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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Tanganyika (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa (1)
-
-
-
Altiplano (4)
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Asia
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Far East
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Borneo (1)
-
China
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Fujian China (1)
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Guizhou China (1)
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Sichuan China (1)
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South China Block (1)
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Indonesia (2)
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Japan
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Honshu
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Fukushima Japan (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Madhya Pradesh India (1)
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Rajasthan India
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Bikaner India (1)
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Nepal (1)
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Middle East
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Iran (2)
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Turkey
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Sivas Turkey (1)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Sakhalin (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Caribbean Sea (1)
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Exuma Sound (1)
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Gulf of Mexico
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Campeche Scarp (1)
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De Soto Canyon (1)
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South Atlantic
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Southwest Atlantic (1)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Queensland Australia
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Ernest Henry Deposit (1)
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South Australia
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Gawler Craton (2)
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Olympic Dam Deposit (1)
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New Zealand
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Canterbury New Zealand
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Burgos Basin (2)
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Canada
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Nunavut (1)
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Western Canada
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British Columbia (1)
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Canadian Cordillera (1)
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Manitoba
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Flin Flon Manitoba (1)
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Snow Lake Manitoba (1)
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Northwest Territories (2)
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Greater Antilles
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Cuba
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Pinar del Rio Cuba
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Sierra de los Organos (1)
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Jamaica (1)
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Puerto Rico (1)
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Lesser Antilles
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Trinidad and Tobago
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Bahamas (2)
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Central America
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Panama (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Sakhalin (1)
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Ukraine
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Zaporozhe Ukraine (1)
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Cordillera de la Costa (2)
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Discovery Bay (1)
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Europe
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Azov region (1)
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Central Europe
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Germany (1)
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Andalusia Spain
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Almeria Spain (1)
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Betic Cordillera (1)
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Italy
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Apennines
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Northern Apennines (1)
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Emilia-Romagna Italy
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Modena Italy (1)
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Ukraine
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Zaporozhe Ukraine (1)
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Western Europe
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Scandinavia
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Sweden
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Gotland Sweden (1)
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Norrbotten Sweden
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Glass Mountains (1)
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Malay Archipelago
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Mexico
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Chihuahua Mexico (6)
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Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (1)
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Veracruz Mexico (2)
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North America
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Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province
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Hearne Province (1)
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Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Chihuahua tectonic belt (1)
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Great Plains (1)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (7)
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North American Cordillera
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Rocky Mountains
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Pacific Coast (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Puna (1)
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Santa Barbara Basin (1)
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South America
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Amazon Basin (1)
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Amazonian Craton (1)
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Andes
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Central Andes (6)
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Eastern Cordillera (11)
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Northern Andes (1)
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Subandean Belt (4)
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Western Cordillera (6)
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Argentina
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Buenos Aires Argentina (1)
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Pampean Mountains (1)
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Bolivia
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Brazil (1)
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Chile
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Colombia (3)
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Peru
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United States
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Alaska (1)
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California
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Colorado
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Park County Colorado (1)
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Louisiana
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Missouri
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Nevada
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Carlin Mine (1)
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Elko County Nevada (1)
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Texas
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Brazos County Texas (1)
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Brewster County Texas
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Big Bend National Park (1)
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Concho County Texas (1)
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Duval County Texas (2)
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Karnes County Texas (2)
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Kenedy County Texas (1)
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McLennan County Texas (2)
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Trans-Pecos (2)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains (1)
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Utah (1)
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Washington
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Hanford Site (1)
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Veracruz Basin (1)
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Yucatan Peninsula (1)
-
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commodities
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brines (4)
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gems (1)
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heavy mineral deposits (1)
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metal ores
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base metals (7)
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beryllium ores (1)
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bismuth ores (1)
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copper ores (44)
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gold ores (36)
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IOCG deposits (11)
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iron ores (12)
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lead ores (10)
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lead-zinc deposits (6)
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mercury ores (1)
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molybdenum ores (8)
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platinum ores (2)
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polymetallic ores (5)
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rare earth deposits (3)
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silver ores (15)
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uranium ores (5)
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zinc ores (15)
-
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mineral deposits, genesis (58)
-
mineral exploration (25)
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oil and gas fields (5)
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petroleum
-
natural gas (4)
-
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phosphate deposits (2)
-
placers
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stream placers (1)
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potash (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
boron (1)
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carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (13)
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C-14 (2)
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organic carbon (5)
-
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chemical elements (1)
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chemical ratios (5)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (6)
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deuterium (1)
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isotope ratios (37)
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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C-14 (2)
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Cs-137 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
-
Sr-90 (1)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
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stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (13)
-
D/H (6)
-
deuterium (1)
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (19)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
-
S-34/S-32 (16)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
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thorium (2)
-
uranium
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
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lithium (1)
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potassium (2)
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sodium (1)
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-
alkaline earth metals
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barium
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Ba/Ca (1)
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beryllium (1)
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calcium
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Ba/Ca (1)
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Sr/Ca (2)
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-
magnesium (2)
-
strontium
-
Sr/Ca (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
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Sr-90 (1)
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-
-
antimony (1)
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arsenic (3)
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bismuth (1)
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chromium (1)
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cobalt (2)
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copper (1)
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gold (2)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
-
iron
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (2)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (5)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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manganese (1)
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mercury (1)
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nickel (2)
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platinum group
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platinum ores (2)
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precious metals (2)
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rare earths
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cerium (2)
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dysprosium (1)
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europium (1)
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lanthanum (1)
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neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
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ytterbium (2)
-
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thallium (2)
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vanadium (1)
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zinc (1)
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zirconium (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
helium (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (19)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (16)
-
-
tellurium (1)
-
-
fossils
-
Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes
-
Elasmobranchii (1)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
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Aves (1)
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Ichthyosauria (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Arachnida (1)
-
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Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
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Malacostraca (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia (1)
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea (4)
-
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
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Porifera
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Demospongea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Buliminacea
-
Bolivinitidae
-
Bolivina (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vermes
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta
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Ozarkodina (1)
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Panderodus (1)
-
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (1)
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miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (3)
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Ar/Ar (10)
-
fission-track dating (3)
-
K/Ar (3)
-
optical mineralogy (1)
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paleomagnetism (3)
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Rb/Sr (3)
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Re/Os (5)
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sclerochronology (1)
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Th/U (1)
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thermochronology (5)
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U/Pb (22)
-
U/Th/Pb (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (3)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
lower Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Calipuy Group (2)
-
Neogene
-
Ipururo Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
upper Miocene (4)
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
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Ypresian (1)
-
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middle Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Jackson Group (2)
-
-
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene (4)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
Yahuarango Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Chonta Formation (2)
-
Comanchean
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (4)
-
Aptian (3)
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Edwards Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bagh Beds (1)
-
Campanian (1)
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Cenomanian (1)
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Coniacian (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Olmos Formation (1)
-
-
Maestrichtian (3)
-
Rosario Formation (1)
-
Senonian (3)
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Turonian (1)
-
Vivian Formation (2)
-
-
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (3)
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bathonian (1)
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Sarayaquillo Formation (3)
-
Tithonian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Pucara Group (6)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic (2)
-
Middle Triassic (1)
-
Upper Triassic (5)
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian (1)
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Middle Mississippian (1)
-
Upper Mississippian (1)
-
-
-
Ordovician (2)
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Mitu Group (1)
-
Upper Permian (2)
-
-
Silurian (2)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Copacabana Group (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Gawler Range Volcanics (2)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Maranon Complex (3)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (4)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diorites
-
tonalite (1)
-
-
gabbros (1)
-
granites
-
aplite (1)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (4)
-
pegmatite (1)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites (1)
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
-
dacites (3)
-
glasses (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
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ignimbrite (3)
-
tuff (5)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites (4)
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
gneisses
-
orthogneiss (1)
-
-
marbles (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metagranite (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks (2)
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (4)
-
-
migmatites (1)
-
quartzites (1)
-
schists (1)
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys (2)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
sperrylite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (1)
-
calcite (4)
-
smithsonite (1)
-
-
copper minerals (1)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
iodides (1)
-
-
oxides
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
goethite (1)
-
hematite (4)
-
iron oxides (14)
-
magnetite (4)
-
tantalates
-
microlite (1)
-
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (10)
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
-
platinum minerals (2)
-
selenates (1)
-
selenides (1)
-
selenites (1)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
titanite group
-
titanite (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (19)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (1)
-
-
hemimorphite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (1)
-
emerald (1)
-
tourmaline group (1)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (3)
-
muscovite (2)
-
-
sericite (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (3)
-
gypsum (3)
-
-
sulfides
-
acanthite (1)
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (4)
-
cooperite (1)
-
copper sulfides (2)
-
galena (2)
-
greenockite (1)
-
iron sulfides (1)
-
laurite (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
mawsonite (1)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
pyrite (9)
-
pyrrhotite (2)
-
sphalerite (5)
-
stromeyerite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
polybasite (1)
-
pyrargyrite (1)
-
stephanite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenates
-
enargite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
pearceite (1)
-
proustite (1)
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (35)
-
Africa
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Tanganyika (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
Borneo (1)
-
China
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Fujian China (1)
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Guizhou China (1)
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Sichuan China (1)
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South China Block (1)
-
-
Indonesia (2)
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Fukushima Japan (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Madhya Pradesh India (1)
-
Rajasthan India
-
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Benavides Deposit
Biogenic and Nonbiogenic Ore-Forming Processes in South Texas Uranium District, Panna Maria Deposit: ABSTRACT
Biogenic and nonbiogenic ore-forming processes in the south Texas uranium district; evidence from the Panna Maria deposit
Abstract The copper deposits of Perú consist of porphyry Cu±Mo, Au, Ag, breccia pipe Cu-Mo, enargite vein and replacement Cu±Au, Ag, Zn, Pb, calcic skarn Cu±Fe, Au, Zn, amphibolitic skarn Cu±Fe, volcanogenic massive sulfide Cu-Zn, vein and manto Cu±Ag, Pb, Zn, Sn, W, and sandstone (“red bed”) Cu types. The vast majority of these deposits formed during the Andean Orogeny and are geographically and chronologically distributed in well-defined metallogenic domains. These domains correlate with geochemically distinct magmatic episodes. The magmatic and metallogenic domains appear to be controlled in part by transverse growth-faults in the Mesozoic and older basement rocks underlying the intensely folded and thrust-faulted Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks of the higher structural levels of the Cordillera. During the Andean Orogeny the extent of magmatism and the corresponding metallogenic provinces were influenced by subducted plate segmentation and by continental margin basement tectonics. In addition, the lithologic nature of the host rocks played an important role in determining the types of copper deposits formed. Porphyry Cu, breccia pipe Cu-Mo and calcic skarn Cu deposits are related to the Pomahuaca, Coastal and Caldera batholiths, as well as to felsic Cordilleran volcanism between 8° and 12°S. However, the largest and richest porphyry Cu deposits are related to the Caldera batholith. The Cobriza Cu-bearing skarn is the only significant copper deposit of pre-Mesozoic age. Perú has many ore deposits associated with the Miocene felsic extrusive and intrusive rocks along the Cordillera, forming veins and disseminations in igneous rocks and noncarbonate sedimentary rocks, and replacement mantos, pipes and veins in limestones. Several are large and high-grade enargite-type deposits containing mainly Cu, Ag, Au, Pb and Zn, accompanied by significant amounts of Cd, Te, Se, In, Bi and Tl. Others are veins and mantos containing Cu±Ag, Pb, Zn, Sn, W . The Mesozoic volcanosedimentary sequences along the coast host volcanogenic massive sulfide Cu-Zn and vein/manto-type amphibolitic skarn Cu±Fe deposits. Red bed Cu deposits are relatively unimportant in Perú. The following information on the history of copper mining in Perú has been condensed largely from Samame (1979), Petersen et al.(1990) and Benavides (1990). In Perú, gold and silver were apparently used before copper. The latter was first mined and processed by the pre-Inca Chimú culture along the northern coast and by the Tiahuanaco civilization in the Lake Titicaca region. Copper became an important metal during the Inca period,