Abstract Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits contain variable amounts of gold, from an average production grade of about 1 g/t to more than 10 g/t in some deposits (Fig. 1). They include conventional base metal massive sulfides with accessory gold as well as some deposits in which gold is a primary commodity. Deposits of the first group may contain significant amounts of gold, owing to modest grades and large tonnages (e.g., 180 tonnes Au at Flin Flon), but they usually have low gold-to-base metal ratios and gold is recovered mainly as a by-product (Fig. 2). Deposits of the second group are true gold deposits in a strict economic sense. The most important of these, in terms of total contained gold, include the large copper-gold deposit at Horne, in the Noranda district, Quebec; the large pyritic gold deposits in the Bousquet district, Quebec; the Boliden Cu-Au-As deposit in the Skellefte district, Sweden; and the high-grade, polymetallic massive sulfide at Eskay Creek, British Columbia (Table 1 and Fig. 3). In this chapter, we compare the geologic settings, mineralogy, geochemistry, and alteration associated with several of the most gold-rich deposits and examine the possible controls on gold enrichment. An emphasis on deposits found in Canada is evident from the examples listed in Tables 1 and 2. Comprehensive reviews of gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Australia and models for their genesis have been presented by Large et al. (1989) and references therein. Detailed studies of the important physical and chemical controls on gold enrichment in volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits can also be found in papers by Huston and Large (1989) and Hannington and Scott (1989a). These results are reviewed briefly, but the reader is referred to the original papers for a more thorough discussion. In the second part of the chapter we consider possible links between gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide and volcanogenic gold deposits in the epithermal environment and examine active, gold-depositing hot springs, on the sea floor and on land, as possible modern analogs.