...Figure 3. First principal component coefficients from PCA performed separately on Caninae, Borophaginae, and Hesperocyoninae. Scaling conforming to isometry would be indicated by all coefficient values equaling the square root of the number of variables included in the analysis ( n variables...

...Figure 1. A, Schematic phylogeny of the Canidae ( Tedford et al. 1995 ; Wang 1994 ; Wang et al. 1999 ). The family Canidae is divided into three subfamilies, the two extinct subfamilies Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae, and the Caninae, to which all extant dogs belong. The extinct genus...

... 0.358 0.062 0.159 0.062 21 Aelurdon asthenostylus † F:AM 28356 Borophaginae 190 — — — 38 45 — — 0.237 — 22 Aelurdon ferox † F:AM 27479 Borophaginae 172 — — — 28 44 — — 0.256 — 23 Aelurdon taxoides † F:AM 30902 Borophaginae 213 — — — 35 54 — — 0.254...

... to the New World during the Pliocene ca. 4 Ma ( Berta 1981 ; Hay 1921 ; Kurtén and Werdelin 1988 ; Qiu 2003 ). Among the three canid subfamilies, Hesperocyoninae, Borophaginae, and Caninae, borophagines overlapped most extensively with hyaenids in both temporal occurrence and morphological similarity...

...-size profile appears chaotic, but clearer trends become apparent at lower taxonomic levels. All three subfamilies of canids (Hesperocyoninae, Borophaginae, and Caninae) are present in the Northwest at the beginning of the Arikareean–Hemphillian interval as members of central Oregon's John Day fauna...

.... , and Taylor , 1999 , Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae) : Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 243 . 1 – 391 . Wang , X. M. , M. , McKenna , D. , and Dashzeveg , 2005a , Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from...

... - Lycyaena - Hyaenictis / Palinhyaena - Crocuta . D, Mustela / Galictis - Ictonyx - Pteronura - Lontra - Enhydra - Lutra - Amblonyx - Aonyx . E, Cryptoprocta / Eupleres - Fossa . F, Nimravidae/Herpestidae-Viverridae-Felidae-Hyaenidae. Extinct taxa are represented by †. Canidae: Borophaginae...

.... , 1999 , Phylogenetic systematics of the North American Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae) : Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , v. 243 , p. 1 – 391 . Webb , S.D. , 1965 , The osteology of Camelops...

... . Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243 : 1 – 391 . Watt C. , Mitchell S...

... to the Borophaginae (bone-crushing dogs; Wang and Barnes, 2008 ; Tedford and Wang, 2009 ). The Amphicyonidae are represented by Ischyrocyon mohavensis , which occurs alongside canids through most of the formation. Three species of Felidae are present, but their fossils are considerably rarer than those...

... , 1999 , Phylogenetics systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae) : Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 243 . 1 – 391 . Wang , X. , R. H. , Tedford , B. , Van Valkenburgh , R. K. , and Wayne , 2004 , Phylogeny, classification, and evolutionary ecology...

.... Taylor . 1999 . Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 243 : 1 – 391 . Werdelin , L. 1996 . Carnivoran ecomorphology: a phylogenetic perspective . Pp. 582 – 624 in J. Gittleman , ed. Carnivore...

.... 30 : 167 – 175 . Wang , X. ; Tedford , R. H. ; and Taylor , B. E. 1999 . Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae) . Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 243 , New York , American Museum of Natural History , 391 p. Webb , S. D. 1998 . Hornless...