism. The 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine event (red star) plots in the general moment
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(A) Plot of magnitude vs. time for 189 seismic events located by the University of Utah during the period July 2005 through August 2007 and within 3 km of a point near the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse (dotted circle, Figure 3). Most if not all of the events are mining-related. The horizontal dashed line indicates the magnitude threshold of complete reporting. (B) Expanded plot for August 2007 showing 41 seismic events, including the ML 3.9 (MC 4.5; star) Crandall Canyon Mine collapse. Note the 5.8-day gap in aftershock activity for MC ≥ 1.6 (the applicable magnitude of completeness) between 7 and 13 August. Aftershocks smaller than the completeness threshold were detected during this time interval (see text).

(A) Plot of magnitude vs. time for 189 seismic events located by the Univer... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 4. (A) Plot of magnitude vs. time for 189 seismic events located by the University of Utah during the period July 2005 through August 2007 and within 3 km of a point near the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse (dotted circle, Figure 3 ). Most if not all of the events
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Data (black) and synthetics (gray) generated using the mechanism for the Crandall Canyon Mine event given in Figure 2(A). To the left of each set of traces are the station, azimuth, and distance in kilometers to the event. The traces are ordered by azimuth and are normalized to the maximum amplitude for a set of three-component recordings, where the amplitude is given in 10–7 m on the last line to the left of the traces.

Data (black) and synthetics (gray) generated using the mechanism for the Cr... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
▴ Figure 3. Data (black) and synthetics (gray) generated using the mechanism for the Crandall Canyon Mine event given in Figure 2(A) . To the left of each set of traces are the station, azimuth, and distance in kilometers to the event. The traces are ordered by azimuth and are normalized
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Photographs illustrating fluvial-dominated delta-front facies (Table 1). A) Trough cross-beds in medium-grained sandstones (pDF facies) at Crandall Canyon (Fig. 6A). B) Asymmetric ripples at bed top, overlain by structureless medium-grained sandstone in lower part of overlying bed (pDF facies) at Tie Fork Canyon (Fig. 6C). C) Non-amalgamated sandstone beds and siltstone interbeds (dDF facies) at Wattis Road. D) Flute casts at base of a massive sandstone bed (dDF facies) at Wattis Road. Localities are shown in Figure 2.

Photographs illustrating fluvial-dominated delta-front facies ( Table 1 ). ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 August 2015
Fig. 5.— Photographs illustrating fluvial-dominated delta-front facies ( Table 1 ). A) Trough cross-beds in medium-grained sandstones (pDF facies) at Crandall Canyon ( Fig. 6A ). B) Asymmetric ripples at bed top, overlain by structureless medium-grained sandstone in lower part of overlying
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Focal depth and source type of the August 2021 Mw 4.5 Guizhou earthquake. (a) VR versus centroid depth. (b) The Hudson plots for the compensated linear single couple (CLVD) and isotropic (ISO) components at a focal depth of 2 km. The red, black, and blue dots display the moment tensor results of the August 2021 Mw 4.5 Guizhou earthquake, the 2007 Mw 3.6 Utah Crandall Canyon earthquake, and the 2015 Mw 4.0 Pingyi earthquake, respectively. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.

Focal depth and source type of the August 2021 M w  4.5 Guizhou ear... Available to Purchase

Published: 10 March 2023
the moment tensor results of the August 2021 M w  4.5 Guizhou earthquake, the 2007 M w  3.6 Utah Crandall Canyon earthquake, and the 2015 M w  4.0 Pingyi earthquake, respectively. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition.
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“Delta1” correlation panel through wave-dominated shoreface–shelf deposits and river-dominated delta-front deposits of the KSp040 parasequence in the northern part of the Wasatch Plateau (Figs. 1B, 2A). The parasequence is subdivided into five bedsets (N1–N5). Logs are projected along depositional dip into the plane of the correlation panel (Fig. 2A), and the maximum regressive surface at the top of the parasequence is used as a seaward-dipping (SSE) datum. The maximum regressive surface coincides with a ravinement surface which truncates the regressive part of the parasequence (Hwang and Heller 2002), comprising bedsets N1–N4. Overlying transgressive deposits are assigned to bedset N5. As the logs HC1 (Hwang and Heller 2002), Crandall Canyon and Tie Fork Canyon are very close to each other in map view, we show only Tie Fork Canyon as a representative log for the area.

“Delta1” correlation panel through wave-dominated shoreface–shelf deposits ... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 August 2015
( Hwang and Heller 2002 ), comprising bedsets N1–N4. Overlying transgressive deposits are assigned to bedset N5. As the logs HC1 ( Hwang and Heller 2002 ), Crandall Canyon and Tie Fork Canyon are very close to each other in map view, we show only Tie Fork Canyon as a representative log for the area.
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Epicenter map of seismicity within polygons outlining the Wasatch Plateau–Book Cliffs coal-mining region of Utah (black polygons) from January 1978 through August 2007. Almost all of this seismicity is inferred to be caused by underground mining. The stars mark locations of M ≥ 3.5 events, including the ML 3.9 Crandall Canyon Mine event on 6 August 2007. The thin black lines are Quaternary fault traces from Black et al. (2003). The inverted triangles mark entrances to active and recently active mines.

Epicenter map of seismicity within polygons outlining the Wasatch Plateau–B... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2008
≥ 3.5 events, including the M L 3.9 Crandall Canyon Mine event on 6 August 2007. The thin black lines are Quaternary fault traces from Black et al. ( 2003 ). The inverted triangles mark entrances to active and recently active mines.