Figure 10. Comparison of the raw and rarefied interaction data from Colwell Creek Pond and Williamson Drive. Each column of each graph represents a damage type. The heat maps show the prevalence of each interaction, and the asterisks denote interactions that remain after rarefying data from each

Table 1.— Lithofacies in the Colwell Creek Pond outcrops, using terminology from Miall (1985 , 1996 ), Tucker (2003) , and Long (2011) . VF, F, M, and VC, very fine, fine, medium, and very coarse grains, respectively .

Fig. 9.— Plant and other fossils from laminated mudstone at the Colwell Creek Pond locality. A) Walchian conifer branch system ( Looy and Duijnstee 2013 ). Morphotype IV photographed in the field before extraction (USNM 536456). This image is a composite of a series of images. B) Blattoid

Fig. 2.— Outcrops at Colwell Creek Pond. Yellow arrows denote the positions of detailed lithological logs. A) Main cliff section 7 m high, subdivided into Channel Bodies 1 and 2. The lower stratigraphic interval is subdivided into lithofacies shown in Table 1 (Fm, massive mudstone; Fl

Fig. 4.— A) Map of Channel Body 1 at Colwell Creek Pond, showing the outcrop outline and the traceable extent of the channel margin. Circles represent sites with sedimentological descriptions and GPS locations, with strike and dip and paleoflow data from other sites. Line AA′ is perpendicular

Fig. 3.— Lithological logs at Colwell Creek Pond. A) Log illustrating the sedimentological features of Channel Bodies 1 and 2. A detailed section of the basal 20 cm and upper 1 m of Channel Body 1 are also shown. Five fining-upward cycles are noted in Channel Body 2 by black-filled triangles

Figure 1.  Colwell Creek Pond outcrop viewed from above. Walchian conifer branch systems (morphotype IV) on red mudstone channel bed. Scale bar, 15.5 cm. Photograph by Dan Chaney.

Figure 3.  Walchian conifer branch systems and branch bases from Colwell Creek Pond. The fossils are preserved as three-dimensional reddish-brown goethite petrifactions in pink-reddish mudstones. Note the smooth abscission surfaces in all specimens, and pattern of penultimate leaf bases

Figure 4.  Bases of walchian conifer branch systems from Colwell Creek Pond (upper two rows), and specimens figured in Florin (1938–1945; bottom row). Outlines of the basal parts of penultimate conifer branches including the base of the first ultimate shoot(s). Note the differences among

Figure 2. Bipartite network representations of plant–damage type (DT) networks at the species and genus levels for four Paleozoic floras from Texas, USA, from younger to older: A, South Ash Pasture (SAP), of Roadian Age; and B, Colwell Creek Pond (CCP), of Kungurian Age.

Figure 9. Mean values and 95% confidence intervals for coverage-based rarefaction of interactions. The datasets presented here are Williamson Drive and Colwell Creek Pond, both from the Permian of Texas (rarefied to a sample coverage of 0.771) and a simulated dataset that mimics the patterns seen

Figure 3. Bipartite network representations of plant–damage type (DT) networks at the clade or major plant-group level for four Paleozoic floras from Texas, USA, from younger to older: A, South Ash Pasture (SAP), of Roadian Age; and B, Colwell Creek Pond (CCP), of Kungurian Age.

Figure 6. Mean values and 95% confidence intervals for beta-diversity metrics generated by resampling and subsampling data for the two most abundant host plants from (A) Willershausen, (B) Colwell Creek Pond, and (C) Williamson Drive. At the highest sample sizes, represented in dark blue

Figure 6. Mean values and 95% confidence intervals for beta-diversity metrics generated by resampling and subsampling data for the two most abundant host plants from (A) Willershausen, (B) Colwell Creek Pond, and (C) Williamson Drive. At the highest sample sizes, represented in dark blue

Figure 8. False positive results of “specialized” damage generated by iteratively resampling data from Colwell Creek Pond. We treated each iteration in which DT032 or DT120 was observed on only one host plant taxon as a false positive. The heat maps show the percentage of iterations for each

the Wichita River, showing the occurrence and relative thicknesses of the main channel bodies (modified from Nelson et al. 2013 ). The Colwell Creek Pond site is located in the middle unit of the Clear Fork Formation.

Table 2.  Measurements on walchian conifer branch systems with intact bases from the Colwell Creek Pond locality (morphotypes II–IV), literature, and European collections. The distance between base and first ultimate branch is listed, as well as width of penultimate walchian conifer branches

plants at the Colwell Creek Pond assemblage. The solid lines and corresponding 84% confidence intervals represent interpolated damage type diversity, and the dashed lines with question marks represent extrapolated diversity. B, An illustration of the sampling completeness that is needed for bipartite

from Texas, USA, used in this study, from youngest to oldest are South Ash Pasture (SAP), of Roadian Age; Colwell Creek Pond (CCP), of Kungurian Age; Mitchell Creek Flats (MCF), of Artinskian Age; and Williamson Drive (WD), of Gzhelian Age. The PCA axes PC 1 and PC 2 are equivalent to Dim1 and Dim2