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GeoRef Subject
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Macedonia
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Cottian Alps
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France
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Iceland
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Sweden
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Western Gneiss region (1)
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Scheldt River (1)
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United Kingdom
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England
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Yorkshire England
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North Yorkshire England (3)
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Scotland
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Borders region Scotland (1)
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Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides
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Rhum (1)
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Highland region Scotland
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Ardnamurchan (2)
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Inverness-shire Scotland
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Isle of Skye (3)
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Rhum (1)
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Ross-shire Scotland (1)
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Moine thrust zone (2)
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Scottish Highlands
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Scottish Northern Highlands (1)
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Shetland Islands (4)
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Wales
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Cardiganshire Wales (1)
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South Wales coal field (1)
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Northern Ireland (3)
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Wadden Sea (1)
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-
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Fire Island (2)
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Fogo (3)
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Fraser River (1)
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Front Range (4)
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Fuego (1)
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Glass Mountains (1)
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Grand Canyon (7)
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Guadalupe Mountains (1)
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Gulf of Mexico Basin (2)
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Hikurangi Margin (10)
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Homestake Mine (1)
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Indian Ocean
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Arabian Sea
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Persian Gulf (3)
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Argo abyssal plain (1)
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East Indian Ocean (3)
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Perth abyssal plain (1)
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Red Sea
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Timor Sea
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Timor Trough (2)
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Wombat Plateau (1)
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Madagascar (8)
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Maldive Islands (1)
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Mascarene Islands
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Reunion
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Piton de la Fournaise (4)
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International Ocean Discovery Program
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Expedition 352
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IODP Site U1439 (1)
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IODP Site U1440 (1)
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IODP Site U1441 (1)
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IODP Site U1442 (1)
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Jack Hills (1)
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Kerguelen Plateau (1)
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Kura Lowland (1)
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Lake District (1)
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Lake George (1)
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Latin America (2)
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Leeward Islands (1)
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Llanos (2)
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Long Island (1)
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Long Valley (1)
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Lusitanian Basin (7)
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Magdalena Mountains (1)
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Makran (1)
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Malay Archipelago
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Borneo
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Brunei (1)
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East Malaysia
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Sabah Malaysia (1)
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Kalimantan Indonesia
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Mahakam Delta (2)
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New Guinea (1)
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Timor
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East Timor (8)
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Marathon Basin (1)
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Marble Canyon (2)
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McArthur Basin (3)
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Mediterranean region
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Aegean Islands
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades
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Santorin (6)
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Syros (3)
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Thera (4)
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Tinos (1)
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Dodecanese (1)
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Samos (1)
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Balearic Islands
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Majorca (3)
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Calabrian Arc (13)
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Ionian Islands
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Cephalonia (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Adriatic Sea (9)
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Aegean Sea (6)
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Black Sea (3)
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Ionian Sea
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Gulf of Corinth (1)
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Levantine Basin (1)
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Mediterranean Ridge (2)
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Strait of Sicily (1)
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West Mediterranean
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Alboran Sea (1)
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Balearic Basin (2)
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Gulf of Lion (2)
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Ligurian Sea (5)
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Tyrrhenian Basin (1)
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Tyrrhenian Sea (8)
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Valencia Trough (2)
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Melville Island (1)
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Mexico
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Baja California (16)
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Baja California Mexico (9)
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Baja California Sur Mexico
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Vizcaino Peninsula (4)
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Chiapas Mexico
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El Chichon (1)
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Chihuahua Mexico (2)
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Coahuila Mexico (1)
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Colima Mexico (2)
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Durango Mexico (1)
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Guanajuato Mexico (2)
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Guerrero Mexico (4)
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Guerrero Terrane (1)
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Jalisco Block (3)
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Jalisco Mexico
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Colima (5)
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La Popa Basin (2)
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Mexico state
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Federal District Mexico
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Mexico City Mexico (1)
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Michoacan Mexico
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Paricutin (1)
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Michoacan-Guanajuato volcanic field (1)
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Nayarit Mexico
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Sanganguey (1)
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Nuevo Leon Mexico (1)
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Oaxaca Mexico (8)
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Popocatepetl (3)
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Puebla Mexico
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Los Humeros (1)
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Quintana Roo Mexico (1)
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San Luis Potosi Mexico (2)
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Sierra Madre Occidental (4)
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Sierra Madre Oriental (1)
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Sonora Mexico (2)
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Tabasco Mexico (2)
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Tamaulipas Mexico (2)
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Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (9)
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Valley of Mexico (1)
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Veracruz Mexico (4)
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Yucatan Mexico (1)
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Middle Valley (1)
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Midland Valley (2)
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Monte Rosa (1)
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Mount Baker (1)
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NanTroSEIZE
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Expedition 316
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IODP Site C0007 (1)
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IODP Site C0001 (1)
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IODP Site C0002 (1)
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IODP Site C0006 (1)
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IODP Site C0011 (4)
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IODP Site C0012 (4)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (4)
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Appalachians
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Appalachian Plateau (3)
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Blue Ridge Mountains (1)
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Blue Ridge Province (4)
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Central Appalachians (6)
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Cumberland Plateau (1)
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Hudson Highlands (1)
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Northern Appalachians (3)
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Piedmont (12)
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Southern Appalachians (2)
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Valley and Ridge Province (5)
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (11)
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Canadian Shield
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Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Grenville Province (1)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (9)
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Kapuskasing Zone (1)
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Pontiac Subprovince (2)
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Uchi Subprovince (1)
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Wawa Belt (1)
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-
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Denali Fault (4)
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Great Lakes
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Lake Michigan (1)
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Lake Superior (1)
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Great Lakes region (1)
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Great Plains
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Northern Great Plains (1)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (12)
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Humber Zone (2)
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Intermontane Belt (1)
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Keweenawan Rift (3)
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Leech River Fault (1)
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Michigan Basin (3)
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Niagara Escarpment (1)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (5)
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North American Craton (1)
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Okanogan Range (1)
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Omineca Belt (1)
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Peninsular Ranges Batholith (1)
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Rio Grande Rift (5)
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Rocky Mountains
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
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Southern Rocky Mountains (4)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Absaroka Range
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Beartooth Mountains (1)
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San Juan Mountains (3)
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Sangre de Cristo Mountains (1)
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Uinta Mountains (3)
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Wasatch Range (2)
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Wind River Range (1)
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-
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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Saint Elias Mountains (2)
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Saint Lawrence Lowlands (2)
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Shuswap Complex (1)
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Skagit Valley (1)
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Slide Mountain Terrane (1)
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Strait of Georgia (1)
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Tintina Fault (1)
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Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (5)
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Western Interior
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Western Interior Seaway (6)
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Williston Basin (6)
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Yakutat Terrane (1)
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Yukon-Tanana Terrane (3)
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North Australian Craton (2)
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North German Basin (1)
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North Island (27)
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North Sea region (2)
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North Slope (3)
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North West Shelf (2)
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Northern Hemisphere (2)
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Oceania
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Melanesia
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Fiji (3)
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New Caledonia (2)
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Vanuatu (4)
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Micronesia
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Caroline Islands
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Palau (1)
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Mariana Islands (4)
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Polynesia
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French Polynesia
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Marquesas Islands (1)
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Halemaumau Crater (2)
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Kilauea (15)
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Mauna Kea (1)
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-
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Oahu
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Honolulu Hawaii (1)
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-
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Kauai County Hawaii
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Kauai (1)
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Mauna Loa (3)
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Molokai (1)
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Samoa (2)
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Tonga (5)
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-
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ODP Site 642 (1)
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Orcadian Basin (2)
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Ottawa River (1)
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Owens Valley (1)
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Pacific Coast (15)
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Pacific Ocean
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Central Pacific (2)
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East Pacific
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Carnegie Ridge (3)
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Cocos Ridge (26)
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Costa Rica Rift (6)
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East Pacific Rise (10)
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Galapagos Rift (8)
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Northeast Pacific
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Axial Seamount (1)
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Blanco fracture zone (1)
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Cascadia Basin (1)
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Gorda Rise (1)
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Guatemala Basin (1)
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Gulf of California
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Guaymas Basin (1)
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Gulf of Panama (1)
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Juan de Fuca Ridge (4)
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Mendocino fracture zone (2)
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Middle America Trench (33)
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Monterey Canyon (3)
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Rivera fracture zone (1)
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San Diego Trough (1)
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Siqueiros fracture zone (1)
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Panama Basin (1)
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Peru-Chile Trench (5)
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Southeast Pacific
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Chile Ridge (2)
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Lau Basin (2)
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Nazca Ridge (1)
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-
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Equatorial Pacific (14)
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North Pacific
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Aleutian Trench (1)
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Mid-Pacific Mountains (4)
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Northeast Pacific
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Axial Seamount (1)
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Blanco fracture zone (1)
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Cascadia Basin (1)
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Gorda Rise (1)
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Guatemala Basin (1)
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Gulf of California
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Guaymas Basin (1)
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Gulf of Panama (1)
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Juan de Fuca Ridge (4)
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Mendocino fracture zone (2)
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Middle America Trench (33)
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Monterey Canyon (3)
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Rivera fracture zone (1)
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San Diego Trough (1)
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Siqueiros fracture zone (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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East China Sea (1)
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Emperor Seamounts (2)
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Erimo Seamount (1)
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Izu-Bonin Arc (3)
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Japan Sea
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Ulleung Basin (1)
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Yamato Basin (1)
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Yamato Rise (1)
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Japan Trench (10)
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Kashima Seamount (1)
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Kumano Basin (1)
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Kuril Trench (1)
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Mariana Trench (1)
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Mariana Trough (2)
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Nankai Trough (24)
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Okhotsk Sea (1)
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Philippine Sea
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Kyushu-Palau Ridge (1)
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Ryukyu Trench (1)
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Shatsky Rise (3)
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Shikoku Basin (6)
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South China Sea
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Manila Trench (1)
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Zhujiangkou Basin (3)
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Sulu Sea (1)
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Yellow Sea
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Bohai Sea (1)
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-
-
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Pacific Basin (1)
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific
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Chile Ridge (2)
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Lau Basin (2)
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Nazca Ridge (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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Banda Sea (2)
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Bismarck Sea
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Manus Basin (1)
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Coral Sea
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Solomon Sea (1)
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Hikurangi Trough (3)
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Java Sea (1)
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North Fiji Basin (1)
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Tasman Sea (1)
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-
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West Pacific
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Banda Arc (8)
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Indonesian Seas
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Banda Sea (2)
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Java Sea (1)
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Makassar Strait (2)
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-
Northwest Pacific
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East China Sea (1)
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Emperor Seamounts (2)
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Erimo Seamount (1)
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Izu-Bonin Arc (3)
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Japan Sea
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Ulleung Basin (1)
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Yamato Basin (1)
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Yamato Rise (1)
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-
Japan Trench (10)
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Kashima Seamount (1)
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Kumano Basin (1)
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Kuril Trench (1)
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Mariana Trench (1)
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Mariana Trough (2)
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Nankai Trough (24)
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Okhotsk Sea (1)
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Philippine Sea
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Kyushu-Palau Ridge (1)
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Ryukyu Trench (1)
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-
Shatsky Rise (3)
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Shikoku Basin (6)
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South China Sea
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Manila Trench (1)
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Zhujiangkou Basin (3)
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-
Sulu Sea (1)
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Yellow Sea
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Bohai Sea (1)
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-
-
Ontong Java Plateau (2)
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Southwest Pacific
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Banda Sea (2)
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Bismarck Sea
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Manus Basin (1)
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-
Coral Sea
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Solomon Sea (1)
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Hikurangi Trough (3)
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Java Sea (1)
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North Fiji Basin (1)
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Tasman Sea (1)
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-
-
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Pacific region
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Circum-Pacific region (3)
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Peel River (1)
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Peninsular Ranges (1)
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Permian Basin (3)
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polar regions (3)
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Potiguar Basin (8)
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Prince of Wales Island (2)
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Puna (8)
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Pyramid Lake (1)
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Queen Charlotte Fault (1)
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Raton Basin (1)
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Rio Blanco Basin (1)
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Rio Grande (1)
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Rio Grande Valley (2)
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Rio Negro (2)
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Ruby Mountains (2)
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Russian Platform
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Dnieper-Donets Basin (1)
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Timan Ridge (2)
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Sacramento Basin (5)
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Sacramento Valley (3)
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Saint Helena (1)
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Salmon River (2)
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San Andreas Fault (27)
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San Jacinto Fault (5)
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San Joaquin Basin (2)
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San Jorge Basin (4)
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San Juan Islands (1)
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San Juan River (1)
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San Pedro (1)
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San Salvador (2)
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Santa Catalina Island (1)
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Santa Catalina Mountains (1)
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Santa Clara Valley (2)
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Santa Cruz Mountains (2)
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Santa Lucia Range (1)
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Santander Massif (1)
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Sawtooth Range (1)
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Scotia Ridge (1)
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Scotia Sea (3)
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Scotia Sea Islands
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South Sandwich Islands (1)
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South Shetland Islands
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Deception Island (1)
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King George Island (1)
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-
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Segre Valley (1)
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Seymour Island (2)
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Sierra de San Luis (1)
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Sierra Madre (1)
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Sierra Nevada (12)
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Sinai (5)
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Snake River (2)
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Snake River canyon (1)
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Solomon Islands (3)
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South America
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Amazon Basin (23)
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Amazon River (2)
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Amazonian Craton (8)
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Andes
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Aconcagua (2)
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Argentine Andes (1)
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Central Andes (28)
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Copahue (1)
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Cordillera Real (1)
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Eastern Cordillera (13)
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Northern Andes (11)
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Patagonian Andes (2)
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Sierra de Perija (3)
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Southern Andes (7)
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Subandean Belt (1)
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Tungurahua (2)
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Villarrica (1)
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Western Cordillera (10)
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Argentina
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Argentine Andes (1)
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Buenos Aires Argentina (9)
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Catamarca Argentina (1)
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Chaco Argentina (1)
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Chubut Argentina (23)
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Entre Rios Argentina (2)
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Jujuy Argentina (4)
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La Pampa Argentina (4)
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Mytilus (1)
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Ostreoidea
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Ostreidae
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Palaeoheterodonta
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Pterioida
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Pectinacea
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Cephalopoda
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Psiloceratida (1)
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Gastropoda
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Neogastropoda
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Porifera
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Miliolina
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Rotaliina
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Buliminacea
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Uvigerinidae
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Uvigerina
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Uvigerina peregrina (2)
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Cassidulinacea
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Anomalinidae
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Cibicidoides
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Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (1)
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Cassidulina (1)
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Globigerinacea
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Globigerinidae
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Globigerinoides
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Globigerinoides sacculifer (2)
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Orbulina (2)
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Globorotaliidae
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Globorotalia (3)
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Heterohelicidae (3)
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Neogloboquadrina
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
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Lagenidae (1)
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Nodosariacea
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Nodosariidae
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Nodosaria (2)
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Orbitoidacea
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Amphistegina (3)
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Cibicides (1)
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Rotaliacea
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Ammonia (5)
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Miogypsinidae (2)
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Nummulitidae
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Textulariina
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Ammodiscacea
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Lituolacea
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Lituolidae
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Trochammina (2)
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Radiolaria
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Spumellina (1)
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Vermes
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Annelida (5)
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Nematoida (1)
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Polychaeta
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Serpulidae (3)
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scolecodonts (1)
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Metazoa (1)
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microfossils
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Charophyta (6)
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Conodonta
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Ozarkodina (1)
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae
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problematic microfossils (4)
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scolecodonts (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (12)
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Chitinozoa (6)
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Dinoflagellata (92)
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megaspores (3)
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miospores
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Cicatricosisporites (1)
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pollen (120)
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (3)
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (6)
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Chlorophyceae (1)
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Coccolithophoraceae
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Coccolithus
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Coccolithus pelagicus (1)
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Emiliania
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Emiliania huxleyi (2)
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Gephyrocapsa
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Gephyrocapsa oceanica (1)
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diatoms (22)
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nannofossils (36)
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Rhodophyta
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Corallinaceae
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Lithothamnium (1)
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Bryophyta (3)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Taeniopteris (1)
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Lycopsida
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Lycopodium (2)
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Sphenopsida
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Compositae (1)
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Nothofagus (1)
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Rosidae (1)
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (4)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Araucariaceae (1)
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Pinaceae
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Pinus (2)
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Cordaitales
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Cordaites (3)
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Ginkgoales
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Ginkgo (1)
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Pteridospermae
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Neuropteris (1)
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-
-
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problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (4)
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Pterobranchia (1)
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thallophytes (7)
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tracks (13)
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trails (2)
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geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (13)
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Ar/Ar (120)
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exposure age (10)
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fission-track dating (23)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (1)
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Lu/Hf (8)
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radiation damage (3)
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thermoluminescence (1)
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tree rings (8)
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U/Pb (200)
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U/Th/Pb (15)
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uranium disequilibrium (10)
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geologic age
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Anthropocene (2)
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Cenozoic
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Bronze Age (6)
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lower Cenozoic (1)
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Quaternary
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Cordilleran ice sheet (3)
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (10)
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Medieval Warm Period (1)
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Neoglacial
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Neolithic (3)
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Subboreal (1)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Roman period (5)
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-
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Mazama Ash (1)
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Pleistocene
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Bandelier Tuff (3)
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Bishop Tuff (10)
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Champlain Sea (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (1)
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Lake Missoula (1)
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lower Pleistocene
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Calabrian (1)
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Gelasian (1)
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Olduvai Subchron (2)
-
-
Matuyama Chron (2)
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middle Pleistocene (16)
-
upper Pleistocene
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Devensian (1)
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Eemian (1)
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Hoxnian (1)
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Lisan Formation (1)
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Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (1)
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Rancholabrean (2)
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Tyrrhenian (1)
-
Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Allerod (1)
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Bolling (1)
-
Younger Dryas (5)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan
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Fraser Glaciation (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (2)
-
-
-
Stone Age
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Neolithic (3)
-
Paleolithic (2)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Arikaree Group (1)
-
Arikareean (1)
-
Barreiras Formation (2)
-
Challis Volcanics (2)
-
Esna Shale (1)
-
John Day Formation (2)
-
lower Tertiary (6)
-
middle Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
-
Aguacate Group (1)
-
Capistrano Formation (1)
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Ash Hollow Formation (1)
-
Astoria Formation (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (3)
-
Honda Group (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (4)
-
Burdigalian (5)
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Hemingfordian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Badenian (1)
-
Langhian (2)
-
Serravallian (1)
-
-
Pebas Formation (1)
-
Puerto Madryn Formation (2)
-
Sarmatian (1)
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upper Miocene
-
Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (6)
-
-
Modelo Formation (1)
-
Tortonian (10)
-
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene
-
Zanclean (2)
-
-
upper Pliocene (8)
-
Yorktown Formation (1)
-
-
Purisima Formation (1)
-
upper Neogene (4)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Chadron Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (2)
-
Ameki Formation (1)
-
Avon Park Formation (2)
-
Baca Formation (1)
-
Bracklesham Group (1)
-
Castle Hayne Limestone (1)
-
Chumstick Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (3)
-
lower Eocene
-
Aquia Formation (1)
-
Sparnacian (3)
-
Wind River Formation (1)
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (7)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Bartonian (4)
-
Claiborne Group (2)
-
Lutetian (7)
-
Tyee Formation (1)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
Nanjemoy Formation (1)
-
Umpqua Formation (1)
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upper Eocene
-
Cowlitz Formation (1)
-
Jackson Group (2)
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Priabonian (7)
-
-
-
Ilerdian (1)
-
Imo Shale (1)
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lower Paleogene (4)
-
Oligocene
-
Bembridge Marls (1)
-
Brule Formation (1)
-
Fish Canyon Tuff (4)
-
Fontainebleau Sandstone (1)
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (3)
-
-
middle Oligocene (1)
-
Tremembe Formation (1)
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (6)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (6)
-
K-T boundary (9)
-
Puercan (1)
-
-
middle Paleocene
-
Selandian (2)
-
-
Nanafalia Formation (1)
-
Tullock Member (2)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (5)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (8)
-
Refugian (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
White River Group (1)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
-
Pirabas Formation (1)
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
Zambales Ophiolite (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Nihewan Formation (1)
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Dalradian (2)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Carrara Marble (1)
-
Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (2)
-
Bahariya Formation (1)
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Comanchean (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (1)
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (4)
-
-
Aptian
-
Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
Barremian (4)
-
Berriasian (4)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Christopher Formation (1)
-
Clearwater Formation (1)
-
Cloverly Formation (1)
-
Crato Formation (3)
-
Hauterivian (5)
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
McMurray Formation (1)
-
Missisauga Formation (1)
-
Moosebar Formation (1)
-
Neocomian (2)
-
Spirit River Formation (2)
-
Valanginian (3)
-
-
Macae Formation (1)
-
Middle Cretaceous
-
Bhuj Series (1)
-
-
Nenjiang Formation (1)
-
Potomac Group (1)
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
-
Santana Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bauru Group (1)
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (1)
-
Campanian
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
upper Campanian (3)
-
-
Cardium Formation (2)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (1)
-
Cenomanian
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coker Formation (1)
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Eutaw Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Fox Hills Formation (2)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (2)
-
Prairie Bluff Chalk (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
-
Hornbrook Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (9)
-
La Luna Formation (4)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (5)
-
upper Maestrichtian (2)
-
-
Maevarano Formation (1)
-
Moreno Formation (2)
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Peedee Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (3)
-
Prince Creek Formation (2)
-
Rosario Formation (2)
-
Santonian (8)
-
Selma Group (1)
-
Senonian (26)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (1)
-
Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (2)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
middle Turonian (2)
-
upper Turonian (1)
-
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (2)
-
Wahweap Formation (1)
-
-
Valdez Group (1)
-
Vraconian (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (12)
-
Great Valley Sequence (5)
-
Jurassic
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (1)
-
Fernie Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (6)
-
lower Liassic (3)
-
middle Liassic (3)
-
Nordegg Member (2)
-
Pliensbachian (8)
-
Sinemurian (2)
-
Toarcian (5)
-
upper Liassic (2)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (2)
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (2)
-
Etive Formation (1)
-
Ness Formation (2)
-
-
Bathonian (3)
-
Callovian (6)
-
-
Oxford Clay (1)
-
Solnhofen Limestone (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (1)
-
Fulmar Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (1)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (2)
-
Kimmeridgian (2)
-
Morrison Formation (2)
-
Oxfordian (9)
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
Maiolica Limestone (2)
-
McHugh Complex (2)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Mist Mountain Formation (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Nicoya Complex (8)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Serra Geral Formation (2)
-
Triassic
-
Hallstatt Limestone (1)
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
Dinwoody Formation (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
Smithian (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
Ladinian (2)
-
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Chinle Formation (1)
-
Keuper (1)
-
Norian (3)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Shinarump Member (1)
-
Xujiahe Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
MIS 11 (1)
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
MIS 5 (2)
-
Moldanubian (3)
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Bird Spring Formation (2)
-
Cambrian
-
Bonanza King Formation (1)
-
Carrara Formation (1)
-
Lower Cambrian (14)
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (2)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (2)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Jackfork Group (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (7)
-
-
Mabou Group (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Borden Group (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Lodgepole Formation (2)
-
Osagian (2)
-
Tournaisian (6)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (2)
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Serpukhovian (4)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Desmoinesian (1)
-
Moscovian (2)
-
-
Red Fork Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Missourian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (3)
-
Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Deadwood Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Levis Shale (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (7)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Pragian (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Eifelian (6)
-
Givetian (4)
-
Hamilton Group (2)
-
Ludlowville Formation (1)
-
Moscow Formation (2)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Ponta Grossa Formation (1)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (1)
-
-
Frasnian (7)
-
Hampshire Formation (1)
-
Kellwasser event (1)
-
Palliser Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (4)
-
Exshaw Formation (3)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (1)
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
Leinster Granite (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (2)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Acoite Formation (1)
-
Catoche Formation (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (7)
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
El Paso Group (1)
-
Fillmore Formation (2)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Saint George Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (9)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Chazy Group (1)
-
Dapingian (2)
-
Darriwilian (6)
-
Llandeilian (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Montoya Group (1)
-
Skiddaw Slates (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (4)
-
Caradocian (5)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (2)
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Edenian (1)
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Hirnantian (6)
-
Katian (8)
-
Kope Formation (1)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Queenston Shale (1)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
Vinini Formation (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Buckley Formation (2)
-
Council Grove Group (1)
-
Cutler Formation (2)
-
Gharif Formation (2)
-
Guadalupian
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
-
Irati Formation (2)
-
Khuff Formation (1)
-
Longtan Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Kungurian (1)
-
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Wolfcampian (3)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (6)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Rio Bonito Formation (1)
-
Rotliegendes (4)
-
Unayzah Formation (3)
-
Upper Permian
-
Changxing Formation (1)
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (6)
-
Wuchiapingian (2)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
Road River Formation (2)
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (2)
-
Rhuddanian (3)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Wenlock (2)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Racine Dolomite (1)
-
Rose Hill Formation (1)
-
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (5)
-
-
-
Tippecanoe Sequence (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (7)
-
Fountain Formation (2)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (20)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Blake River Group (1)
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Kromberg Formation (1)
-
Mesoarchean (6)
-
Neoarchean (13)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
-
-
-
Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
-
Central Rand Group (2)
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
Hadean (3)
-
Levack Gneiss (1)
-
Minas Supergroup (3)
-
Onverwacht Group (1)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Espinhaco Supergroup (3)
-
Huronian (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Calymmian (1)
-
Ectasian (1)
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (1)
-
Roper Group (2)
-
Shuangqiaoshan Group (2)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (3)
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran (9)
-
Marinoan (4)
-
Moine Supergroup (2)
-
Moinian (1)
-
Riphean (2)
-
Sturtian (2)
-
Tonian (1)
-
Vendian (4)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Cobalt Group (1)
-
Orosirian (2)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
Willyama Supergroup (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (1)
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (3)
-
-
Saxothuringian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (1)
-
extrusive rocks (3)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (9)
-
granophyre (2)
-
hypabyssal rocks (7)
-
kamafugite (1)
-
kimberlite (8)
-
peperite (1)
-
picrite (8)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (4)
-
diabase
-
diabase porphyry (1)
-
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (3)
-
quartz diorites (7)
-
tonalite (13)
-
trondhjemite (6)
-
-
gabbros
-
troctolite (2)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (1)
-
aplite (3)
-
A-type granites (14)
-
biotite granite (2)
-
charnockite (3)
-
granite porphyry (2)
-
granosyenite (2)
-
I-type granites (5)
-
leucogranite (13)
-
monzogranite (8)
-
muscovite granite (1)
-
rapakivi (2)
-
S-type granites (6)
-
two-mica granite (2)
-
-
granodiorites
-
granodiorite porphyry (2)
-
-
lamprophyres (3)
-
monzodiorite (4)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (34)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
granosyenite (2)
-
nepheline syenite (3)
-
quartz syenite (2)
-
syenite porphyry (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (11)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (3)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
garnet peridotite (1)
-
harzburgite (5)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (2)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (27)
-
andesites
-
boninite (5)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
hawaiite (3)
-
mugearite (2)
-
spilite (1)
-
trachybasalts (3)
-
-
flood basalts (13)
-
mare basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (35)
-
ocean-island basalts (14)
-
olivine basalt (1)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (9)
-
tholeiitic basalt (7)
-
trap rocks (1)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (3)
-
-
benmoreite (1)
-
dacites
-
dacite porphyry (1)
-
-
glasses
-
obsidian (1)
-
palagonite (1)
-
perlite (1)
-
pitchstone (1)
-
volcanic glass (15)
-
-
keratophyre (1)
-
komatiite (8)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
phonolites (6)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (6)
-
green tuff (1)
-
hyaloclastite (5)
-
ignimbrite (47)
-
pumice (22)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
scoria (8)
-
tuff (35)
-
tuffite (2)
-
welded tuff (3)
-
-
rhyodacites (9)
-
rhyolites (50)
-
tephrite (1)
-
trachyandesites (3)
-
trachytes (11)
-
vitrophyre (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (48)
-
volcanic ash (27)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites
-
orthoamphibolite (1)
-
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (18)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (3)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
-
granulites (12)
-
hornfels (2)
-
jadeitite (3)
-
marbles (12)
-
metacarbonate rocks (2)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (4)
-
metabasite (3)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
metagabbro (3)
-
metagranite (3)
-
metaperidotite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
serpentinite (26)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metapelite (10)
-
metasandstone (4)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
greisen (2)
-
serpentinite (26)
-
skarn (13)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (12)
-
migmatites
-
anatexite (1)
-
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (2)
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (1)
-
quartzites (9)
-
schists
-
biotite schist (1)
-
blueschist (5)
-
greenschist (3)
-
greenstone (4)
-
-
slates (4)
-
-
ophiolite (48)
-
turbidite (45)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
Northwest Africa Meteorites (2)
-
stony irons
-
pallasite (1)
-
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
angrite (1)
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
chassignite (1)
-
nakhlite (2)
-
shergottite (2)
-
-
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CK chondrites (1)
-
CM chondrites (1)
-
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites
-
Tieschitz Meteorite (1)
-
-
L chondrites (1)
-
LL chondrites (1)
-
-
rumurutiites (1)
-
-
-
Yamato Meteorites (1)
-
-
-
minerals
-
alabaster (1)
-
alloys
-
electrum (1)
-
-
antimonides (2)
-
arsenates
-
mimetite (2)
-
pharmacosiderite (1)
-
scorodite (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (6)
-
cobaltite (2)
-
gersdorffite (1)
-
lollingite (1)
-
sperrylite (4)
-
-
bismuthides (1)
-
borates
-
ludwigite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (2)
-
aragonite (10)
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
calcite (25)
-
dolomite (7)
-
hydromagnesite (1)
-
hydrotalcite (3)
-
magnesite (2)
-
monohydrocalcite (1)
-
parisite (2)
-
pyroaurite (1)
-
rhodochrosite (1)
-
siderite (3)
-
vaterite (3)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
atacamite (1)
-
halite (4)
-
mimetite (2)
-
pyromorphite (2)
-
vanadinite (2)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
fluorite (1)
-
humite (1)
-
parisite (2)
-
topaz (2)
-
triplite (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (8)
-
iron minerals (4)
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
manganese minerals (4)
-
minerals (27)
-
native elements
-
carbonado (1)
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (1)
-
-
graphite (4)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (6)
-
urea (1)
-
-
oxalates
-
weddellite (1)
-
whewellite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
akaganeite (1)
-
alexandrite (1)
-
aluminum oxides (4)
-
anatase (4)
-
baddeleyite (2)
-
birnessite (1)
-
brannerite (1)
-
brucite (1)
-
cassiterite (3)
-
chrome spinel (8)
-
chromite (10)
-
corundum (2)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
ferrihydrite (1)
-
gahnite (2)
-
gibbsite (10)
-
goethite (23)
-
hausmannite (1)
-
hematite (36)
-
hercynite (2)
-
hibonite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
aluminum hydroxides (4)
-
iron hydroxides (7)
-
oxyhydroxides (3)
-
-
ilmenite (13)
-
iron oxides (43)
-
lepidocrocite (3)
-
leucoxene (1)
-
limonite (1)
-
maghemite (13)
-
magnesium oxides (1)
-
magnetite (34)
-
manganese oxides (3)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (1)
-
betafite (1)
-
columbite (4)
-
euxenite (1)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
pyrochlore (4)
-
-
periclase (2)
-
perovskite (5)
-
pseudobrookite (1)
-
pyrophanite (2)
-
rutile (12)
-
spinel (14)
-
spinel group (2)
-
tantalates
-
betafite (1)
-
euxenite (1)
-
microlite (2)
-
tantalite (2)
-
-
titanium oxides (7)
-
titanomaghemite (1)
-
titanomagnetite (7)
-
todorokite (1)
-
uraninite (4)
-
vernadite (1)
-
wustite (1)
-
zincite (1)
-
zirconolite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (61)
-
barbosalite (1)
-
beraunite (1)
-
britholite (3)
-
brushite (3)
-
cacoxenite (1)
-
carbonate apatite (2)
-
chlorapatite (3)
-
crandallite (5)
-
eosphorite (1)
-
florencite (1)
-
fluorapatite (9)
-
goyazite (1)
-
graftonite (1)
-
hureaulite (2)
-
hydroxylapatite (4)
-
lazulite (1)
-
lithiophilite (1)
-
merrillite (1)
-
monazite (24)
-
plumbogummite (1)
-
pyromorphite (2)
-
rhabdophane (2)
-
rockbridgeite (2)
-
sarcopside (1)
-
strengite (2)
-
triphylite (3)
-
triplite (1)
-
turquoise (2)
-
variscite (1)
-
vivianite (1)
-
wavellite (1)
-
xenotime (6)
-
-
platinum minerals (12)
-
selenides (3)
-
selenites (1)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (2)
-
asbestos (5)
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
sapphirine (2)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (3)
-
cummingtonite (2)
-
glaucophane (1)
-
grunerite (2)
-
hornblende (18)
-
kaersutite (2)
-
pargasite (3)
-
richterite (1)
-
tremolite (2)
-
tschermakite (1)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (1)
-
gedrite (3)
-
-
-
bavenite (1)
-
jade (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (3)
-
augite (3)
-
chrome diopside (1)
-
clinoenstatite (1)
-
diopside (5)
-
jadeite (5)
-
omphacite (6)
-
pigeonite (2)
-
spodumene (4)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (4)
-
protoenstatite (1)
-
-
-
tobermorite (1)
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (3)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (4)
-
amazonite (2)
-
K-feldspar (3)
-
microcline (1)
-
orthoclase (3)
-
perthite (1)
-
sanidine (8)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (7)
-
anorthite (9)
-
bytownite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (1)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
amethyst (2)
-
chalcedony (2)
-
coesite (4)
-
cristobalite (3)
-
opal (3)
-
quartz
-
smoky quartz (1)
-
-
stishovite (1)
-
tridymite (2)
-
-
sodalite group
-
hauyne (2)
-
helvite (2)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
chabazite (1)
-
clinoptilolite (1)
-
heulandite (1)
-
phillipsite (1)
-
thomsonite (1)
-
-
-
hyalite (1)
-
magnesian silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (2)
-
braunite (1)
-
britholite group
-
britholite (3)
-
-
chondrodite (1)
-
clinohumite (1)
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
garnet group
-
almandine (2)
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (2)
-
pyrope (2)
-
spessartine (2)
-
-
humite (1)
-
kyanite (3)
-
larnite (3)
-
merwinite (2)
-
mullite (3)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (3)
-
forsterite (14)
-
monticellite (1)
-
olivine (67)
-
ringwoodite (1)
-
wadsleyite (2)
-
-
phenakite group
-
phenakite (1)
-
willemite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (3)
-
staurolite (4)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (13)
-
-
topaz (2)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (1)
-
thorite (2)
-
zircon (182)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
bertrandite (1)
-
chevkinite group
-
perrierite (1)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (3)
-
clinozoisite (1)
-
epidote (6)
-
-
kornerupine (1)
-
lawsonite (2)
-
melilite group
-
akermanite (2)
-
gehlenite (1)
-
melilite (1)
-
-
pumpellyite group
-
pumpellyite (1)
-
-
thortveitite group
-
yttrialite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (3)
-
beryl (11)
-
cordierite (4)
-
emerald (1)
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (6)
-
elbaite (5)
-
schorl (7)
-
uvite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chamosite (1)
-
chlorite (9)
-
-
clay minerals
-
allophane (4)
-
beidellite (3)
-
dickite (2)
-
halloysite (17)
-
hectorite (2)
-
imogolite (3)
-
kaolinite (61)
-
metahalloysite (2)
-
montmorillonite (20)
-
nontronite (4)
-
saponite (3)
-
smectite (39)
-
stevensite (1)
-
vermiculite (5)
-
-
clintonite (1)
-
illite (21)
-
magadiite (1)
-
mica group
-
annite (2)
-
biotite (21)
-
celadonite (3)
-
glauconite (10)
-
lepidolite (2)
-
muscovite (27)
-
phengite (5)
-
phlogopite (7)
-
polylithionite (2)
-
-
palygorskite (5)
-
petalite (3)
-
pyrophyllite (1)
-
rectorite (1)
-
sepiolite (5)
-
sericite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (11)
-
berthierine (3)
-
chrysotile (4)
-
cronstedtite (3)
-
lizardite (3)
-
serpentine (6)
-
-
talc (6)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alum (1)
-
alunite (3)
-
anhydrite (7)
-
barite (4)
-
chalcanthite (1)
-
copiapite (1)
-
ettringite (1)
-
gypsum (12)
-
halotrichite (1)
-
hexahydrite (1)
-
jarosite (4)
-
melanterite (1)
-
mirabilite (1)
-
natroalunite (2)
-
pickeringite (1)
-
rozenite (1)
-
schwertmannite (1)
-
svanbergite (1)
-
thenardite (1)
-
voltaite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
acanthite (1)
-
alabandite (1)
-
arsenopyrite (6)
-
bismuthinite (1)
-
bohdanowiczite (1)
-
bornite (3)
-
cattierite (1)
-
chalcocite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (17)
-
cinnabar (2)
-
cobaltite (2)
-
cooperite (1)
-
copper sulfides (4)
-
covellite (1)
-
cubanite (1)
-
galena (10)
-
gersdorffite (1)
-
greigite (1)
-
helvite (2)
-
iron sulfides (7)
-
laurite (3)
-
mackinawite (2)
-
marcasite (2)
-
metacinnabar (1)
-
millerite (2)
-
molybdenite (8)
-
nickel sulfides (3)
-
pentlandite (4)
-
pyrite (22)
-
pyrrhotite (13)
-
sphalerite (6)
-
stibnite (1)
-
troilite (1)
-
violarite (1)
-
zinc sulfides (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
tetrahedrite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
altaite (1)
-
calaverite (1)
-
tellurobismuthite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (15)
-
-
uranium minerals (1)
-
vanadates
-
descloizite (1)
-
vanadinite (2)
-
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
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Costa
A methodology to assess and select seismic fragility curves: Application to the case of Costa Rica
Li isotope ratios of spring fluids as an effective tracer of slab-derived subducted sources across the Costa Rica forearc
Evidence for Caribbean plate subduction in southern Costa Rica
The 2022 Seismic Hazard Model for Costa Rica
ABSTRACT Two spatially separated areas of Neogene volcanic rocks are located on the northeast limb of the Mount Diablo anticline. The southernmost outcrops of volcanics are 6 km east of the summit of Mount Diablo in the Marsh Creek area and consist of ~12 hypabyssal dacite intrusions dated at ca. 7.8–7.5 Ma, which were intruded into the Great Valley Group of Late Cretaceous age. The intrusions occur in the vicinity of the Clayton and Diablo faults. The rocks are predominantly calc-alkaline plagioclase biotite dacites, but one is a tholeiitic plagioclase andesite. Mercury mineralization was likely concomitant with emplacement of these late Miocene intrusions. The northernmost outcrops of Neogene volcanic rocks occur ~15 km to the north of Mount Diablo in the Concord Naval Weapons Station and the Los Medanos Hills and are probably parts of a single andesite flow. A magnetometer survey indicates that the flow originated from a feeder dike along the Clayton fault. The lava flow is flat-lying and occupies ancient stream channels across an erosional surface of tilted Markley Sandstone of middle Eocene age. New radiometric dates of the flow yield an age of 5.8–5.5 Ma, but due to alteration the age should be used with caution. The flow is a calc-alkaline andesite rich in clinopyroxene and plagioclase. What appear to be uplifted erosional remnants of the flow can be traced northeastward in the Los Medanos Hills across a surface of tilted Cenozoic rocks that eventually rest on formations as young as the Lawlor Tuff dated at 4.865 ± 0.011 Ma. This stratigraphic relationship suggests that the andesite flow is probably late Pliocene in age and was impacted by the more recent uplift of the Los Medanos Hills but postdates the regional folding and faulting of the rocks of Mount Diablo. In terms of timing, location, and composition, the evidence suggests these two areas of dacitic and andesitic volcanics fit into a series of migrating volcanic centers in the California Coast Ranges that erupted following the northward passage of the Mendocino Triple Junction.
History of geological investigations of Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, California
ABSTRACT Over the past 150 years, Mount Diablo has served as a window into the evolving understanding of California geology. In the 1800s, geologists mapped this easily accessible peak located less than 100 km (62 miles) from the rapidly growing city of San Francisco and the geology departments at the University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University. Later, the mountain served as a focal point for investigating San Francisco Bay area tectonics. The structural interpretation of the up-thrusting mechanisms has evolved from a simple compressional system involving a few local faults to a more complex multifault and multiphase mountain-building theory. The stratigraphic interpretation and understanding have been advanced from a general description of the lithologies and fossils to a detailed description using sequence stratigraphy to define paleogeographic settings and depositional regimes.
Exposure forecasting for seismic risk estimation: Application to Costa Rica
A Strong‐Motion Database of Costa Rica: 20 Yr of Digital Records
Seismic anisotropy in southern Costa Rica confirms upper mantle flow from the Pacific to the Caribbean
Collision of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province with the Americas: Earliest evidence from the forearc of Costa Rica
Combined Fe-Mg chemical and isotopic zoning in olivine constraining magma mixing-to-eruption timescales for the continental arc volcano Irazú (Costa Rica) and Cr diffusion in olivine
Pleistocene vertical motions of the Costa Rican outer forearc from subducting topography and a migrating fracture zone triple junction
The National Seismological Network of Costa Rica (RSN): An Overview and Recent Developments
Variations of attenuation and V P / V S ratio in the vicinity of wastewater injection: A case study of Costa Molina 2 well (High Agri Valley, Italy)
Aftershocks of the 2012 M w 7.6 Nicoya, Costa Rica, Earthquake and Mechanics of the Plate Interface
The history of volcanology in Costa Rica: from the Amerindian legends to the beginning of the twenty-first century
Abstract We divide the narrative history of legends on volcanoes, descriptions of volcanic landscape, eruptions and products, and the gradual development of volcanology in Costa Rica as a formal science, into several periods or stages. Each stage is discussed in detail in the text: (a) pre-Columbian period (11 500 BC–AD 1502); (b) colonization period (1502–1718); (c) first period (1719–1887); (d) second period (1888–1925); (e) third period (1926–62), and (f) fourth period (1963–present). The social and economic contribution of volcanology research is also discussed.
Abstract Poás Volcano (Costa Rica) resumed phreatic activity on 24 March 2006 after twelve years of quiescence. From March 2006 to June 2010, the initial phase of the ongoing eruption cycle, 110 phreatic eruptions were reported. This study presents the temporal variations in the chemical and isotopic (δD and δ 18 O) compositions of Laguna Caliente crater lake for the period prior to the eruption until June 2010. No systematic relationship with the phreatic eruptive activity exists. A combined mass and Cl budget analysis enables quantification of the seepage rate (7 kg s −1 ), the input rate of the ‘volcanic fluid’ ( Q f ), and the Cl concentration (Cl e ) in the evaporation plume (13 300 mg l −1 ). A modelling procedure for variable seepage rates leads to more realistic estimates of 50–100 kg s −1 , which better represent the observed lake water chemistry, hence suggesting dynamic fluid recycling between the lake and the underlying magmatic–hydrothermal system. The high Cl concentration in the evaporation plume and the dynamic fluid recycling at the lake bottom characterize Laguna Caliente as an ‘open-air’ fumarole, discrediting water chemistry as an efficient monitoring tool at the classic monitoring frequency. A conceptual model of phreatic eruptions is linked to our observations.
Campanian rudists (Hippuritida, Bivalvia) from Costa Rica (Central America)
Stratigraphy and structure of the Cañas Dulces caldera (Costa Rica)
Arenal Volcano is a small (~1750 m above sea level, ~10 km 3 ) stratovolcano that continuously erupted between July 1968 and October 2010. During this long-lasting eruption (over 42 yr), a large volume of material—~5.6 × 10 8 m 3 of dense rock equivalent—has been extruded and has produced a thick and extended lava field, mainly on the western flank of the edifice. Measurements of ground deformation obtained using a network of dry-tilt stations are presented for the period 1986–2000. They show a continuous subsidence of the volcano with maximal amplitude on the western side. The load effect of the lava field is calculated and explains the largest part of the observed tilts. Once the data are corrected by this load effect, pressure source models are not supported by the observations and by quality criteria on the models. Although the dry-tilt data from Arenal Volcano give limited constraints on the deformation models, they are representative of a long period of activity that cannot be recovered by other means. Moreover, the corresponding interpretative model is consistent with results obtained by geotechnical studies and modern ground deformation methods like interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR).