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Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Gabon (1)
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East Africa
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Ethiopia (1)
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Mozambique (1)
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Tanzania (1)
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Zambia (1)
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East African Lakes (1)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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Egypt
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Nile Delta (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (1)
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High Atlas (1)
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Tunisia (1)
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Southern Africa
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Kaapvaal Craton (1)
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Kalahari Craton (1)
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Karoo Basin (1)
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Namibia (1)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (2)
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Merensky Reef (1)
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Zimbabwe
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Great Dyke (2)
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West Africa
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Cameroon (1)
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Zambezi Valley (1)
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Alexander Terrane (2)
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Asia
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China
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Atlantic Ocean
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Australasia
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South Australia
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Victoria Australia
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Western Australia
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New Zealand
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Papua New Guinea
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Canada
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Ontario (5)
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Quebec
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Whitehorse Trough (4)
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Caribbean region
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Cascade Range (29)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Caucasus
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Kyrgyzstan
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Talas Range (1)
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Russian Federation
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Gorny Altai (1)
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Amur Russian Federation (1)
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Franz Josef Land (1)
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Baikal region (1)
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Bashkortostan Russian Federation (1)
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Chuya Alps (1)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Sheveluch (1)
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Khabarovsk Russian Federation (1)
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Primorye Russian Federation (1)
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Russian Arctic
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Russian Far East (2)
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Ukraine
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developing countries (1)
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North Pacific
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-
industrial minerals (1)
-
metal ores
-
aluminum ores (1)
-
antimony ores (2)
-
arsenic ores (3)
-
base metals (8)
-
beryllium ores (1)
-
bismuth ores (2)
-
chromite ores (4)
-
cobalt ores (11)
-
copper ores (69)
-
gold ores (68)
-
IOCG deposits (3)
-
iron ores (3)
-
lead ores (23)
-
lead-zinc deposits (14)
-
lithium ores (1)
-
manganese ores (2)
-
mercury ores (2)
-
molybdenum ores (19)
-
nickel ores (17)
-
niobium ores (1)
-
palladium ores (2)
-
platinum ores (10)
-
polymetallic ores (11)
-
rare earth deposits (1)
-
silver ores (22)
-
strontium ores (1)
-
tantalum ores (1)
-
tellurium ores (1)
-
tin ores (5)
-
titanium ores (1)
-
tungsten ores (4)
-
uranium ores (7)
-
zinc ores (21)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (97)
-
mineral exploration (68)
-
mineral resources (8)
-
nonmetal deposits (1)
-
oil and gas fields (25)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (4)
-
shale gas (1)
-
-
shale oil (1)
-
-
placers (8)
-
ruby (1)
-
sandstone deposits (1)
-
sulfur deposits (1)
-
talc deposits (1)
-
water resources (4)
-
zeolite deposits (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
boron
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (32)
-
C-14 (18)
-
organic carbon (6)
-
-
chemical elements (1)
-
chemical ratios (2)
-
halogens
-
bromine (3)
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (2)
-
Cl-36 (3)
-
Cl-37/Cl-35 (2)
-
-
fluorine (3)
-
iodine (2)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (14)
-
tritium (4)
-
-
incompatible elements (1)
-
isotope ratios (118)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Be-10 (3)
-
C-14 (18)
-
Cl-36 (3)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (16)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
Th-230 (2)
-
tritium (4)
-
U-234/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238 (1)
-
U-238/Th-230 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (2)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (32)
-
Cl-37/Cl-35 (2)
-
Cu-65 (1)
-
D/H (14)
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
-
He-3 (2)
-
He-4/He-3 (4)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (6)
-
Kr-84 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (21)
-
O-18/O-16 (57)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (16)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (2)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (20)
-
Si-29/Si-28 (1)
-
Si-30/Si-28 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (33)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (3)
-
Lu/Hf (6)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-230 (2)
-
U-234/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238/Th-230 (1)
-
-
uranium
-
U-234/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238 (1)
-
U-238/Th-230 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium (1)
-
lithium (1)
-
potassium (2)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (1)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (3)
-
-
calcium (1)
-
magnesium (2)
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (33)
-
-
-
aluminum (3)
-
arsenic (1)
-
chromium (2)
-
cobalt (1)
-
copper
-
Cu-65 (1)
-
-
gold (8)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (6)
-
-
iron
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
-
ferric iron (2)
-
ferrous iron (2)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (16)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (2)
-
-
manganese (2)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
nickel (2)
-
niobium (1)
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
palladium (2)
-
palladium ores (2)
-
platinum (2)
-
platinum ores (10)
-
-
precious metals (2)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (2)
-
dysprosium (1)
-
europium (3)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (21)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (2)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
tantalum (1)
-
titanium (4)
-
zinc (1)
-
zirconium (2)
-
-
nitrogen (1)
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (2)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
helium
-
He-3 (2)
-
He-4/He-3 (4)
-
-
krypton
-
Kr-84 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (57)
-
-
phosphorus (2)
-
silicon
-
Si-29/Si-28 (1)
-
Si-30/Si-28 (2)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-33/S-32 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (20)
-
-
trace metals (2)
-
-
fossils
-
borings (1)
-
burrows (3)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Agnatha (1)
-
Pisces
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Teleostei (1)
-
-
-
Placodermi (1)
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Lissamphibia
-
Caudata (1)
-
-
-
Aves (1)
-
Mammalia
-
Multituberculata (2)
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Artiodactyla
-
Ruminantia
-
Tylopoda
-
Camelidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Elephas (1)
-
-
-
-
Rodentia (1)
-
-
Metatheria
-
Marsupialia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Cryptodira (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia
-
Ornithopoda
-
Hadrosauridae (1)
-
-
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
Theropoda
-
Carnosauria (1)
-
Coelurosauria
-
Tyrannosauridae
-
Tyrannosaurus
-
Tyrannosaurus rex (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Thecodontia
-
Aetosauria (1)
-
-
-
Lepidosauria
-
Rhynchocephalia (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
eukaryotes (1)
-
Graptolithina (1)
-
ichnofossils
-
Arenicolites (1)
-
Skolithos (2)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Chelicerata
-
Merostomata
-
Eurypterida (1)
-
-
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Cirripedia (1)
-
Ostracoda
-
Podocopida
-
Platycopida
-
Cytherellidae
-
Cytherelloidea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Redlichiida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Pentamerida (1)
-
Spiriferida
-
Cyrtospirifer (1)
-
-
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
-
Scleractinia (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
-
Ophiuroidea (1)
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (1)
-
-
Palaeoheterodonta
-
Unionidae (1)
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae
-
Inoceramus (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
-
Baculites (2)
-
Goniatitida (1)
-
-
Nautiloidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda (4)
-
Polyplacophora (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Demospongea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
-
Vermes (1)
-
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta (1)
-
Conodonta (13)
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
miospores
-
pollen (7)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
calcareous algae (1)
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta (1)
-
-
diatoms (1)
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida (1)
-
Lycopsida (2)
-
Sphenopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae (1)
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (2)
-
Pteridospermae (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
tracks (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (41)
-
Ar/Ar (101)
-
exposure age (7)
-
fission-track dating (23)
-
He/He (2)
-
infrared stimulated luminescence (2)
-
K/Ar (16)
-
Lu/Hf (6)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
optical mineralogy (2)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (11)
-
paleomagnetism (40)
-
Pb/Th (1)
-
radiation damage (2)
-
Rb/Sr (3)
-
Re/Os (5)
-
Sm/Nd (3)
-
Sr/Sr (1)
-
tephrochronology (7)
-
Th/U (9)
-
thermochronology (46)
-
thermoluminescence (1)
-
tree rings (2)
-
U/Pb (128)
-
U/Th/Pb (4)
-
uranium disequilibrium (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Anthropocene (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Blancan (1)
-
Glenns Ferry Formation (2)
-
middle Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (4)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (2)
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
middle Holocene (2)
-
Neoglacial
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
Mazama Ash (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (2)
-
Illinoian (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (1)
-
Lake Missoula (9)
-
lower Pleistocene (3)
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Barents ice sheet (1)
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (1)
-
Bolling (1)
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (2)
-
-
Wurm (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Bull Lake Glaciation (1)
-
Pinedale Glaciation (1)
-
Scandinavian ice sheet (1)
-
-
-
Saugus Formation (1)
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Tertiary
-
Challis Volcanics (5)
-
Cypress Hills Formation (1)
-
John Day Formation (3)
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Muddy Creek Formation (3)
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (3)
-
Deschutes Formation (1)
-
Furnace Creek Formation (1)
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Barstovian (1)
-
Barstow Formation (1)
-
Clarendonian (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (24)
-
Crater Flat Tuff (1)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (4)
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Badenian (1)
-
-
Paintbrush Tuff (4)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (3)
-
Tiva Canyon Member (3)
-
Topopah Spring Member (3)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian (1)
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
Wanapum Basalt (2)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (4)
-
upper Pliocene (3)
-
-
Ringold Formation (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Claron Formation (2)
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
Bridger Formation (1)
-
Bridgerian (1)
-
Clarno Formation (1)
-
Colton Formation (2)
-
Green River Formation (4)
-
Lake Gosiute (4)
-
lower Eocene
-
Willwood Formation (1)
-
Wind River Formation (2)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Aycross Formation (1)
-
Laney Shale Member (2)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Chadronian (1)
-
-
Wilkins Peak Member (2)
-
-
Flagstaff Formation (1)
-
Hanna Formation (4)
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Brule Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Rupelian (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene
-
Chattian (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
Lebo Member (1)
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
K-T boundary (5)
-
-
Ludlow Member (1)
-
middle Paleocene (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (2)
-
Tullock Member (1)
-
upper Paleocene
-
Tiffanian (3)
-
-
-
Renova Formation (2)
-
Sespe Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (2)
-
White River Group (2)
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic (5)
-
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Lake Bonneville (6)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (3)
-
Mesozoic
-
Condrey Mountain Schist (2)
-
Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (1)
-
Blairmore Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Antlers Sands (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (3)
-
Antlers Sands (1)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (4)
-
Middle Cretaceous (8)
-
Queen Charlotte Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (1)
-
upper Campanian (1)
-
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (1)
-
Cenomanian (3)
-
Codell Sandstone Member (1)
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (5)
-
Forbes Formation (1)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Frontier Formation (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Aguja Formation (2)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (3)
-
Hornbrook Formation (1)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
Javelina Formation (2)
-
Kaiparowits Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (5)
-
Ladd Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (5)
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Montana Group (2)
-
Niobrara Formation (1)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (3)
-
Rock Springs Formation (1)
-
Santonian (1)
-
Senonian (4)
-
Star Point Sandstone (1)
-
Straight Cliffs Formation (1)
-
Tropic Shale (1)
-
Tununk Member (1)
-
Turonian (4)
-
Wahweap Formation (1)
-
Williams Fork Formation (1)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (11)
-
Glen Canyon Group (1)
-
Great Valley Sequence (3)
-
Jurassic
-
Aztec Sandstone (2)
-
Bonanza Group (1)
-
Carmel Formation (2)
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (2)
-
Ferrar Group (3)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Laberge Group (4)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Page Sandstone (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
-
San Rafael Group (1)
-
Smartville Complex (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Brushy Basin Member (2)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (2)
-
Galice Formation (4)
-
Josephine Ophiolite (4)
-
Morrison Formation (5)
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (1)
-
Swift Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (2)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (3)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (7)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (3)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Chinle Formation (8)
-
Norian (2)
-
Petrified Forest Member (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Bonanza King Formation (1)
-
Carrara Formation (2)
-
Conasauga Group (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Bright Angel Shale (2)
-
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Tapeats Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Dresbachian (1)
-
Furongian
-
Jiangshanian (1)
-
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Diamond Peak Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Borden Group (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (3)
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
Osagian (2)
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Madison Group (4)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (2)
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Redwall Limestone (3)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Golconda Formation (1)
-
-
Greenbrier Limestone (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Salem Limestone (1)
-
Warsaw Formation (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Mary Lee Coal (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Desmoinesian
-
Marmaton Group (1)
-
Wewoka Formation (1)
-
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
-
Wescogame Formation (1)
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (5)
-
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (1)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (4)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Helderberg Group (2)
-
Keyser Limestone (2)
-
Knox Group (3)
-
Leinster Granite (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (3)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
Minnelusa Formation (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
-
Manitou Formation (1)
-
Saint George Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (2)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (1)
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Trentonian (4)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Castile Formation (2)
-
Coconino Sandstone (1)
-
Cutler Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Roadian (2)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (3)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (2)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
-
McCloud Limestone (2)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Toroweap Formation (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (4)
-
Silurian
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Tuscarora Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
McKenzie Formation (2)
-
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Supai Formation (4)
-
Talladega Group (2)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (9)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
J-M Reef (1)
-
Mesoarchean (2)
-
Neoarchean (4)
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
-
Chuar Group (4)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Noonday Dolomite (1)
-
Pahrump Series (2)
-
Prichard Formation (1)
-
Purcell System (3)
-
Stillwater Complex (3)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
Unkar Group (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
McNamara Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Aldridge Formation (1)
-
Belt Supergroup (12)
-
Calymmian (1)
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (1)
-
Newland Limestone (3)
-
Revett Quartzite (1)
-
Wallace Formation (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (5)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Sturtian (2)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Statherian (1)
-
-
Pocatello Formation (1)
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (2)
-
-
-
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
kimberlite (6)
-
peperite (3)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (3)
-
diabase (3)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (3)
-
tonalite (4)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
essexite (1)
-
gabbros
-
troctolite (2)
-
-
granites
-
A-type granites (1)
-
charnockite (1)
-
leucogranite (1)
-
rapakivi (2)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (12)
-
lamproite (4)
-
lamprophyres
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minette (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (3)
-
monzonites
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mangerite (1)
-
-
pegmatite (2)
-
quartz monzonite (2)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (1)
-
nepheline syenite
-
miaskite (1)
-
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
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peridotites
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dunite (3)
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite (3)
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (15)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (1)
-
trachybasalts (1)
-
-
flood basalts (17)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (2)
-
-
basanite (2)
-
dacites (9)
-
glasses
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obsidian (2)
-
volcanic glass (1)
-
-
komatiite (1)
-
latite (1)
-
phonolites
-
tinguaite (1)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (4)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (20)
-
pumice (3)
-
rhyolite tuff (4)
-
scoria (2)
-
tuff (32)
-
tuffite (1)
-
welded tuff (3)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
-
rhyolites
-
pantellerite (1)
-
quartz porphyry (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (2)
-
trachytes (3)
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (8)
-
volcanic ash (5)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (3)
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cataclasites (2)
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eclogite (2)
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gneisses
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biotite gneiss (1)
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orthogneiss (2)
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paragneiss (2)
-
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granulites (1)
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hornfels (3)
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impactites (1)
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marbles (3)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (2)
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metabasite (3)
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metadacite (1)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
serpentinite (4)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
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metagraywacke (2)
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metapelite (2)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
greisen (2)
-
serpentinite (4)
-
skarn (7)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (2)
-
mylonites
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllonites (1)
-
quartzites (9)
-
schists
-
blueschist (3)
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (8)
-
turbidite (8)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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lunar meteorites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
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alloys (1)
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arsenates (1)
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arsenides (1)
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arsenites (1)
-
carbonates
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ankerite (1)
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aragonite (2)
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azurite (1)
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calcite (8)
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dolomite (6)
-
parisite (1)
-
siderite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (1)
-
halides
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chlorides
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halite (4)
-
-
fluorides
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fluorite (3)
-
parisite (1)
-
topaz (1)
-
-
-
iron minerals (1)
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
native elements
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diamond (1)
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onyx (1)
-
oxides
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brucite (1)
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cassiterite (1)
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chrome spinel (2)
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goethite (1)
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hematite (6)
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hollandite (1)
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hydroxides
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oxyhydroxides (1)
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iron oxides (4)
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limonite (1)
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magnetite (3)
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manganese oxides (1)
-
niobates
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loparite (1)
-
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rutile (1)
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spinel (2)
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titanium oxides (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (33)
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hydroxylapatite (1)
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monazite (9)
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strengite (1)
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turquoise (1)
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vivianite (1)
-
xenotime (2)
-
-
platinum minerals (2)
-
silicates
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chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
arfvedsonite (1)
-
hornblende (5)
-
richterite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
jadeite (2)
-
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
feldspathoids (1)
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (3)
-
hyalophane (1)
-
K-feldspar (9)
-
sanidine (7)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
hyalophane (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (2)
-
-
-
leucite (1)
-
pseudoleucite (1)
-
silica minerals
-
agate (1)
-
amethyst (1)
-
carnelian (1)
-
chalcedony (1)
-
chrysoprase (1)
-
jasper (2)
-
moganite (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (2)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
smoky quartz (1)
-
-
-
zeolite group (1)
-
-
garnierite (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
pyrope (1)
-
-
kyanite (1)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (7)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (141)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (5)
-
epidote (2)
-
zoisite (1)
-
-
lawsonite (3)
-
pumpellyite group
-
pumpellyite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates (1)
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (6)
-
clinochlore (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (4)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
smectite (1)
-
vermiculite (1)
-
-
illite (4)
-
mica group
-
biotite (12)
-
glauconite (1)
-
muscovite (7)
-
phengite (2)
-
phlogopite (2)
-
-
sericite (7)
-
serpentine group
-
serpentine (2)
-
-
talc (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (6)
-
anhydrite (4)
-
barite (3)
-
celestine (1)
-
glauberite (1)
-
gypsum (7)
-
jarosite (1)
-
selenite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
bornite (2)
-
chalcocite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (5)
-
copper sulfides (2)
-
galena (1)
-
iron sulfides (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
molybdenite (4)
-
pentlandite (1)
-
pyrite (13)
-
pyrrhotite (1)
-
sphalerite (2)
-
stibnite (1)
-
zinc sulfides (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfarsenites
-
tennantite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
altaite (1)
-
hessite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
wolframite (1)
-
-
vanadates
-
carnotite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (257)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Gabon (1)
-
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East Africa
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Ethiopia (1)
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Mozambique (1)
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Tanzania (1)
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Zambia (1)
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East African Lakes (1)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (1)
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High Atlas (1)
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Egypt
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Nile Delta (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (1)
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High Atlas (1)
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-
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Tunisia (1)
-
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Southern Africa
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Botswana (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (1)
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Kalahari Craton (1)
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Karoo Basin (1)
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Namibia (1)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (2)
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Merensky Reef (1)
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Zimbabwe
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Great Dyke (2)
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-
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West Africa
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Cameroon (1)
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Zambezi Valley (1)
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Antarctica
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Antarctic ice sheet
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West Antarctic ice sheet (3)
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East Antarctica (1)
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Ellsworth Land (2)
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Marie Byrd Land (3)
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Beardmore Glacier (1)
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Victoria Land
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Allan Hills (1)
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West Antarctica (1)
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Arctic Ocean
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Barents Sea (3)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Russian Arctic
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Svalbard (1)
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Altai Russian Federation
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Amur Russian Federation (1)
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Yemen (1)
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Baikal region (1)
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Central Asia
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Pamirs (1)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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Burma (2)
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China
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Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
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Da Hinggan Ling (1)
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Inner Mongolia China (1)
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Indonesia
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Japan
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Himalayas
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Ghats
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Jharkhand India
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Bokaro coal field (1)
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Karanpura coal field (1)
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Karnataka India (1)
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Kerala India (2)
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Madhya Pradesh India
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Satna India (1)
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Maharashtra India
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Chandrapur India (1)
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Narmada River (2)
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Aravalli Range (1)
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Bhilwara India (1)
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Tamil Nadu India
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Uttar Pradesh India (1)
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Raniganj coal field (2)
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Indian Shield (1)
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Pakistan
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Potwar Plateau (2)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Transbaikalia (1)
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associations (2)
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asteroids (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Northeast Atlantic
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Rockall Trough (1)
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atmosphere (1)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Western Australia
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New Zealand
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Taupo volcanic zone (1)
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Papua (1)
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Papua New Guinea
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Ok Tedi Mine (1)
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barite deposits (4)
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Coast Range Ophiolite (2)
-
Ferrar Group (3)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Laberge Group (4)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Page Sandstone (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
-
San Rafael Group (1)
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Smartville Complex (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Brushy Basin Member (2)
-
Buckner Formation (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (2)
-
Galice Formation (4)
-
Josephine Ophiolite (4)
-
Morrison Formation (5)
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Sundance Formation (1)
-
Swift Formation (2)
-
Tithonian (2)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
lower Mesozoic (3)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (7)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (3)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Chinle Formation (8)
-
Norian (2)
-
Petrified Forest Member (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
metal ores
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aluminum ores (1)
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antimony ores (2)
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arsenic ores (3)
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base metals (8)
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beryllium ores (1)
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bismuth ores (2)
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chromite ores (4)
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cobalt ores (11)
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copper ores (69)
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gold ores (68)
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IOCG deposits (3)
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iron ores (3)
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lead ores (23)
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lead-zinc deposits (14)
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lithium ores (1)
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manganese ores (2)
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mercury ores (2)
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molybdenum ores (19)
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nickel ores (17)
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niobium ores (1)
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palladium ores (2)
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platinum ores (10)
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polymetallic ores (11)
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rare earth deposits (1)
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silver ores (22)
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strontium ores (1)
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tantalum ores (1)
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tellurium ores (1)
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tin ores (5)
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titanium ores (1)
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tungsten ores (4)
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uranium ores (7)
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zinc ores (21)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium
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Th-230 (2)
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U-234/Th-230 (1)
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U-238/Th-230 (1)
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uranium
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U-234/Th-230 (1)
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U-238 (1)
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U-238/Th-230 (1)
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-
-
alkali metals
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cesium (1)
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lithium (1)
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potassium (2)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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-
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (1)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (3)
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (2)
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radium
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Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (33)
-
-
-
aluminum (3)
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arsenic (1)
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chromium (2)
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cobalt (1)
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copper
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Cu-65 (1)
-
-
gold (8)
-
hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (6)
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-
iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
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ferric iron (2)
-
ferrous iron (2)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (16)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (2)
-
-
manganese (2)
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molybdenum (1)
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nickel (2)
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niobium (1)
-
platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
palladium (2)
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palladium ores (2)
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platinum (2)
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platinum ores (10)
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precious metals (2)
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rare earths
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cerium (2)
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dysprosium (1)
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europium (3)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (21)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
ytterbium (1)
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yttrium (2)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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tantalum (1)
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titanium (4)
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zinc (1)
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zirconium (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (3)
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cataclasites (2)
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eclogite (2)
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gneisses
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biotite gneiss (1)
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orthogneiss (2)
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paragneiss (2)
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granulites (1)
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hornfels (3)
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impactites (1)
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marbles (3)
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metacarbonate rocks (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (2)
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metabasite (3)
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metadacite (1)
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metadiorite (1)
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serpentinite (4)
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metaplutonic rocks (1)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metagraywacke (2)
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metapelite (2)
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metasandstone (1)
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paragneiss (2)
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metasomatic rocks
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greisen (2)
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serpentinite (4)
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skarn (7)
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metavolcanic rocks (2)
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mylonites
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ultramylonite (1)
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phyllonites (1)
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quartzites (9)
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schists
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blueschist (3)
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greenstone (1)
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slates (1)
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metamorphism (47)
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metasomatism (51)
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meteorites
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stony meteorites
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achondrites
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lunar meteorites (1)
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Mexico
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Baja California (4)
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Baja California Mexico (1)
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Chihuahua Mexico (2)
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Guerrero Mexico (1)
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Nayarit Mexico (2)
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Sierra Madre Occidental (1)
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Sonora Mexico
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La Caridad Mine (1)
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Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (2)
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Yucatan Mexico (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (97)
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mineral exploration (68)
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mineral resources (8)
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mineralogy (3)
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minerals (1)
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mining geology (3)
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Moon (3)
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nitrogen (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-36 (1)
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Ar-40 (1)
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Ar-40/Ar-36 (2)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
helium
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He-3 (2)
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He-4/He-3 (4)
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krypton
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Kr-84 (1)
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-
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nonmetal deposits (1)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (7)
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Appalachians
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Allegheny Mountains (1)
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Blue Ridge Mountains (5)
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Blue Ridge Province (3)
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Central Appalachians (7)
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Northern Appalachians (1)
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Piedmont (4)
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Southern Appalachians (13)
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Valley and Ridge Province (5)
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (20)
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Belt Basin (2)
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Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province (3)
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Grenville Province (3)
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Nain Province (2)
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Slave Province (3)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (1)
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Uchi Subprovince (1)
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Wabigoon Belt (1)
-
-
-
Coast plutonic complex (2)
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Disturbed Belt (2)
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Great Plains
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Northern Great Plains (1)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (3)
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Hueco Bolson (1)
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Humber Zone (1)
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Intermontane Belt (3)
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Kootenay Arc (1)
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Methow Basin (3)
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Mexicali Valley (1)
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Michigan Basin (1)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (16)
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North American Craton (2)
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Ogilvie Mountains (1)
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Pedregosa Basin (1)
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Rio Grande Rift (8)
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Rocky Mountains
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Absaroka Range
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Beartooth Mountains (4)
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Bighorn Mountains (2)
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Bitterroot Range
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Beaverhead Mountains (1)
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Bridger Range (1)
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Flint Creek Range (1)
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Gravelly Range (1)
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Laramie Mountains (1)
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Owl Creek Mountains (3)
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San Juan Mountains (5)
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Sawatch Range (3)
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Spanish Peaks (2)
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Tobacco Root Mountains (1)
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Uinta Mountains (1)
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Wasatch Range (1)
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Wet Mountains (1)
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Wind River Range (3)
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Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
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Slide Mountain Terrane (1)
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Sonoran Desert (2)
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Sweetgrass Arch (2)
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Transcontinental Arch (4)
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Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (3)
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Western Interior
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Western Interior Seaway (6)
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Western Overthrust Belt (2)
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Williston Basin (6)
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Yukon-Tanana Terrane (3)
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Northern Hemisphere (3)
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nuclear facilities (1)
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ocean basins (1)
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ocean circulation (1)
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ocean floors (6)
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Hualalai (1)
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Mauna Loa (1)
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oceanography (2)
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oil and gas fields (25)
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orogeny (57)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18/O-16 (57)
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Pacific Coast (5)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Carnegie Ridge (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of California (2)
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Southeast Pacific
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Nazca Ridge (1)
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-
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of California (2)
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Northwest Pacific
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Nankai Trough (1)
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South China Sea
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Yinggehai Basin (1)
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-
-
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific
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Nazca Ridge (1)
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-
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Nankai Trough (1)
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South China Sea
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Yinggehai Basin (1)
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paleoclimatology (43)
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paleoecology (27)
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paleogeography (113)
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paleomagnetism (40)
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paleontology (10)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
-
Bonanza King Formation (1)
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Carrara Formation (2)
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Conasauga Group (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Bright Angel Shale (2)
-
-
Pioche Shale (1)
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Tapeats Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
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Dresbachian (1)
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Furongian
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Jiangshanian (1)
-
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Diamond Peak Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
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Borden Group (2)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (3)
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
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Osagian (2)
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Madison Group (4)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (2)
-
-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
-
Redwall Limestone (3)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Golconda Formation (1)
-
-
Greenbrier Limestone (1)
-
Meramecian
-
Salem Limestone (1)
-
Warsaw Formation (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Mary Lee Coal (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Desmoinesian
-
Marmaton Group (1)
-
Wewoka Formation (1)
-
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Missourian
-
Kansas City Group (1)
-
-
Wescogame Formation (1)
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (5)
-
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
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Emsian (1)
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Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (4)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Helderberg Group (2)
-
Keyser Limestone (2)
-
Knox Group (3)
-
Leinster Granite (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
-
Maroon Formation (3)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (1)
-
-
Minnelusa Formation (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
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Manitou Formation (1)
-
Saint George Group (1)
-
Tremadocian (2)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Deicke Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Millbrig Bentonite Bed (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (1)
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Trentonian (4)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Castile Formation (2)
-
Coconino Sandstone (1)
-
Cutler Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Bell Canyon Formation (1)
-
Capitanian (2)
-
Roadian (2)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Kaibab Formation (3)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Asselian (2)
-
Kungurian (2)
-
Sakmarian (1)
-
-
-
McCloud Limestone (2)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Toroweap Formation (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Wuchiapingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (4)
-
Silurian
-
Clinch Sandstone (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Tuscarora Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
McKenzie Formation (2)
-
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Supai Formation (4)
-
Talladega Group (2)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Kiaman Superchron (1)
-
-
Weber Sandstone (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (1)
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miospores
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pollen (7)
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paragenesis (35)
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permafrost (2)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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coalbed methane (4)
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shale gas (1)
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shale oil (1)
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petrology (22)
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Phanerozoic (9)
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phase equilibria (4)
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phosphorus (2)
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placers (8)
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Chlorophyta
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Charophyta (1)
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diatoms (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida (1)
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Sphenopsida (1)
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-
Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae (1)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales (2)
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Pteridospermae (1)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (94)
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pollution (7)
-
Precambrian
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Archean
-
J-M Reef (1)
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Mesoarchean (2)
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Neoarchean (4)
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
-
Chuar Group (4)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (1)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (1)
-
Noonday Dolomite (1)
-
Pahrump Series (2)
-
Prichard Formation (1)
-
Purcell System (3)
-
Stillwater Complex (3)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
Unkar Group (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Athabasca Formation (1)
-
McNamara Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Aldridge Formation (1)
-
Belt Supergroup (12)
-
Calymmian (1)
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (1)
-
Newland Limestone (3)
-
Revett Quartzite (1)
-
Wallace Formation (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (2)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
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Ediacaran (5)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
Sturtian (2)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Statherian (1)
-
-
Pocatello Formation (1)
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Nantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (2)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (2)
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reclamation (3)
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reefs (4)
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remote sensing (14)
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reservoirs (2)
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roads (1)
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rock mechanics (4)
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sandstone deposits (1)
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sea water (5)
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sea-floor spreading (1)
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sea-level changes (27)
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sedimentary petrology (16)
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sedimentary rocks
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bauxite (3)
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carbonate rocks
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dolostone (8)
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grainstone (2)
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limestone
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micrite (1)
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microbialite (3)
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travertine (4)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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chert
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jasperoid (1)
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duricrust (3)
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evaporites
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salt (3)
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ferricrete (2)
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flint (1)
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iron formations (1)
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silcrete (1)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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quartz arenite (4)
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argillite (1)
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arkose (1)
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bentonite (3)
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black shale (3)
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claystone (2)
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conglomerate (20)
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diamictite (3)
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eolianite (2)
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fanglomerate (1)
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graywacke (1)
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marl (1)
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mudstone (14)
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orthoquartzite (2)
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porcellanite (1)
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red beds (4)
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sandstone (78)
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shale (21)
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siltstone (14)
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subarkose (1)
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tillite (2)
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coal
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lignite (1)
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oil shale (2)
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sedimentary structures
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bedding plane irregularities
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dune structures (3)
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biogenic structures
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bioherms
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mud mounds (2)
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bioturbation (2)
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lebensspuren (2)
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microbial mats (1)
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planar bedding structures
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bedding (9)
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cross-bedding (9)
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secondary structures
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concretions (5)
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seismites (2)
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soft sediment deformation
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clastic dikes (1)
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olistostromes (3)
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sedimentation (53)
-
sediments
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clastic sediments
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alluvium (17)
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drift (2)
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gravel (11)
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loess (2)
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mud (3)
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outwash (3)
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residuum (3)
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sand (5)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Butt Valley Block
Stratigraphy and tectonics of Paleozoic arc-related rocks of the northernmost Sierra Nevada, California; The eastern Klamath and northern Sierra terranes Available to Purchase
The Eastern Klamath and Northern Sierra terranes of northern California consist of Devonian to Jurassic arc-related rocks that structurally and/or stratigraphically overlie Devonian(?) or older complexes that consist of quartzite, quartzofeldspathic sandstone, chert, and mafic and ultramafic rocks. These terranes lie within a regional belt of Paleozoic arc-related rocks that can be recognized from the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia. The Eastern Klamath and Northern Sierra terranes are geographically separate and have paleontologic linkage, but lack direct stratigraphic ties in strata of Late Devonian to Early Permian age. This chapter describes new stratigraphic correlations and structural interpretations of rocks that lie in the northernmost part of the Sierra Nevada. These rocks include the Butt Valley block of the Northern Sierra terrane, and rocks herein interpreted as dismembered Eastern Klamath terrane. The rocks of Eastern Klamath terrane affinity, Soda Ravine block, occur as a tectonic sliver that lies to the west of the Butt Valley block. The Soda Ravine block is about 2 to 4 km by 20 km and includes limestone lenses equivalent to zone A of the McCloud Limestone of the Eastern Klamath terrane, and upper Middle and Upper Triassic limestone, slate, siltstone, and pebble conglomerate. Similar Permian limestone with McCloud faunal affinities and slate-bearing slivers have been noted by previous workers in this area and to the south. The Butt Valley block had previously been interpreted as part of the west limb of a regional anticline, the Almanor anticline. New mapping suggests that the block is not contiguous with rocks that lie to the east. The Butt Valley block includes the Devonian and Mississippian Taylor Formation, which is unconformably overlain by an Upper Triassic (Carnian and Norian) basal conglomerate and sandstone, which in turn is overlain by Upper Triassic limestone. The Upper Triassic limestone is overlain by a sparsely fossiliferous, lithic-volcaniclastic sequence containing poorly preserved Triassic or Early Jurassic, and probable Early Jurassic, ammonites and clams. This sequence is similar to conglomerate, Triassic limestone, and volcaniclastic rocks of the Jurassic Sailor Canyon Formation, which overlie a regional Late Triassic unconformity west of Lake Tahoe, thus expanding the known distribution of the unconformity in the Sierra Nevada. The Triassic unconformity overlies Carboniferous and older rocks around the North Fork American River area to the south, and overlies Devonian and older rocks on the Butt Valley block, but overlies Permian rocks east and southeast of the Butt Valley block. These relations suggest that either the Butt Valley block was part of a highland or uplifted block along the western part of the northern Sierra terrane or that the Butt Valley block previously lay closer to the North Fork American River area and has been translated northward by right-slip displacement. Northern Sierra terrane east of the Butt Valley block consists of the Hough and Genesse blocks, which are separated by the Grizzly Mountain fault zone. The Grizzly Mountain fault zone is here interpreted to be a transpressional right-slip fault.
Geologic map of southern Panamint Valley, southern Panamint Range, and central Slate Range, California, USA Open Access
Tertiary Landslides, Northwestern South Dakota and Southeastern Montana Available to Purchase
Regional Gravity Survey of the Northern Great Salt Lake Desert and Adjacent Areas in Utah, Nevada, and Idaho Available to Purchase
Outcrops of the volcaniclastic rocks in the surroundings of Missouri Buttes... Open Access
The Heart Mountain break-away fault, northwestern Wyoming Available to Purchase
Owyhee River intracanyon lava flows: Does the river give a dam? Available to Purchase
OCOEE SERIES OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS Available to Purchase
EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY IN THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY, CALIFORNIA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO ACTIVE GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES AND CONTEMPORARY TECTONIC STRESSES Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The Sacramento Valley, which occupies the northwestern portion of the Sierran block, appears to have undergone a moderate level of crustal deformation, at least in Quaternary times. Seismicity is broadly distributed throughout the valley and along its margins. Areas which have exhibited a moderate level of earthquake activity include: along the southwestern margin in the Coast Ranges near Lake Berryessa and within the Coast Ranges-Sierran block (CRSB) boundary zone, source of the 1892 M > 6-1/2 Vacaville-Winters earthquakes; near Williams where three earthquake swarms occurred from 1980 to 1985; in the vicinity of Willows and northward to Corning; near Oroville in the Sierran foothills, site of a M L 5.7 earthquake and numerous aftershocks in 1975; in the foothills near Chico; in the stretch of the foothills east of Red Bluff to Redding; and in the Coast Ranges west and northwest of Black Butte Reservoir. An area of particular seismic quiescence is in the valley around and south of Sacramento. Detailed analyses of this seismicity and focal mechanisms indicate that active geologic structures include blind thrust and reverse faults and associated folds (e.g., Dunnigan Hills) within the CRSB boundary zone on the western margin of the Sacramento Valley, the Willows and Corning faults in the valley interior, and reactivated portions of the Foothill fault system. Other possibly seismogenic faults include the Chico monocline fault in the Sierran foothills and the Paskenta, Elder Creek and Cold Fork faults on the northwestern margin of the Sacramento Valley. The contemporary state of tectonic stress within the Sacramento Valley appears to be transitional, based on a limited number of focal mechanisms. East-west compressive stresses along the CRSB boundary zone accommodated by thrust and reverse faulting extend into the valley interior where a transition occurs to an extensional or possibly strike-slip stress field characterized by an approximate north-south maximum principal stress and/or an east-west minimum principal stress. In the Sierran foothills, this stress field is manifested by both normal faulting on northerly-striking faults, as exemplified by the 1975 Oroville earthquakes, and strike-slip faulting on northwest-trending faults, as observed in the 1966 M L 5.7 Chico earthquake.
Multiple phases of basin formation along the Stateline fault system in the Pahrump and Mesquite Valleys, Nevada and California Open Access
Reconstruction of Basin and Range extension and westward motion of the Sierra Nevada Block Available to Purchase
Abstract Recent studies, including structural mapping, stratigraphic and sedimentologic studies, geothermochronology, and geodetic measurements, have improved our understanding of the kinematics of Miocene to Recent deformation in the central Basin and Range. Based on reconstructions of rocks in the extensionally dismembered foreland and leading edge of the Sevier thrust belt, offset along the Las Vegas Valley shear zone, and on the provenance of a unique clast assemblage in proximal channel facies deposits at Frenchman Mountain, the southern and northern Lake Mead extensional domains have extended ~94 km and ~46 km, respectively. A compilation of >70 cooling ages from the Gold Butte crystalline block indicates that onset of this extension occurred at ~20 Ma, with rapid, large-magnitude extension beginning at ~15 Ma. In the Death Valley extended domain, studies of the provenance, depositional environment, and age of the Eagle Mountain Formation show that middle Miocene siliciclastic strata occurring in a northwest-trending belt from Chicago Valley to the Cottonwood Mountains were all deposited in an environment proximal to the Hunter Mountain batholith of the Cottonwood Mountains. This requires ~100 km of roughly southeast-northwest extensional and strike-slip displacement since ~11 Ma. Identification of extensionally dismembered Cenozoic structures, correlative with structures in the Cottonwood Mountains, Panamint Range, Bare Mountain, the CP Hills, and the Funeral Mountains, are also consistent with ~100 km of west-northwest extension across the Death Valley region .
Regional low-grade polygenetic metamorphism and inversion in the northern part of the Eastern Belt, Northern Sierra Nevada, California Available to Purchase
The Eastern belt of the Sierra Nevada comprises an Ordovician(?) to Devonian(?) succession of psammites and pelites belonging to the Shoo Fly Complex, and is overlain by three Paleozoic to Mesozoic arc volcanic sequences. The northern part of the belt, the subject of this chapter, is divided into a series of discrete blocks by steeply dipping faults, considered to be eastward-directed thrusts. The metamorphic history of this region has been little investigated previously. It has been argued that low-grade metamorphism of the Eastern belt is a Nevadan orogenic effect; in contrast, it has also been suggested that metamorphism of the arc volcanic rocks was a result of burial effects in the arc environment. In this study the metamorphic grade of the area has been established using mineral assemblages in metabasites and pelites, combined with illite crystallinity and b 0 data from pelitic rocks. The Shoo Fly Complex underwent epizonal metamorphism under Barrovian-type conditions prior to the earliest arc volcanism. Metamorphic grade in the overlying arc volcanic rocks ranges from pumpellyite-actinolite facies in the strongly foliated rocks of the (westernmost) Butt Valley and Hough blocks, through prehnite-pumpellyite facies in the Keddie Ridge and Genesee blocks, to low anchizone to diagenetic grade in Jurassic rocks of the (easternmost) Mt. Jura and Kettle Rock blocks. There is evidence for at least three discrete regional metamorphic events in these arc rocks; one is interpreted as being related to the burial of the arc volcanic rocks, which reached prehnite-pumpellyite facies; this event was followed by deformation and pumpellyite-actinolite facies metamorphism during the Nevadan orogeny; a final episode of static, low-grade metamorphism, possibly due to tectonic loading effects, probably also resulted in pumpellyite-actinolite facies. Subsequently, rocks exposed in the extreme east of the region were affected by contact metamorphism during the emplacement of Sierra Nevada batholith granitoids.
Regional Gravity Survey of the Hurricane Fault Area and Iron Springs District, Utah Available to Purchase
Implications of geophysical analysis on basin geometry and fault offsets in the northern Colorado River extensional corridor and adjoining Lake Mead region, Nevada and Arizona Available to Purchase
The northern Colorado River extensional corridor and Lake Mead region are characterized by prominent gravity and magnetic anomalies that provide insight into the geometry of extensional basins, amount of vertical and strike-slip offset on faults that bound these basins, and composition of major basement blocks. Although large-magnitude extension throughout the extensional corridor and major strike-slip faulting north of Lake Mead have highly disrupted many basins, most of the older basins (middle to late Miocene) are not associated with prominent geophysical anomalies. Instead, the most conspicuous anomalies (e.g., gravity lows) generally correspond to the younger (late Miocene to recent), structurally more coherent basins. Most of the geophysically expressed basins lie north of Lake Mead and are bounded by Quaternary normal and/or strike-slip fault zones. Both Quaternary faults and geophysically conspicuous basins are largely absent south of Lake Mead, where the only prominent gravity low corresponds to a structurally intact basin filled primarily with halite along the less extended, eastern margin of the corridor. Relatively continuous northeast-trending magnetic anomalies south of Lake Mead, presumably caused by Proterozoic basement rocks, suggest that strike-slip displacement is negligible on many of the major normal faults. In contrast, magnetic anomalies are smeared along the Lake Mead fault system and Las Vegas Valley shear zone. Offset anomalies suggest left-lateral displacement of 12–20 km for the Hamblin Bay fault zone, 12–15 km for the Lime Ridge fault, and 12 km on the Gold Butte fault. These values are compatible with or lower than published estimates based on geologic mapping.