Location The Cape Henlopen spit and associated dunes, beaches, marshes, and other coastal landforms are located at the confluence of Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean near Lewes, Delaware. Much of this area is included in the State of Delaware's Cape Henlopen State Park. The state park is open all year; however, entry fees are charged from Memorial Day to Labor Day as the park is a popular recreation area. In general, the beaches, berm, tidal flats, and large portions of the dunes and barriers are open to foot traffic. There are restrictions in bird-nesting areas and in several small U.S. military zones. Trails inland are good, but we suggest care regarding excess heat in the summer and local patches of poison ivy. Should you wish to dig beach trenches, we suggest that they be shallow and broad to avoid collapse and that all trenches be refilled at the end of the study. Much of the park is included and protected in the Cape Henlopen Archaeological District. The staff at the park headquarters or at the nature center can provide further information on available facilities. Once in southern Delaware, take U.S. 9 east towards Lewes, following signs for the Cape May-Lewes Ferry and the Cape Henlopen State Park (Fig. 1). The park entrance is approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) east from the ferry terminal. During the summer months this is a busy resort area, and reservations are suggested for local motels. Cape Henlopen State Park has an excellent campground, but

Abstract Humans are fascinated with the proposition that there are artifacts of ancient civilizations below sea level. The question arises, “How feasible is it for twentieth and twenty-first century humans to find extensive remains of ancient civilizations that were submerged by the Holocene rise in sea level?“ The interest of society in marine archaeology and treasure hunting surged in recent years as a result of several spectacular discoveries. Among these were the 1972 discovery of the U.S.S. Montitor off Cape Hatteras (oldest iron-clad warship), the H.M.S. De Braak off Cape Henlopen (a British warship purported to be carrying as much as $500 million worth of booty), and the H.M.S. Titanic off the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Although these are not prehistoric finds, they raised public support for archaeological research in general. In this chapter we synthesize the state-of-the-art of paleogeography of known prehistoric archaeological sites in the coastal zone, as well as those that presumably lie on the submerged portion of the continental shelf of North America's mid-Atlantic Bight (Fig. 1). In the Americas, according to Deetz (1988), "prehistoric"refers to any material remains prior to A.D. 1492. On the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Delmarva), Thomas (1974) defined prehistoric periods approximately as cited in Table 1. Where necessary, this approximate period nomenclature for early humans in the area is used. Coastal and shallow-marine archaeological sites are reported from around the world (Edwards and Emery, 1977; Fleming, 1983; Kraft and others, 1983b, 1985). An additional site is described here and related

Abstract Laboratory cultures of several species of benthic foraminifera were grown under controlled physical and chemical conditions during months-long experiments carried out at the University of South Carolina in 2001 and 2002. A dozen experimental culture chambers contained a c . 1–3 mm layer of trace-metal free silica substrate, and were continuously flushed with water from a large (1600 L) seawater reservoir with known, constant temperature and composition (δ 18 O(water), carbonate system chemistry, and trace element concentrations). Each year, in most of the culture chambers, one or more species reproduced, producing hundreds of juveniles which grew into size classes ranging from 100 to 500 microns. Bulimina aculeata was the most successful species in the 2001 cultures, and both B. aculeata and Rosalina vilardeboana were abundant in 2002. We determined the shell C and O isotopic composition of the cultured foraminifera, and compared these isotopic values with the water chemistry of the culture chambers, and also with the shell chemistry of field specimens collected from sites on the North Carolina and South Carolina (USA) continental margin. The cultured foraminifera showed substantial offsets from the δ 13 C of system water dissolved inorganic carbon (−0.5 to −2.5‰, depending on species) and smaller offsets (0 to −0.5‰) from the predicted δ 18 O of calcite in equilibrium with the culture system water at the growth temperature. These offsets reflect at least three factors: species-dependent vital effects; ontogenetic variations in shell chemistry; and the aqueous carbonate chemistry ([CO 3 − ] or pH) of the experimental system.