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Bonanza Caldera

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Journal Article
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 01 December 2015
Geosphere (2015) 11 (6): 1902–1947.
...Peter W. Lipman; Matthew J. Zimmerer; William C. McIntosh Abstract Among large ignimbrites, the Bonanza Tuff and its source caldera in the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field display diverse depositional and structural features that provide special insights concerning eruptive processes...
FIGURES | View All (24)
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Generalized geologic map of Bonanza caldera area, showing ages for early lavas and intrusions of the Rawley volcanic complex. Figure is modified from Lipman et al. (2015); 40Ar/39Ar ages (from Table S1G [see text footnote 1]) are for sanidine, unless otherwise indicated: b—biotite; g—groundmass.
Published: 20 December 2023
Figure 17. Generalized geologic map of Bonanza caldera area, showing ages for early lavas and intrusions of the Rawley volcanic complex. Figure is modified from Lipman et al. (2015) ; 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages (from Table S1G [see text footnote 1 ]) are for sanidine, unless otherwise indicated: b
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Oblique view of Bonanza caldera area (Google Earth), viewed from the south. Dashed lines: orange—erosionally modified remnants of Bonanza topographic caldera rim; black—caldera-subsidence ring faults; yellow—crest of elliptical resurgent dome; green—margin of Marshall caldera. Abbreviations: AP—Antora Peak; Bz—town of Bonanza; FM—Flagstaff Mountain; HP—Hayden Peak; KC—Kerber Creek; MO—Mount Ouray; PP—Porphyry Peak; PoP—Poncha Pass; RM—Round Mountain; SaM—Sargents Mesa; SM—Sheep Mountain; SP—Saguache Mountain; UP—Ute Pass; WH—Whale Hill.
Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 3. Oblique view of Bonanza caldera area (Google Earth), viewed from the south. Dashed lines: orange—erosionally modified remnants of Bonanza topographic caldera rim; black—caldera-subsidence ring faults; yellow—crest of elliptical resurgent dome; green—margin of Marshall caldera
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West topographic rim of Bonanza caldera, as viewed to northwest, up valley of Kerber Creek. In distance, Antora Peak (center, 13,269 ft, 4044 m) is capped by densely welded dacitic Bonanza Tuff (33.12 Ma), while Windy Point (left, 12,800 ft, 3901 m) exposes thin layer of basal rhyolitic Bonanza Tuff that has undergone local rheomorphic flowage. Lower slopes of both high points are west-dipping sequence of interlayered andesitic lava flows and volcaniclastic rocks that make up the erosionally modified inner wall of Bonanza caldera. Sheep Mountain (right, 12,228 ft, 3727 m) is pre-Bonanza dacitic lava dome (33.89 Ma) that partly fills the older Marshall caldera, source of the 33.9-Ma Thorn Ranch Tuff. On left side of Kerber Creek, timbered slopes are lower portion of the southwest caldera wall; on right side of creek is dip slope on flanks of the postcollapse resurgent dome. The valley of Kerber Creek coincides with the main ring fault (concealed beneath Quaternary surficial deposits), along which more than 3 km of subsidence was accommodated during eruption of the Bonanza Tuff and concurrent caldera collapse. Photo location shown on Figure 9.
Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 5. West topographic rim of Bonanza caldera, as viewed to northwest, up valley of Kerber Creek. In distance, Antora Peak (center, 13,269 ft, 4044 m) is capped by densely welded dacitic Bonanza Tuff (33.12 Ma), while Windy Point (left, 12,800 ft, 3901 m) exposes thin layer of basal rhyolitic
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Published: 01 December 2015
TABLE 4. REPRESENTATIVE COMPOSITIONS, VOLCANIC AND INTRUSIVE ROCKS OF BONANZA CALDERA AREA
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Published: 01 December 2015
TABLE 4. REPRESENTATIVE COMPOSITIONS, VOLCANIC AND INTRUSIVE ROCKS OF BONANZA CALDERA AREA
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Generalized geologic map of Bonanza and Marshall calderas, showing major stratigraphic units, structural features, and locations of cross sections (Fig. 15). Margin of Marshall caldera (unconformity between caldera-fill and precaldera rocks) is dashed where approximately located. Approximate topographic rim of Bonanza caldera inferred from distribution of intracaldera rocks and from erosionally modified present-day morphology. Rectangles indicate location of detailed geologic maps (Figs. 13 and 14). Rectangular grid (outlined in red) represents boundaries of 7.5′ quadrangle maps. HH—Houghland Hill.
Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 9. Generalized geologic map of Bonanza and Marshall calderas, showing major stratigraphic units, structural features, and locations of cross sections ( Fig. 15 ). Margin of Marshall caldera (unconformity between caldera-fill and precaldera rocks) is dashed where approximately located
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Panoramic view across crest of Whale Hill resurgent dome, toward San Luis Valley (Rio Grande rift zone), from west rim of Bonanza caldera. Intracaldera Bonanza Tuff is as much as 2.5 km thick, dips 45°–55° on flank of resurgent dome. Photo location shown on Figure 9.
Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 20. Panoramic view across crest of Whale Hill resurgent dome, toward San Luis Valley (Rio Grande rift zone), from west rim of Bonanza caldera. Intracaldera Bonanza Tuff is as much as 2.5 km thick, dips 45°–55° on flank of resurgent dome. Photo location shown on Figure 9 .
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Cross sections, showing structures and stratigraphic relations across Bonanza caldera; locations are on generalized map (Fig. 9), but much more stratigraphic detail is illustrated by the sections. (A) Line 1: Southwest topographic rim, across crest of resurgent dome (Whale Hill), to west margin of San Luis Valley (segment of Rio Grande rift zone): shows large ring-fault displacements, great thickness of intracaldera Bonanza Tuff, steep dips on flanks of resurgent dome, and inferred location of subcaldera granitoid intrusions. (B) Line 2: South caldera margin, showing displacements across ring faults. Tilting of units reflects some combination of rotational block faulting during caldera subsidence, as well as possible uplift at south margin of resurgent dome.
Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 17. Cross sections, showing structures and stratigraphic relations across Bonanza caldera; locations are on generalized map ( Fig. 9 ), but much more stratigraphic detail is illustrated by the sections. (A) Line 1: Southwest topographic rim, across crest of resurgent dome (Whale Hill
Series: GSA Field Guide
Published: 01 January 2013
DOI: 10.1130/2013.0033(14)
EISBN: 9780813756332
... continental-margin volcanism. Introduction The field guide focuses on recent results for ignimbrite sheets and calderas in the previously little-studied northeastern flank of the well-known Oligocene San Juan volcanic region, especially the newly studied Bonanza area (Fig. 1A). This guide briefly...
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Chemical variation diagrams. (A) Early (Conejos) volcanoes of eastern San Juan Mountains; data from Table S2 (see text footnote 1). (B) Precaldera (Conejos/San Juan Formation) and postcaldera lavas (Silverton volcanics) of western San Juan Mountains (larger symbols, data from Table S2J [see text footnote 1]) in comparison to eastern Conejos volcanoes and rocks of Bonanza caldera (smaller symbols, from Fig. 18A). Volcanic centers are plotted in order from south to north to highlight the areal compositional variations.
Published: 20 December 2023
S2J [see text footnote 1 ]) in comparison to eastern Conejos volcanoes and rocks of Bonanza caldera (smaller symbols, from Fig. 18A). Volcanic centers are plotted in order from south to north to highlight the areal compositional variations.
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Chemical variation diagrams. (A) Early (Conejos) volcanoes of eastern San Juan Mountains; data from Table S2 (see text footnote 1). (B) Precaldera (Conejos/San Juan Formation) and postcaldera lavas (Silverton volcanics) of western San Juan Mountains (larger symbols, data from Table S2J [see text footnote 1]) in comparison to eastern Conejos volcanoes and rocks of Bonanza caldera (smaller symbols, from Fig. 18A). Volcanic centers are plotted in order from south to north to highlight the areal compositional variations.
Published: 20 December 2023
S2J [see text footnote 1 ]) in comparison to eastern Conejos volcanoes and rocks of Bonanza caldera (smaller symbols, from Fig. 18A). Volcanic centers are plotted in order from south to north to highlight the areal compositional variations.
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Simplified maps showing relevant igneous complexes, major rift basins, and mining districts. (A). Overview map of Colorado showing location of eroded remnants of the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (San Juan and Central Colorado volcanic fields; Steven, 1975), outline of the Colorado mineral belt, and Rio Grande rift basins. Points A and A′ correspond to southwest and northeast points of line used in Figure 5A. (B). Simplified geologic map of north-central Colorado, showing sample locations with respect to igneous complexes and mines or mining districts discussed in the text. Swan Mountain intrusive complex (near Breckenridge, Br) and the Humbug stock (near Kokomo, Ko) are classified as uncertain, or mixtures of intrusive rocks that are younger and older than 44 Ma. These areas have low-precision geochronology that suggests they could be part of either group. Further high-precision geochronology can better define the age of these units. Bold and italicized labels signify mining districts that were part of this study. Al = Alma, An = Mount Antero, As = Aspen, BC = Browns Canyon, Br = Breckenridge district, Bz = Bonanza caldera and mining district, Cm = Climax mine, G = Gilman, GP = Grizzly Peak caldera, Ko = Kokomo, M = Marshall caldera, MA = Mount Aetna caldera, Mm = Middle Mountain = Winfield, MPB = Mount Princeton batholith, SE = St. Elmo district, TLP = Twin Lakes pluton, Tq = Turquoise Lake.
Published: 01 June 2021
-precision geochronology can better define the age of these units. Bold and italicized labels signify mining districts that were part of this study. Al = Alma, An = Mount Antero, As = Aspen, BC = Browns Canyon, Br = Breckenridge district, Bz = Bonanza caldera and mining district, Cm = Climax mine, G = Gilman
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Schematic caldera-collapse model, indicating possible paleotopographic controls on contrasting distributions of outflow Bonanza Tuff, even though tuff erupted from a laterally extensive layered or zoned magma body. (A) Initial eruptions of rhyolite (from vents on the east side of the future caldera?) spread widely to the east, perhaps blocked from westward flow by the precaldera construct of the composite Rawley volcano complex and similar accumulations of intermediate composition lava that filled the earlier Marshall caldera. The lower Bonanza rhyolite is thin and discontinuous within the caldera area, indicating that subsidence began only late during eruption of this phase. (B) Dacitic phases of the Bonanza ignimbrite eruption ponded thickly within the subsiding caldera and spread far to west but are largely absent in the eastern outflow sheet. A possible interpretation is that inception of caldera subsidence and perhaps shifting vent locations provided access for pyroclastic flows to cross west flanks of the Bonanza center. An alternative could be the presence of separate rhyolite and dacite magma bodies in close proximity beneath the caldera.
Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 15. Schematic caldera-collapse model, indicating possible paleotopographic controls on contrasting distributions of outflow Bonanza Tuff, even though tuff erupted from a laterally extensive layered or zoned magma body. (A) Initial eruptions of rhyolite (from vents on the east side
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Summary of previous and newly presented geochronology relating magmatism, large volume volcanism, and late Eocene and younger mineralization in the northern limb of the Colorado mineral belt (approximately Mount Emmons through Henderson). (A). Summary of mineralization events using only previously published chronology. The large uncertainties associated with many of the analyses suggest that carbonate-replacement, polymetallic vein and stockwork, and the onset of porphyry Mo mineralization may have all coincided. Bold labels signify mining districts that were reevaluated in this study. Figure A4 provides age information and references. (B). Summary of the timing of mineralization in Leadville (blue), Montezuma (green), and various pulses of Mo-F mineralization (red) based on new U/Pb zircon geochronology presented in this study (see also Fig. 3; Tables 1, 2). Vertical black bars correspond to ages of ignimbrites sourced from the Sawatch Range trend (Lipman and Bachmann, 2015; Fig. 1B). Note that early, low-grade Mo-F porphyries intruded immediately after the onset of the ignimbrite flare-up. (C). A more detailed comparison of data from this study to geochronology in previous studies. Horizontal gray bars correspond to 2σ uncertainty of previous geochronology (summarized in Table 1; additional Climax ages from Bookstrom, 1989). Colored bars correspond to samples from this study. Length of colored bars has been slightly exaggerated beyond 2σ analytical uncertainty for clarity. Never Summers bar represents total range between samples NS17-02 and NS17-05. Inspection of new and previous chronology reveals previous chronometers yielded mean ages that are sometimes millions of years different from modern U/Pb zircon methods. The improved precision and accuracy permits a more detailed evaluation of the timing of mineralization events and suggests that carbonate-replacement mineralization, polymetallic mineralization, and early porphyry Mo mineralization occurred in distinct episodes between 43 and 35.8 Ma (Leadville to Turquoise Lake) within the central mineral belt (See text for discussion). Bz = Bonanza caldera, GP = Grizzly Peak caldera, M = Marshall caldera, MA = Mount Aetna caldera, WM = Wall Mountain Tuff.
Published: 01 June 2021
(See text for discussion). Bz = Bonanza caldera, GP = Grizzly Peak caldera, M = Marshall caldera, MA = Mount Aetna caldera, WM = Wall Mountain Tuff.
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Plots of bulk-rock analyses for the Bonanza area (data from Supplemental Table 4), compared to data fields for the 27-Ma Creede caldera (numbers of analyses, in parentheses). (A) Total alkali-silica diagram. (B) Zirconium-silica diagram. Much of the considerable scatter among the Bonanza samples is due to varying magma compositions, as also reflected by diverse phenocryst assemblages and compositions, but some scatter also results from deep burial and widespread weak alteration. Overall, the Bonanza Tuff and closely associated postcollapse lavas and intrusions of the caldera cycle are more alkalic and enriched in incompatible elements such as Zr, in comparison to earlier nearby volcanoes such as Jacks Creek and Tracy (Fig. 9). Lavas of the Rawley volcanic complex, which constitute the most direct precursors to the Bonanza ignimbrite eruption, tend to be transitional between the earlier volcano and rocks of the Bonanza cycle. All the volcanic rocks of the Bonanza area are more alkalic and enriched in incompatible elements, in comparison to the Creede caldera and other ignimbrite systems farther southwest in the San Juan region (Creede data from Lipman, 2006).
Published: 01 December 2015
Figure 22. Plots of bulk-rock analyses for the Bonanza area (data from Supplemental Table 4), compared to data fields for the 27-Ma Creede caldera (numbers of analyses, in parentheses). (A) Total alkali-silica diagram. (B) Zirconium-silica diagram. Much of the considerable scatter among
Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 05 April 2024
Geology (2024) 52 (7): 527–532.
... al., 1992 ; Branney and Kokelaar, 1994 ). Perhaps more comparable is the 32.23 Ma Bonanza caldera (the only site in the San Juan region with widely exposed caldera floor), where rhyolitic tuff low in the 2.5 km thickness of compositionally variable ignimbrite fill shows rheomorphic lava-like...
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Journal Article
Journal: Geosphere
Published: 20 December 2023
Geosphere (2024) 20 (1): 23–73.
...Figure 17. Generalized geologic map of Bonanza caldera area, showing ages for early lavas and intrusions of the Rawley volcanic complex. Figure is modified from Lipman et al. (2015) ; 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages (from Table S1G [see text footnote 1 ]) are for sanidine, unless otherwise indicated: b...
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Journal Article
Journal: Geology
Published: 09 May 2022
Geology (2022) 50 (8): 944–948.
... 28.2 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff from the central caldera cluster, multiple 30.2–28.8 Ma ignimbrite eruptions from the polycyclic Platoro caldera complex, and the 33.35 Ma eruption of the Bonanza Tuff ( Fig. 1 ). Figure 2. Timing of peak growth at Conejos volcanoes (Colorado, USA) proximal to subsequent...
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Journal Article
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 July 2008
GSA Bulletin (2008) 120 (7-8): 771–795.
... of the newly distinguished 32.25-Ma Saguache Creek Tuff (~400–500 km 3 ). This regionally distinctive crystal-poor alkalic rhyolite helps fill an apparent gap in the southwestward migration from older explosive activity, from calderas along the N-S Sawatch locus in central Colorado (youngest, Bonanza Tuff...
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