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Primary terms
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Neogene
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Barranca Group
Upper Triassic Barranca Group; Nonmarine and shallow-marine rift-basin deposits of northwestern Mexico
The 3,000-m-thick Upper Triassic Barranca Group in the Sierra de San Javier in east-central Sonora, Mexico, is composed, in ascending order, of the Arrayanes, Santa Clara, and Coyotes Formations. The Arrayanes and Santa Clara Formations are composed of fluvial and marine-delta deposits of quartzose and arkosic sandstone, conglomerate, shale, and siltstone; the Santa Clara Formation includes minor amounts of coal and tuff. A sharp contact (perhaps an unconformity) separates the Santa Clara Formation from the overlying Coyotes Formation. The Coyotes consists of alluvial-fan deposits of pebble-to-boulder conglomerate. Paleocurrents were southward during deposition of the Arrayanes and Santa Clara Formations and southwestward during deposition of the Coyotes Formation, assuming that no major post-deposition tectonic rotation has occurred. The Santa Clara Formation has been dated paleontologically as Late Triassic; the age of the entire group is unknown, but is commonly assumed to also be Late Triassic. The Barranca Group in the Sierra de San Javier rests unconformably on a sequence of eugeosynclinal chert, argillite, quartzite, and carbonate rock of Paleozoic age, and is unconformably overlain by the Tarahumara Volcanics, which have been dated no more precisely than latest Triassic to earliest Cenozoic. The thick, coarse, and laterally variable deposits of the Barranca Group indicate deposition in a basin, or basins, flanked by areas of high relief. Much of the Barranca in Sonora appears to have been deposited in a single basin, which is delineated by the occurrence of major outcrops of the Barranca Group in an east-west-trending belt about 110 km long and 40 km wide. The elongate shape of this basin and the interpretation of flanking areas of high relief suggests a basin of rift origin. If so, the Barranca Group is part of a broad zone of rift-related Upper Triassic sequences in northern Mexico that apparently formed by transtensional and/or extensional faulting.
The depositional environment and provenance of the Santa Clara Formation of the Upper Triassic Barranca Group in eastern Sonora were studied based on a detailed description of 875 m of section and study of 123 thin sections from both outcrops and cores. The Santa Clara Formation is a cyclic unit with typical fluvial cycles of 4 to 16 m. Highly altered, quartz-rich sandstone is interbedded with black and gray shale and minor beds of graphite and anthracite, which were formerly mined. Detrital chert and remobilized chert cement are significant features of the sandstones of the Barranca. Diagenesis is extensive, of high rank, and commonly blurs the distinction between primary detrital matrix and chemical cement to produce a predominance of quartz-rich wacke. A quiescent basin with tropical climate, subdued marginal relief, and no active volcanism is inferred for the Santa Clara, and limited crossbedding measurements indicate a source to the north. Basin type and its relation to other Upper Triassic deposits remain major problems.
Tertiary Kenai Group, Cook Inlet, Alaska, Tectonic and Depositional Model Applied to Barranca Formation (Upper Triassic), Central Sonora, Mexico: ABSTRACT
The source of volcanic material in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation on the Colorado Plateau has long been speculated upon, largely owing to the absence of similar-age volcanic or plutonic material cropping out closer than several hundred kilometers distant. These strata, however, together with Upper Triassic formations within El Antimonio and Barranca Group sedimentary rocks in northern Sonora, Mexico, yield important clues about the inception of Cordilleran magmatism in Triassic time. Volcanic clasts in the Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation range in age from ca. 235 to ca. 218 Ma. Geochemistry of the volcanic clasts documents a hydrothermally altered source region for these clasts. Detrital zircons in the Sonsela Member sandstone are of similar age to the clasts, as are detrital zircons from the El Antimonio and Barranca Groups in Sonora. Most noteworthy about the Colorado Plateau Triassic zircons, however, are their Th/U ratios, which range from ~1 to 3.5 in both clast and detrital zircons. Thorium/uranium ratios in the Sonoran zircons, in contrast, range from ~0.4 to ~1. These data, together with rare-earth-element geochemistry of the zircons, shed light on likely provenance. Geochemical comparisons support correlation of clasts in the Sonsela Member with Triassic plutons in the Mojave Desert in California that are of the same age. Zircons from these Triassic plutons have relatively low Th/U ratios, which correspond well with values from El Antimonio and Barranca Group sedimentary rocks, and support derivation of the strata, at least in part, from northern sources. The Sonsela Member zircons, in contrast, match Th/U values obtained from Proterozoic through Miocene volcanic, volcaniclastic, and plutonic rocks in the eastern and central Mojave Desert. Similarly, rare-earth-element compositions of zircons from Jurassic ignimbrites in the Mojave Desert, though overlapping those of zircons from Mojave Desert plutons, also closely resemble those from Sonsela Member zircons. We use these data to speculate that erosion of Triassic volcanic fields in the central to eastern Mojave Desert shed detritus that became incorporated into the Chinle Formation on the Colorado Plateau.
Abstract Middle to Late Triassic turbidite sequences are exposed in the states of Zacatecas and San Luís Potosí in central Mexico. These strata, assigned mostly to the Zacatecas Formation, accumulated in continental slope, toe-of-slope, and basin-plain environments along the passive continental margin of western Pangea. Strata of the Zacatecas Formation are age equivalent to rocks of the Antimonio Formation and Barranca Group in Sonora, the La Boca Formation in Tamaulipas and Nuevo León, and unnamed strata in Baja California. Based on their age, the Zacatecas turbidites correlate with a drop in sea level during the Permian-Triassic assembly of Pangea. The Triassic paleogeographic setting of Mexico is complex and poorly understood, because only dispersed Triassic outcrops exist across Mexico. However, the biogeographic affinities of the faunas from the Zacatecas Formation in central Mexico with those from equivalent strata in Baja California and Sonora suggest that these three regions were connected through the eastern Pacific, and that the Atlantic Ocean did not exist during the Ladinian-Carnian. The Zacatecas sequences underwent three periods of compressive deformation: one during their obduction onto the continental margin at some time during the latest Triassic-earliest Jurassic (?); a second during the Middle to Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) (?), apparently related to transpression; and a third during the Late Cretaceous to Tertiary Laramide orogeny.
U-Pb and Hf data and interpretations for samples from Sonora. Analyses are ...
Comparative detrital zircon populations (age probability plots of U-Pb ages...
Figure 2. Simplified cross section A–B ( Fig. 1 ) showing north-to- south b...
Late Triassic paleogeography of southwest Laurentia (before opening of the ...
Late Triassic Texas uplift preceding Jurassic opening of the Gulf of Mexico: Evidence from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons
Duration of Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary magmatism in east-central Sonora, Mexico
(A) Folded fine to medium-grained, red channel sandstones and siltstones of...
New age constraints for early Paleogene strata of central Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for the timing of South American Land Mammal Ages
Simplified geological map of the study area, complemented with logs for the...
A new chronology for middle Eocene–early Miocene South American Land Mammal Ages
Processes controlling porosity and permeability in volcanic reservoirs from the Austral and Neuquén basins, Argentina
TUPUNGATO OIL FIELD, MENDOZA, ARGENTINA
The Mojave-Sonora megashear: The hypothesis, the controversy, and the current state of knowledge
The Mojave-Sonora megashear model, which implies left-lateral strike-slip motion of northern México in Jurassic time, remains one of the most influential ideas concerning the geology of México. A comprehensive review of the literature related to this topic does not yet allow resolution of the controversy over the validity of this hypothesis. A clear conclusion is that the original hypothesis was based on a relatively simplistic model of the geology of Sonora, as the basement of the Caborca terrane is not simply a fragment of the Mojave Precambrian basement province of eastern California. Attempts to use quantitative techniques in testing the model have yielded results contrary to the hypothesis, such as clockwise rotations indicated by paleomagnetic data, and the diversity and complexity of the basement of Caborca indicated by geochemical and geochronological data. Other quantitative methods such as zircon provenance studies in quartzites of the sedimentary cover yield inconclusive results. The main conclusion of the studies of detrital zircons is that Grenvillean zircons are relatively abundant, but that their presence cannot be attributed solely to sources in the Grenville province in a fixist model. Stratigraphic correlations of upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks in Caborca with similar sequences in California and Nevada do not provide convincing arguments of large displacement, but should be evaluated in more detail. Elements that have the potential to test the hypothesis with greater certainty include detailed studies of basement rocks, a refined stratigraphy of the Jurassic volcanic and volcaniclastic arc rocks south of the inferred fault trace, and an increased understanding of depositional trends in the miogeoclinal sequence. Structural studies are sparse in this region. It is particularly important to gain a better understanding of the effects in time and space of Late Cretaceous–Tertiary contractional deformation. A tectonic evolution model that does not conflict with the existing data is the proposal that displacement of a para-autochthonous Caborca terrane may have occurred in the late Paleozoic. Nonetheless, available data and geologic relations in the Caborca region do not require Late Jurassic slip of several hundred kilometers. El modelo de la megacizalla Mojave-Sonora, el cual implica desplazamiento lateral izquierdo en el norte de México durante el Jurásico, permanece como una de las ideas más influyentes en la geología del país. Una revisión general de la literatura relacionada con el tema no permite aún resolver la controversia sobre la validez de la hipótesis, pero una conclusión clara es que la hipótesis original estaba basada en un modelo relativamente simplista de la geología de Sonora, ya que el basamento del terreno Caborca no es un simple fragmento de la corteza Mojave del este de California. Intentos de utilizar métodos cuantitativos han dado resultados contrarios a la hipótesis, como el de las rotaciones horarias indicadas por el paleomagnetismo y la diversidad de basamentos en Caborca que sugieren la geocronología y geoquímica; otros métodos producen resultados indeterminados, como la proveniencia de circones en las cuarcitas de la cobertura del terreno Caborca. La conclusión más relevante de esos estudios es la abundancia de circones de edad Grenvilleana, pero su presencia no puede simplemente atribuirse a fuentes en la Provincia Grenville en un modelo fijista. Las correlaciones estratigráficas entre secuencias Paleozoico tardío y Mesozoico en Caborca y secuencias similares en California y Nevada no producen argumentos convincentes a favor de grandes desplazamientos, pero deben considerarse con datos más detallados. Elementos que podrían evaluar la hipótesis con mayor contundencia son estudios más detallados del basamento, una estratigrafía fina del arco volcánico Jurásico y de las rocas volcanoclásticas al sur de la traza inferida de la falla y un mejor conocimiento de la secuencia miogeosinclinal. Son pocos los estudios estructurales en la región y en particular un problema importante es resolver en tiempo y espacio los efectos de la deformación compresional Cretácico-Terciario. Un modelo que no entra en conflicto con la evidencia existente es la propuesta de que el desplazamiento del terreno parautóctono Caborca haya ocurrido en el Paleozoico tardío. Sin embargo, los datos existentes y las relaciones geológicas en la región de Caborca, no requieren de un desplazamiento de cientos de kilómetros en el Jurásico Tardío.