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Birthday Reef

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Cross section through the northern end of the Birthday reef. The reef passes updip into a coplanar mineralized fault located in the near-vertical hinge of the Waiutu anticline. The thickness of the reef increases where it splays off the anticline hinge onto the W-dipping western limb of the anticline. The Northwest fault cuts across the mineralized faults in the uppermost part of the section.
Published: 01 November 2018
Fig. 12. Cross section through the northern end of the Birthday reef. The reef passes updip into a coplanar mineralized fault located in the near-vertical hinge of the Waiutu anticline. The thickness of the reef increases where it splays off the anticline hinge onto the W-dipping western limb
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Structural setting of the Birthday reef and more intensely mineralized shoots within the reef. A. Long section of the Birthday reef looking east-southeast, showing the plunge of the both ends of the reef, more intensely mineralized shoots within the reef, and the position and grade of deep drill hole intersections below that part of the reef mined prior to 1951. B. Sketch illustrating the structural setting of the Birthday reef and vein-poor segments of the mineralized fault that hosts the reef, assuming <50- to 100-m displacement across the Prohibition fault. C. The asymmetry of bedding and cleavage change across the discovery outcrop of the reef and its associated shear, implying their position coincides with the hinge of the Waiutu anticline. D. Equal area stereographic projection, showing relationships between the plunge of the Birthday reef and intersections between the reef, bedding in adjacent rocks, and the axial plane of the Waiuta anticline.
Published: 01 November 2018
Fig. 10. Structural setting of the Birthday reef and more intensely mineralized shoots within the reef. A. Long section of the Birthday reef looking east-southeast, showing the plunge of the both ends of the reef, more intensely mineralized shoots within the reef, and the position and grade
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A. Geologic map of the area surrounding the Birthday reef and the Blackwater mine. Structure contours on the reef illustrate its extent in historic mine workings and deep drill holes. The narrow mineralized fault which hosts the Birthday reef can be traced >3 km along strike from the vicinity of the Homer workings in the south to Blackwater Creek in the north. The reef is developed on the western limb of the Waiuta anticline where bedding and the host fault both strike north-northeast and dip about 75° west-northwest. B. Alternative interpretation of the structure north of the Blackwater mine in which the Prohibition fault has displaced both the hinge of the Waiuta anticline and the mineralized fault that hosts the Birthday reef by 300 to 400 m in an apparent sinistral direction, rather <50 to 100 m as shown in map (A).
Published: 01 November 2018
Fig. 9. A. Geologic map of the area surrounding the Birthday reef and the Blackwater mine. Structure contours on the reef illustrate its extent in historic mine workings and deep drill holes. The narrow mineralized fault which hosts the Birthday reef can be traced >3 km along strike from
Journal Article
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 November 2018
Economic Geology (2018) 113 (7): 1479–1497.
...Fig. 12. Cross section through the northern end of the Birthday reef. The reef passes updip into a coplanar mineralized fault located in the near-vertical hinge of the Waiutu anticline. The thickness of the reef increases where it splays off the anticline hinge onto the W-dipping western limb...
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A. Mineralized cataclastic fault from 131.2 to 133.9 m in drill hole WA07 NE of the Birthday reef. This fault is one of several in a 150-m-wide zone north-northeast of the Birthday reef, and is similar to the mineralized fault directly updip of the northern end of the reef. A halo of very fine disseminated pyrite and arsenopyrite extends ~7 m into the adjacent graywacke, where it is associated with up to 2,800 ppm As and 1.2 g/t Au. B. Sheared mineralized quartz veins within the cataclasite, which are associated with 95 to 750 ppm As and 0.03 to 0.87 g/t Au. C. Numerous micaceous fractures, and late cream-colored carbonate veins cut the mineralized quartz vein in the lower part of the fault.
Published: 01 November 2018
Fig. 11. A. Mineralized cataclastic fault from 131.2 to 133.9 m in drill hole WA07 NE of the Birthday reef. This fault is one of several in a 150-m-wide zone north-northeast of the Birthday reef, and is similar to the mineralized fault directly updip of the northern end of the reef. A halo
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Photomicrographs (plane polarized light) showing progressive deformation and alteration from the least altered amphibolite host rock towards the most altered equivalent next to the quartz reef (ore zone) at Birthday gold mine as a result of CO2 and K2O infiltration along the Khavagari-Birthday shear zone (Figure 2) (after Sieber, 1991). (A) Unaltered and unsheared amphibolite host rock comprising hornblende (green) and plagioclase (An25) (white) with minor quartz. (B) Sheared schist showing incipient replacement of hornblende (green) by brown biotite. White minerals are mainly plagioclase (An25) with minor quartz. (C) Intensely sheared schist showing extensive replacement of green hornblende by brown biotite next to the mineralized Qz-reef. (D) Extensive replacement of hornblende by calcite and biotite in the biotite-rich selvage next to the ore zone.
Published: 01 December 2019
Figure 6. Photomicrographs (plane polarized light) showing progressive deformation and alteration from the least altered amphibolite host rock towards the most altered equivalent next to the quartz reef (ore zone) at Birthday gold mine as a result of CO 2 and K 2 O infiltration along
Journal Article
Published: 01 December 2019
South African Journal of Geology (2019) 122 (4): 455–488.
...Figure 6. Photomicrographs (plane polarized light) showing progressive deformation and alteration from the least altered amphibolite host rock towards the most altered equivalent next to the quartz reef (ore zone) at Birthday gold mine as a result of CO 2 and K 2 O infiltration along...
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Detailed geological map of the area denoted as the Giyani Goldfield (Prinsloo, 1977). The map shows the subdivision of the Giyani Greenstone Belt (GGB) into northwest and southeast domains that respectively mainly comprise ultramafic and mafic lithologies. Four major structures linked to the HRSZ system (HRSZ, Khavagari-Birthday shear zone, Louis Moore-Osprey shear zone, Fumani shear zone) that controlled the location of all gold mineralization in the Giyani Goldfield are indicated. Khavagari section A-B refers to the crustal section shown in Figure 3. The detailed geology of the Khavagari section is shown in Figure 19. Gold mines (A-G, Table 2) and gold prospects (1-30, Table 1) are shown on the map. A = Klein Letaba, B = Franke, C = Fumani, D = Birthday, E = Ophir, F = Louis Moore, G = Osprey. (1) Tombstone, (2) Louisa, (3) Ellerton, (4) Palakop, (5) Mare, (6) Kiambo, (7) Horseshoe No 1, (8) Horseshoe No 2, (9) Golden Goose, (10) Andrews, (11) Swartkoppies, (12) Nebulous, (13) George Reefs, (14) West 59, (15) Gemsbok, (16) Shingwedzi, (17) Sullivan, (18) Martin Shaft, (19) Boltman’s Beauty, (20) Sudeten, (21) Alibaba, (22) Nsama River, (23) Roodepoort, (24) Courtenay, (25) Gosling, (26) South Section, (27) Ben, (28) White Reefs, (29) Pretorius, (30) Tom Pit.
Published: 01 December 2019
to the HRSZ system (HRSZ, Khavagari-Birthday shear zone, Louis Moore-Osprey shear zone, Fumani shear zone) that controlled the location of all gold mineralization in the Giyani Goldfield are indicated. Khavagari section A-B refers to the crustal section shown in Figure 3 . The detailed geology
Journal Article
Published: 01 April 2000
Journal of Foraminiferal Research (2000) 30 (2): 81–82.
... Mikropaleontologii’, volume 10, was dedicated to her 70th birthday and includes a list of her honors and publications to that date. During World War II, the Soviet Union was increasingly concerned about the possible loss of the Caspian and Baku oil fields which were the country’s mainstay for petroleum...
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Journal Article
Published: 25 April 2019
Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society (2019) 62 (3): 227.
... to the stratigraphy of the Carboniferous Limestone and associated igneous rocks of the Derbyshire Dome and environs, notably in the unravelling of the nature of the block and basin transition and the role and origin of Walsortian and Cracoan apron ‘reef’ limestones. His mapping of the overlying Millstone Grit...
Journal Article
Published: 01 January 2007
Rocky Mountain Geology (2007) 42 (1): 57–64.
... were the three articles (1929a, b, c) on analcite Na(AlSi 2 O 6 )•H 2 O and meerschaum beds (sepiolite), varves and climate, and algal reefs and oolite in the Green River. In his classic paper on the varves (annually paired layers), he calculated an extent of six million years for the formation...
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Journal Article
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 February 1950
AAPG Bulletin (1950) 34 (2): 203–214.
...Harry S. Ladd ABSTRACT Existing reefs are complex structures built of calcium carbonate taken from sea water by shallow-water organisms. They vary in size and shape depending on the nature of their foundations and on many ecologic factors. The conventional classification recognizes fringing reefs...
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Journal Article
Published: 04 September 2019
Journal of the Geological Society (2019) 176 (5): 799–800.
... imprint on the planet, revives his memory. Nothing says ‘holism’ quite like the Gaia hypothesis and this year also marks the 100th birthday of James Lovelock, an event celebrated in July this year by a suitably wide-ranging three-day meeting in Exeter. For many, Lovelock epitomises the spirit...
Journal Article
Journal: Economic Geology
Published: 01 December 2022
Economic Geology (2022) 117 (8): 1683–1685.
... birthday on June 21, 2020, after a six-month battle with cancer. Tony’s research career in sulfide systems developed in the mid-1960s when he joined Gunnar Kullerud at the Carnegie Institution in Washington to undertake experiments with metallic sulfides at high temperatures. The approach Tony took...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 May 2014
Russ. Geol. Geophys. (2014) 55 (5-6): 531–533.
... and state-of-the-art studies in all of these directions. [email protected] © 2014, IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS 2014 IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS This Special Issue “Urgent Problems of Petroleum Geology” marks the 80th birthday of Academician Alexei Emilyevich Kontorovich...
Journal Article
Published: 01 June 2006
South African Journal of Geology (2006) 109 (1-2): 6–10.
... on the occasion of his 60th birthday. In a career spanning more than 35 years, Nic (or ‘Prof Nic’ as he is known to his students) has trained an entire generation of young geologists, most of whom feature prominently in South Africa’s mineral industry. He has not only introduced countless international...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 April 2005
Earth Sciences History (2005) 24 (1): 93–111.
... Hebrides expedition was probably the 1897 and 1898 expeditions to the coral atoll of Funafuti in the Ellice Islands (modern Tuvalu) which validated Darwin’s hypothesis on the formation of coral atolls. 20 This hypothesis suggests that coral atolls originated as fringing reefs around volcanic islands...
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Journal Article
Published: 01 March 2017
South African Journal of Geology (2017) 120 (1): 101–132.
..., but rarely economic except where the nature of the mineralisation allows for economic extraction, e.g., in the Kraaipan Greenstone Belt, where the volume of BIF is large enough to contain the mineralised fracture system. Gold in the Paleoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup occurs in the lowermost Black Reef...
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Journal Article
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 October 1953
AAPG Bulletin (1953) 37 (10): 2257–2280.
... feet and solid basalt core from 4,208 to 4,222 feet. Each hole penetrated several hundred feet of soft, Quaternary reef limestone before entering a thick, Tertiary section of similar rocks. The Tertiary rocks are mostly limestones with minor amounts of dolomite and dolomitic limestone. Some...
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Journal Article
Journal: AAPG Bulletin
Published: 01 February 2024
AAPG Bulletin (2024) 108 (2): 215–223.
..., by 2055 when the pool will be celebrating its 100th birthday, it can still produce 4 million bbl (0.6 million m 3 ) of oil annually with a cumulative output of 801.8 million bbl (127.5 million m 3 ) of oil and a recovery factor of 43.7%, whereas an additional 9.2 TCF (259.9 billion m 3 ) of CO 2...
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