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Journal Article

Highly refractory dunite formation at Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank, and its role in the evolution of the circum-Antarctic continent Available to Purchase

Norikatsu Akizawa, Asuka Yamaguchi, Kenichiro Tani, Akira Ishikawa, Ryo Fujita, Sung Hi Choi
Published: 13 December 2021
The Canadian Mineralogist (2021) 59 (6): 1731–1753.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2100030
... fluid input is expected to simultaneously stimulate continental growth and lower the intrinsic density of the mantle than more fertile mantle, which in turn isolates the continental lithosphere from the convective mantle. The mantle peridotites from Gibbs Island (South Shetland Islands) and Bruce Bank...
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Tectonic setting of the Scotia plate. BB, Bruce Bank; CDMC, Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex; DB, Discovery Bank; HB, Herdman Bank; JB, Jane Bank; RVB, Rocas Verdes Basin; SFZ, Shackleton Fracture Zone; SOM, South Orkney microcontinent; SSIB, South Shetland Islands Block; SST, South Shetland Trough. Source: Maldonado et al. (2006).

Tectonic setting of the Scotia plate. BB, Bruce Bank; CDMC, Cordillera Darw... Open Access

Published: 14 June 2023
Fig. 1. Tectonic setting of the Scotia plate. BB, Bruce Bank; CDMC, Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex; DB, Discovery Bank; HB, Herdman Bank; JB, Jane Bank; RVB, Rocas Verdes Basin; SFZ, Shackleton Fracture Zone; SOM, South Orkney microcontinent; SSIB, South Shetland Islands Block; SST, South
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Kernel density plots of detrital zircon ages from Bruce Bank. Source: Riley et al. (2022).

Kernel density plots of detrital zircon ages from Bruce Bank. Source: Rile... Open Access

Published: 14 June 2023
Fig. 6. Kernel density plots of detrital zircon ages from Bruce Bank. Source: Riley et al. (2022 ).
Image
Major-element composition of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. (a) Mg/Si versus Al/Si (wt.%). (b) NiO versus MgO (wt.%). The pink arrow indicates GI0910 dunite showing a low 187Os/188Os ratio (0.11883), which significantly deviates in composition from the other Gibbs Island dunites (correlation coefficient and least-squares regression line are presented in b). Peridotite data for the forearc region are from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc (Parkinson &amp; Pearce 1998), South Sandwich forearc (Pearce et al. 2000), and Tonga forearc (Birner et al. 2017); data for fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges (MOR) (with intermediate-spreading ridges) are for the Garrett Transform Fault (Niu &amp; Hékinian 1997), Hess Deep Rift (Regelous et al. 2016), and the Udintsev Fracture Zone (Niu 2004); data for slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges are for the Atlantis Massif (Regelous et al. 2016), Kane Fracture Zone (Regelous et al. 2016), Central Indian Ridge (Niu 2004), and others from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Regelous et al. 2016); data for ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridges are from the American Antarctic Ridge (Niu 2004), Southwest Indian Ridge (Niu 2004), and Spitsbergen Fracture Zone (Regelous et al. 2016); and data for West Antarctica are from Handler et al. (2003) and Martin et al. (2014, 2015). Peridotite data for cratonic regions are from the PetDB data base (http://www.earthchem.org/petdb). Primitive upper mantle (PUM) data are from Jagoutz et al. (1979), Palme &amp; Nickel (1985), Hart &amp; Zindler (1986), and McDonough &amp; Sun (1995).

Major-element composition of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. (a) ... Available to Purchase

Published: 13 December 2021
Fig. 5. Major-element composition of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. (a) Mg/Si versus Al/Si (wt.%). (b) NiO versus MgO (wt.%). The pink arrow indicates GI0910 dunite showing a low 187 Os/ 188 Os ratio (0.11883), which significantly deviates in composition from the other Gibbs
Image
KH19-6-Leg4-D07-R41 dunite from Bruce Bank with numerous network-like calcite and quartz veins. (b) Image obtained with a binocular microscope. Abbreviations: Lz = lizardite, and Chr = chromite.

KH19-6-Leg4-D07-R41 dunite from Bruce Bank with numerous network-like calci... Available to Purchase

Published: 13 December 2021
Fig. 3. KH19-6-Leg4-D07-R41 dunite from Bruce Bank with numerous network-like calcite and quartz veins. (b) Image obtained with a binocular microscope. Abbreviations: Lz = lizardite, and Chr = chromite.
Journal Article

Cretaceous–Paleogene tectonic reconstructions of the South Scotia Ridge and implications for the initiation of subduction in the Scotia Sea Open Access

Teal R. Riley, Alex Burton-Johnson, Kelly A. Hogan, Andrew Carter, Philip T. Leat
Published: 14 June 2023
Journal of the Geological Society (2023) 180 (4): jgs2023-013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2023-013
...Fig. 1. Tectonic setting of the Scotia plate. BB, Bruce Bank; CDMC, Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex; DB, Discovery Bank; HB, Herdman Bank; JB, Jane Bank; RVB, Rocas Verdes Basin; SFZ, Shackleton Fracture Zone; SOM, South Orkney microcontinent; SSIB, South Shetland Islands Block; SST, South...
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Book Chapter

Giant mass-transport deposits in the southern Scotia Sea (Antarctica) Available to Purchase

Author(s)
Luis Somoza, Teresa Medialdea, Francisco J. González
Book: Subaqueous Mass Movements and their Consequences: Assessing Geohazards, Environmental Implications and Economic Significance of Subaqueous Landslides
Series: Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Publisher: The Geological Society of London
Published: 30 September 2019
DOI: 10.1144/SP477.2
EISBN: 9781786203861
... the Discovery and Bruce banks towards the Scan Basin. The headwall area consists of multiple U-shaped scars intercalated between volcanic edifices, up to 250 m high and 7 km wide, extending c. 14 km downslope from 1750 to 2900 m water depth. Seismic sections show that these giant MTDs are triggered...
Abstract
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Abstract On the basis of 2D multichannel and very-high-resolution seismic data and swath bathymetry, we report a sequence of giant mass-transport deposits (MTDs) in the Scan Basin (southern Scotia Sea, Antarctica). MTDs with a maximum thickness of c. 300 m extend up to 50 km from the Discovery and Bruce banks towards the Scan Basin. The headwall area consists of multiple U-shaped scars intercalated between volcanic edifices, up to 250 m high and 7 km wide, extending c. 14 km downslope from 1750 to 2900 m water depth. Seismic sections show that these giant MTDs are triggered by the intersection between diagenetic fronts related to silica transformation and vertical fluid-flow pipes linked to magmatic sills emplaced within the sedimentary sequence of the Scan Basin. This work supports that the diagenetic alteration of siliceous sediments is a possible cause of slope instability along world continental margins where bottom-simulating reflectors related to silica diagenesis are present at a regional scale.

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Simplified geological setting (a) and geological map of Gibbs Island (b). (a) is after Maldonado et al. (2006), and (b) is after de Wit et al. (1977) and Grunow et al. (1992). The yellow star in (a) represents the sampling location at Bruce Bank during the KH19-06-Leg4 cruise. The sampling locality at Gibbs Island is shown with a yellow star in (b). Abbreviations: APR = Antarctic Phoenix Ridge, BB = Bruce Bank, CA = Clarence Island, DB = Discovery Bank, DI = Deception Island, ESR = East Scotia Ridge, EI = Elephant Island, FIs = Falkland Islands, HB = Herman Bank, JBs = Jane Basin, KGI = King George Island, LI = Livingstone Island, NSR = North Scotia Ridge, PiB = Pirie Bank, PBs = Powell Basin, SI = Smith Island, SGI = South Georgia Island, SSR = South Scotia Ridge, SOIs = South Orkney Islands, SSaIs = South Sandwich Islands, SSIs = South Shetland Islands, SST = South Shetland Trench, TR = Terror Rise, TDF = Tierra del Fuego, and WSR = West Scotia Ridge.

Simplified geological setting (a) and geological map of Gibbs Island (b). (... Available to Purchase

Published: 13 December 2021
Fig. 1. Simplified geological setting (a) and geological map of Gibbs Island (b). (a) is after Maldonado et al . (2006) , and (b) is after de Wit et al . (1977) and Grunow et al . (1992) . The yellow star in (a) represents the sampling location at Bruce Bank during the KH19-06-Leg4 cruise
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Representative phase characterization of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. Abbreviations: O = olivine, A = antigorite, L = lizardite, B = brucite, C = calcite, and Q = quartz.

Representative phase characterization of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruc... Available to Purchase

Published: 13 December 2021
Fig. 4. Representative phase characterization of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. Abbreviations: O = olivine, A = antigorite, L = lizardite, B = brucite, C = calcite, and Q = quartz.
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Variations in Th/Yb v. Nb/Yb showing the composition of mafic rocks from the southern Scotia Sea region relative to the mid-ocean ridge basalt–ocean island basalt array (Pearce and Peate 1995). MORB, mid-ocean ridge basalt; N-MORB, normal-type mid-ocean ridge basalt; OIB, ocean island basalt. Data sources: Discovery Bank, Pearce et al. (2014), Riley et al. (2021); Jane Bank, Pearce et al. (2014); Eötvös Escarpment, Dalziel et al. (2013a); present day South Sandwich Islands, Pearce et al. (1995); and Bruce Bank, Riley et al. (2021).

Variations in Th/Yb v. Nb/Yb showing the composition of mafic rocks from th... Open Access

Published: 14 June 2023
basalt. Data sources: Discovery Bank, Pearce et al. (2014) , Riley et al. (2021) ; Jane Bank, Pearce et al. (2014) ; Eötvös Escarpment, Dalziel et al. (2013 a ) ; present day South Sandwich Islands, Pearce et al. (1995) ; and Bruce Bank, Riley et al. (2021) .
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Physiography of the Scotia arc. White arrows show path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) through Drake Passage, and outlets through the North Scotia Ridge. Red arrows show relative motion of the South America and Antarctic plates (∼22 mm/yr). White ellipse represents former position of the South Georgia microcontinent (see text). NSR—North Scotia Ridge; SSR—South Scotia Ridge; SFZ—Shackleton Fracture Zone; WSS—west Scotia Sea; CS—central Scotia Sea; ASSA—ancestral South Sandwich arc; ESS—east Scotia Sea. Positive features (clockwise from the northwest): CD—Cordillera Darwin; CH—Cape Horn; SI—Isla de los Estados (Staten Island); BwB—Burdwood Bank; DvB—Davis Bank; BkP—Barker Plateau; BSR—Black and Shag Rocks platform; NEGR—northeast Georgia Rise; HB—Herdman Bank; DB—Discovery Bank; JB—Jane Bank; BB—Bruce Bank; PB—Pirie Bank; TR—Terror Rise.

Physiography of the Scotia arc. White arrows show path of the Antarctic Cir... Open Access

Published: 01 April 2014
; CH—Cape Horn; SI—Isla de los Estados (Staten Island); BwB—Burdwood Bank; DvB—Davis Bank; BkP—Barker Plateau; BSR—Black and Shag Rocks platform; NEGR—northeast Georgia Rise; HB—Herdman Bank; DB—Discovery Bank; JB—Jane Bank; BB—Bruce Bank; PB—Pirie Bank; TR—Terror Rise.
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Primitive upper mantle (PUM)-normalized bulk-rock HSE patterns of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. The hatched field is the compositional range of dunites from peridotite massifs (Wang et al. 2013, Yu et al. 2017, van de Löcht et al. 2018). Dunite data from West Antarctica are from Day et al. (2019). The GI0910 dunite with a low 187Os/188Os ratio (0.11907) is indicated by a pale blue line. PUM values are after Becker et al. (2006).

Primitive upper mantle (PUM)-normalized bulk-rock HSE patterns of dunites f... Available to Purchase

Published: 13 December 2021
Fig. 6. Primitive upper mantle (PUM)-normalized bulk-rock HSE patterns of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. The hatched field is the compositional range of dunites from peridotite massifs ( Wang et al . 2013 , Yu et al . 2017 , van de Löcht et al . 2018 ). Dunite data from West
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Drake Passage–Scotia arc region physiography and path of Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Physical features (from GeoMapApp, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, United States): BkB—Barker Bank (formally proposed name, previously informally Aurora Bank); BwB—Burdwood Bank; BB—Bruce Bank; CSS—central Scotia Sea; DB—Discovery Bank; DvB—Davis Bank; ESS—east Scotia Sea; HB—Herdman Bank; JB—Jane Bank; NGR—Northeast Georgia Rise; PB—Pirie Bank; SFZ—Shackleton Fracture Zone; SRB—Shag Rocks Bank; SSI—South Sandwich Islands; SG—South Georgia microcontinent; SOI—South Orkney Islands microcontinent; TR—Terror Rise; WSS—west Scotia Sea. Ocean currents and fronts (Naveira Garabato et al., 2002): ACC—Antarctic Circumpolar Current; PF—Polar Front; SACCF—South Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front; SAF—Sub-Antarctic Front; SB—southern boundary of the ACC. Note that Polar Front is the core of the flow of Circumpolar Deep Water of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. White arrows show the three main pathways of ACC. Red and yellow stars show locations of dredge hauls referred to in text from forearc of active South Sandwich Islands (SSI) volcanic arc and Discovery Bank, respectively.

Drake Passage–Scotia arc region physiography and path of Antarctic Circumpo... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 September 2013
Bank; BB—Bruce Bank; CSS—central Scotia Sea; DB—Discovery Bank; DvB—Davis Bank; ESS—east Scotia Sea; HB—Herdman Bank; JB—Jane Bank; NGR—Northeast Georgia Rise; PB—Pirie Bank; SFZ—Shackleton Fracture Zone; SRB—Shag Rocks Bank; SSI—South Sandwich Islands; SG—South Georgia microcontinent; SOI—South Orkney
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HSE, Os isotope, and Cr2O3 compositions of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. (a) Primitive upper mantle (PUM)-normalized Pd/Os versus Ir/Os. Refer to Figure 6 for references of dunite data from West Antarctica and peridotite massifs. (b) PUM-normalized Re/Ir versus loss on ignition (LOI). (c) PUM-normalized Os/Ir versus LOI. (d) PUM-normalized Os/Ir versus Cr2O3. (e) and (f) 187Os/188Os versus Re or Os abundance. PUM values are after Becker et al. (2006).

HSE, Os isotope, and Cr 2 O 3 compositions of dunites from Gibbs Island an... Available to Purchase

Published: 13 December 2021
Fig. 7. HSE, Os isotope, and Cr 2 O 3 compositions of dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. (a) Primitive upper mantle (PUM)-normalized Pd/Os versus Ir/Os. Refer to Figure 6 for references of dunite data from West Antarctica and peridotite massifs. (b) PUM-normalized Re/Ir versus loss
Image
Relationship between Al2O3 and 187Os/188Os and 187Re/188Os in dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. Peridotite data for the forearc regions are from Parkinson et al. (1998) (Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc); those for oceanic regions are from Day et al. (2017) and Snortum et al. (2019); and those for West Antarctica are from Handler et al. (2003) (H) and Day et al. (2019) (D). Age reference data (Re depletion age: TRD) are shown with horizontal ticks in the right-hand side of (a). The solid and dotted lines in (b) represent 0.1, 1, and 2 Ga reference isochrons assuming chondritic Os isotope evolution.

Relationship between Al 2 O 3 and 187 Os/ 188 Os and 187 Re/ 188 Os in d... Available to Purchase

Published: 13 December 2021
Fig. 8. Relationship between Al 2 O 3 and 187 Os/ 188 Os and 187 Re/ 188 Os in dunites from Gibbs Island and Bruce Bank. Peridotite data for the forearc regions are from Parkinson et al . (1998) (Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc); those for oceanic regions are from Day et al . (2017) and Snortum
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Sample sites from late Permian volcano-sedimentary successions from across West Gondwana. FI/Mv, Falkland/Malvinas Islands; EWM, Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains; EN, Erewhon Nunatak–Mt Peterson; AP, Antarctic Peninsula; LMG, LeMay Group; BB, Bruce Bank; SG, South Georgia; TdF, Tierra del Fuego; NPM, North Patagonian Massif. Data sources: 1this study; 2Malone et al. (2023); 3Dean 2014; 4Viglietti et al. (2018); 5Ramos et al. (2014); 6Hervé et al. (2003); 7Castillo et al. (2016); 8British Antarctic Survey, unpublished data; 9Castillo et al. (2016); 10Barbeau et al. (2010); 11Riley et al. (2023b); 12Riley et al. (2023a); 13Elliot et al. (2016); 14Elliot et al. (2016); 15Nelson and Cottle (2019); 16Elliot et al. (2015); 17Flowerdew et al. (2012).

Sample sites from late Permian volcano-sedimentary successions from across ... Open Access

Published: 28 May 2025
Fig. 6. Sample sites from late Permian volcano-sedimentary successions from across West Gondwana. FI/Mv, Falkland/Malvinas Islands; EWM, Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains; EN, Erewhon Nunatak–Mt Peterson; AP, Antarctic Peninsula; LMG, LeMay Group; BB, Bruce Bank; SG, South Georgia; TdF, Tierra del
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Mid-Cretaceous to present-day GPlates-derived kinematic reconstruction of the Scotia Sea region. The kinematic reconstruction of van de Lagemaat et al. (2021) was modified to incorporate late westwards-directed Cretaceous subduction beneath Jane Bank and the South Orkney microcontinent. The GPlates rotation files and polygons are included in the Supplementary Material. This requires a change in the regional plate boundaries and opening geometry of the Rocas Verdes Basin compared with van de Lagemaat et al. (2021), more closely reflecting the tectonic history proposed by Morales-Ocaña et al. (2023). It should be noted that the derivation of arc magmatism from westwards-directed subduction beneath Jane Bank in the Late Cretaceous implicitly requires active convergence between the South Orkney microcontinent and the northern conjugate margin of the Weddell Sea (now largely subducted beneath the Scotia plate) in the Late Cretaceous. However, while the plate rotation model of van de Lagemaat et al. (2021) has such convergence between c. 120–100 Ma and c. 80–6 Ma, their plate circuit shows no such convergence between 100 and 80 Ma. Unfortunately, this occurs during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (120–83 Ma), limiting the resolution of plate reconstructions using seafloor magnetic anomalies. However, we propose that the magmatic history of Jane Bank records continuing convergence throughout this period. The crustal blocks of the South Scotia Ridge are demarcated with a red surround. The potential initiation of South Sandwich subduction to the east of the South Orkney microcontinent is shown in the 100 Ma reconstruction (Schellart et al. 2023). ASSA, ancestral South Sandwich Arc; BB, Bruce Bank; CDMC, Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex; DB, Discovery Bank; E ANT, East Antarctica; FI, Falkland Islands; PB, Pirie Bank; RVB, Rocas Verdes Basin; S Am, South America; SG, South Georgia; SOM, South Orkney microcontinent; SSSZ, South Sandwich subduction zone; TR, Terror Rise. Source: adapted from Riley et al. (2022); the position of the Pacific Margin Anomaly (red dashed line) is from Martos et al. (2014).

Mid-Cretaceous to present-day GPlates-derived kinematic reconstruction of t... Open Access

Published: 14 June 2023
are demarcated with a red surround. The potential initiation of South Sandwich subduction to the east of the South Orkney microcontinent is shown in the 100 Ma reconstruction ( Schellart et al. 2023 ). ASSA, ancestral South Sandwich Arc; BB, Bruce Bank; CDMC, Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex; DB
Journal Article

Lithofacies and age variation in the Fossil Hill Formation (Lower Silurian), southern Georgian Bay region, Ontario Available to Purchase

Christopher A. Stott, Peter H. von Bitter
Published: 01 January 2000
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2000) 36 (10): 1743–1762.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-081
... of the eastern Beaver Valley is correlative with the typical lower Pentamerus bank and the overlying coral–stromatoporoid biostrome of late Aeronian (Llandovery C 1 –C 2 ) age observed on the southern Bruce Peninsula and Cape Rich Steps. Regionally, the Fossil Hill Formation exhibits significant age variation...
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Journal Article

Charles Wheeler Templeton (1922-1996) Available to Purchase

Ralph W. Edie
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 September 1997
AAPG Bulletin (1997) 81 (9): 1538–1539.
...Ralph W. Edie Abstract Charles Wheeler Templeton, "Charlie," passed away in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, August 12, 1996. Charlie was born to Arthur and Doris Templeton, July 15, 1922, in Calgary. His father was a bank manager with the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the family moved frequently. Charlie...
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Bruce C. Heezen linked turbidity currents with the 1929 breaking of submarine cables off the Grand Banks, and helped develop the concept of geostrophic or contour currents.

Bruce C. Heezen linked turbidity currents with the 1929 breaking of submari... Available to Purchase

Published: 01 October 2004
Figure 5. Bruce C. Heezen linked turbidity currents with the 1929 breaking of submarine cables off the Grand Banks, and helped develop the concept of geostrophic or contour currents.