... downturn of the posterior caudal segment, and the development of finlike paired appendages reveal a pattern of adaptation toward an optimized marine existence. This change in morphology reflects a transition from anguilliform or sub-carangiform locomotion to carangiform locomotion, and indicates...

... uncertainties on paleoecology and life history for fossil species, we used relatively broad categories of diet (apex, fish/squid, benthic) and locomotion (anguilliform, sub-carangiform, and carangiform) following published studies (Pauly et al. 1998 ; Kelley and Motani 2015 ; Gutarra and Rahman 2022...

..., relatively complete neurocranium lacking the ethmoid portion and the anterior half of the basicranium ( Figs. 1 , 2 , 3.2 , 3.4 ). The cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766 ) is an extant carangiform fish, the sole representative of the monotypic family Rachycentridae (Nelson, 2006...

... to beat at 3 Hz to provide sufficient thrust, even at low speeds, but scaling of portunid crabs indicates that they could only beat at 0.4 Hz. Plotnick and Baumiller's ( 1988 ) objections to carangiform swimming highlighted whales, sharks, and ichthyosaurs, with a narrow caudal peduncle and broad tail...

... with a circular girth at the trunk region, with a great vertebral column elasticity that allowed carangiform swimming behavior (Newbrey et al., 2015 ). The length of the entire semielliptical dental arch, calculated with a geometric approximation (Supplemental Data 2), is ~137 cm. Using, then, this new value...

... terrestrial locomotion.. The laterally compressed body, flattened tail, and small limbs ( Fig. 7 ) imply that Adriosaurus swam mainly by lateral undulation, and was thus a relatively slow swimmer compared to swimmers that employ other methods such as carangiform axial locomotion (tuna-like swimming...