THE CONTACT between the Yerington batholith and metased-imentary and metavolcanic rocks east of Ludwig, Nevada, is exposed over 3.5 km of paleodepth (Fig. 1 ) due to 90° of westward rotation during Basin-and-Range faulting ( Proffett, 1977 ; Geissman et al., 1982 ). Here we have the opportunity to study the effects of depth, distance, and time in the generation of metamorphic rocks and skarns. As we walk over the terrain, keep reminding yourself that “original up” is to the west. The main emphasis of the trip will be to examine the structural and lithologic controls on the formation of calc-sil-icate hornfels, skarn, and related ores, the mineralogy of these rocks, and their temporal relation to quartz monzodior-ite and granite porphyry intrusions of the Yerington batholith. This examination will yield a conceptual framework for understanding skarn-forming processes and will generate ideas useful in mineral exploration. Some background material on terminology and phase equilibria is given in the first section of the chapter, preceding the description of individual stops. The actual trip log gives descriptions of outcrops for each stop, followed by background material, interpretation, and application where appropriate. An overall summary and conclusions is beyond the scope of this chapter. Many of the conclusions presented below rely on the parallel studies of igneous and hyrothermal events associated with emplacement of the Yerington batholith ( Proffett, 1977 ; Proffett and Dilles, 1984 ; Dilles, 1987 ; Dilles and Einaudi, 1992 ; Dilles et al., 1992 ; Dilles and Proffett, 1995 ), summaries in this Fieldtrip Guidebook ( Dilles et al., 2000 , etc.), as well as studies by others on skarn deposits around the world (cited individually in text).

Abstract The Vermont copper belt includes the Elizabeth mine in South Strafford, the Ely Mine in Vershire, and the Pike Hill mines in Corinth. Of these the Elizabeth mine operated over the longest period of time, produced the highest tonnage of copper and left the largest and most complex collection of historic resources. The Elizabeth mine site is complex and represents approximately 160 years of industrial activity from 1809 to 1958. It was the site of a major 19th century U.S. copperas manufacturing plant, and several important firsts in American copper smelting. It was the site of no less than nine copper ore smelting campaigns and multiple ore concentration milling phases. The extent of industrial operations encompassed hundreds of acres. The Elizabeth mine produced an estimated 4,726,800 kg (10,500,000 lbs) of copper before its World War II revival. During the subsequent campaign the mine became the largest and most productive copper mine in New England, and yielded another 41,502,495 kg (91,495,800 lbs) of copper. Briefly during the 1950s it was one of the top 20 U.S. copper producers. The unique copperas works remains and the World War II-era remains constitute one of the largest and least disturbed historic mining sites in New England. This landscape includes the only intact cluster of historic hard-rock metal-mine plant buildings in the region. The Ely mine orebody was discovered in 1813 and explored during the 1830s, but it was most active between the mid-1850s and about 1905. Mining began seriously in 1853 with the incorporation of the Vermont Copper Mining Company. For the next 13 years the ore was shipped to east coast smelters. The mine eventually came under the control of Smith Ely, for which it is named. In 1867 the company built its own smelter on the mine site. This plant was periodically expanded to become a massive mid-19th century nonferrous metallurgical works, more than 122 m (700 ft) long with 24 smelting furnaces. By the mid-1870s the town of Ely had become a mining boomtown and in 1883, the town was the site of the “Ely War” labor conflict. The Ely mine was the only copper mine in Vermont where all technological aspects of refined copper production, from mining of raw ore to smelting of refined ingot copper, were successfully integrated on a large scale. The site geography at the Ely mine dictated a confined, straight-line flow of materials and processes, and today the historic landscape expresses copper production in a linear, understandable way. Total copper output for the Vermont copper belt mines between 1793 and 1958 has been estimated at about 65.8 million kg (145 million lbs), with about 25 million kg (100 million lbs) from the Elizabeth mine, about 16 million kg (35 million lbs) from Ely and under 4.5 million kg (10 million lbs) from Pike Hill ( Abbott, 1964 ; Howard, 1969 ). In addition to their economic contribution, the Vermont copper belt mines also contributed to the historic legacy and landscape of New England. They have left unusual stories and sites that convey the drama and impact of hard rock mining, an industry not usually associated with New England.

Abstract Zambia is a land-locked country occupying an area of 752 614 km 2 , with the geology dominated by Archaean to Neoproterozoic age rocks that contain significant mineral resources. Economically, the most important of these are the Neoproterozoic Katangan rocks, which yield the copper and cobalt ores exploited in the Zambian Copperbelt. Copper and Cobalt exports account for over 80% of Zambia’s foreign exchange earnings. Coal-bearing rocks of Karoo age (Permo-Carboniferous to Early Jurassic age) occur in rift valley basins such as the mid-Zambezi Valley in the south of the country. Issues such as a lack of capital investment led to privatization of the Zambian large-scale mining industry. Smaller scale gemstone mining is becoming increasingly important. For example, in 1998, the Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development granted over 200 gemstone-mining licences, 30 small-scale mining licences and prospecting permits, and over 70 artisanal mining rights for various minerals. A policy Framework Paper (1999–2001) published by the Zambian Government encourages the formalization of small-scale mining activities through the provision of licences for small-scale mining and gemstone trading, and the establishment of four regional mining bureaus for licensing and other services to the mining community. Furthermore, the Government has embarked on a Mining Sector Diversification Project with the support of the European Union, with the objectives of increasing export earnings through economic diversification, generating employment opportunities and contributing to poverty alleviation. In addition, the new policies and legal framework encourage private ownership of medium- and large-scale mining operations, and development of new mines. Currently, all former Government-owned mines that were under Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited have been privatized. These activities are slowly generating much needed new investment to the mineral industry in Zambia. For many years, copper mining has supported the social and economic development of Zambia, accounting for around 90% of all Zambia’s foreign exchange earnings in 1991. Copper reserves are steadily declining, with total reserves remaining estimated at just over 2 billion tonnes at an average grade of 2.51% total copper. There are no recent economic mineral deposits discoveries to replace depleting copper reserves. Lead and zinc mining at Kabwe finished in 1994 due to reserve depletion. The Maamba Coal Mine in the Zambezi Valley is in need of re-equipment and modernization. Gemstone mining and marketing needs a complete overhaul. This paper reviews the major issues that have contributed to decline in sustainable development of the mineral industry in Zambia and highlights initiatives, both private and public, currently undertaken to revitalize the sector.