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![Age spectra for muscovite under Askot klippe samples (FW0140, −44 and −47). Average monazite Th/Pb age for FW0144 is also given on the right-hand side with its standard deviation.]()
![Subhimalayan and Lesser Himalayan rocks: (A) Thin-bedded mudstone of lower Siwalik unit, north of the Main Frontal thrust, with a south-vergent asymmetric fold. Red-dashed line demarcates a small-scale fault; 28-cm-long hammer for scale. (B) Bedded argillaceous sandstone, with paleosols (dark area) of Lugad Gad Formation; second author for scale. (C) North-dipping, bedded Berinag Quartzite from the southern limb of the Askot klippe; second author for scale. (D) An overall coarsening-upward sequence of alternating bedded micaceous quartzite and phyllite (turbidite), immediately north of the Almora klippe (sample SM11-022; see Fig. 2A); 28-cm-long hammer for scale. (E) North-dipping, thick-bedded dolomite of Deoban Formation, south of Pithoragarh (Fig. 2A); 2-m-wide road for scale. (F) Brittle fractured Mandhali Formation, phyllite with C-S surfaces, from north of the Askot klippe. Bedding planes (C) are planes of shear; 15 cm pen for scale.]()
![Modeling results. Model prediction compared to measured peak temperatures estimated from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM). (A) Vaikrita thrust. (B) Askot klippe. MCT—Main Central thrust.]()
![Details of thermal field gradient calculation for samples in the footwall of the Main Central thrust hanging wall. (A) The approach under the Vaikrita thrust. (B) The approach under the Askot klippe. Sketches on the left schematically represent the approach, while plots on the right show the calculated inverted thermal field gradients. GHC—Greater Himalayan Complex, LHS—Lesser Himalayan Sequence.]()
![(A) Geologic map of Kumaun, India, with the cross-section line A–A′ shown as a white dashed line and sample locations. (B) Geological map of the southern margin of the Almora klippe, east of the region in A, showing continuity of stratigraphy and locations of two zircon samples discussed in the text. For sample identifications, IZ—igneous zircon sample; DZ—detrital zircon sample. ALK—Almora klippe, ASK—Askot klippe, CHK—Chiplakot klippe; BT—Berinag thrust; CCT—Central Chiplakot thrust, LHD—Lesser Himalayan duplex; MBT—Main Boundary thrust; MCT—Main Central thrust; MDT—Main Dun thrust; MFT—Main Frontal thrust; NAT—North Almora thrust; RMT—Ramgarh-Munsiari thrust; SAT—South Almora thrust; STDS—South Tibetan Detachment system.]()
![(A) Diagram depicts the probable spatial disposition of the different Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) units in section (not to scale) along the northern Indian cratonic margin (NIC; along line A–A′–A″ in Fig. 3) at the onset of the Himalayan orogeny. Dashed lines 1–4 demarcate the boundaries of the different Lesser Himalayan Sequence units as well as the Main Central thrust (MCT) II/Vaikrita thrust (VT) and future positions of the MCT I, Tons thrust (TT), and Main Boundary thrust (MBT). (B) Schematic diagram depicts the regional structural transect across the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS)–Munsiari thrust (MT)–Baijnath klippe–Almora klippe, which shows that the Munsiari thrust sheet, as it moved, was folded into an overturned synform (Chiplakot klippe), an asymmetric synform (Askot klippe), and finally to open symmetric synforms (Almora and Baijnath klippen). See text for explanation. i-LHS—inner Lesser Himalayan Sequence; MHT—Main Himalayan thrust; RMT—Ramgarh-Munsiari thrust.]()
![(A–B) Regional balanced cross section (A) and restored section (B) along line A–A′ in Figure 2. A–G indicate thrust sheets within the Lesser Himalayan duplex. For sample identifications, IZ—igneous zircon sample; DZ—detrital zircon sample. Abbreviations: ALK—Almora klippe; AT—Almora thrust; ASK—Askot klippe; CHK—Chiplakot klippe; DEM—digital elevation model; GH—Greater Himalaya; LHD—Lesser Himalayan duplex; MBT—Main Boundary thrust; MCT—Main Central thrust; MDT—Main Dun thrust; MFT—Main Frontal thrust; MHT—Main Himalayan thrust; RMT—Ramgarh-Munsiari thrust; STDS—South Tibetan Detachment system. Asterisk (*) on sample numbers denotes zircon and whole-rock neodymium stratigraphic projected sample locations of Mandal et al. (2015, 2016).]()
![Metamorphic rocks in the field area: (A) Garnetiferous chlorite-muscovite schist from the Askot klippe with garnet porphyroblasts; 15 cm ruler for scale. (B) Mylonitic granite gneiss from Main Central thrust hanging wall, near Sobla (Fig. 2). Small-scale asymmetric fold within thicker (marked with a red arrow) layer shows top-to-the-south shear sense; 15 cm pen for scale. (C) Foliated calcsilicate Greater Himalayan gneiss, north of Sobla (Fig. 3); 10 cm marker for scale. (D) Asymmetrical fold on interbedded quartzite and phyllite, exposed in Kosi River bed from the southern margin of the Almora klippe. South-vergent folds indicate top-to-the-south shear sense.]()
![(A) Generalized geological map of the Himalaya (modified after Yin, 2006). The constrained zircon U-Pb ages of the Lesser Himalayan Crystallines are: (1) Besham gneiss, 1880 ± 24 Ma (Treloar and Rex, 1990); (2) Shang orthogneiss, 1864 ± 5 Ma (DiPietro and Isachsen, 2001); (3) Iskere gneiss, 1850 ± 14 Ma (Zeitler et al., 1989); (4) Rampur window orthogneiss, 1840 ± 16 Ma (Miller et al., 2000); (5) Jutogh leucogranite, 1797 ± 19 Ma (Chambers et al., 2008); (6) Wangtu orthogneiss, 1866 ± 10 Ma (Singh et al., 1994); (7) Askot klippe, 1857 ± 19 Ma (Mandal et al., 2016); (8) Munsiari augen gneiss, 1954.9 ± 7.3 Ma, Chiplakot Crystalline Belt, 1923.9 ± 3.9 Ma (this study); (9) Ulleri augen gneiss, 1840 ± 40 Ma (Célérier et al., 2008); (10) Ulleri gneiss, 1780 ± 23 Ma (Kohn et al., 2010); (11) Lingtse granites, 1853 ± 19 Ma (Mottram et al., 2014); (12) pegmatite (emplaced within Daling Phyllite), 1850 ± 6 Ma (Acharyya et al., 2017); (13) orthogneiss (Daling Formation), 1896 ± 16 Ma (Long et al., 2008); (14) Bomdila augen gneiss, 1743 ± 4 Ma (Yin et al., 2010). The solid box indicates Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya. (B) Map representing different tectonic domains of the Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya of India (after Mandal et al., 2016): (1) 1857 ± 19 Ma (Zircon U-Pb age) granite-granodiorite gneiss from Askot klippe after Mandal et al. (2016); (2) ca. 900 Ma detrital zircon U-Pb age from Almora klippe after Mandal et al. (2014); (3) 1866 ± 1.7 Ma (zircon U-Pb age) granite gneiss from Debguru Porphyry Formation after Mandal et al. (2014). The study area is shown in black square box. STDS—South Tibetan detachment system. (C) Geological map of western Kumaun region along Kali River showing sample locations for this study. Samples TD27/1, TD26/3, TD26/1, PT26/11, PT26/8, and PT26/1C are granite gneisses of the Chiplakot Crystalline Belt, and samples GP25/12, GP25/8, GP25/6, and GP25/1B are Munsiari augen gneisses. Line AB represents the cross section shown in Figure 3A.]()
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1-20 OF 24 RESULTS FOR
Askot Klippe
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Image
Age spectra for muscovite under Askot klippe samples (FW0140, −44 and −47).... Available to Purchase
in Evidence for Mio-Pliocene retrograde monazite in the Lesser Himalaya, far western Nepal
> European Journal of Mineralogy
Published: 01 May 2006
Fig. 4. Age spectra for muscovite under Askot klippe samples (FW0140, −44 and −47). Average monazite Th/Pb age for FW0144 is also given on the right-hand side with its standard deviation.
Image
Subhimalayan and Lesser Himalayan rocks: (A) Thin-bedded mudstone of lower ... Open Access
in Examining the tectono-stratigraphic architecture, structural geometry, and kinematic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, Kumaun, northwest India
> Lithosphere
Published: 25 April 2019
(dark area) of Lugad Gad Formation; second author for scale. (C) North-dipping, bedded Berinag Quartzite from the southern limb of the Askot klippe; second author for scale. (D) An overall coarsening-upward sequence of alternating bedded micaceous quartzite and phyllite (turbidite), immediately north
Image
Modeling results. Model prediction compared to measured peak temperatures e... Available to Purchase
in The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India: Part 2. Thermal and deformation histories
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2009
Figure 12 Modeling results. Model prediction compared to measured peak temperatures estimated from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM). (A) Vaikrita thrust. (B) Askot klippe. MCT—Main Central thrust.
Image
Details of thermal field gradient calculation for samples in the footwall o... Available to Purchase
in The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India: Part 2. Thermal and deformation histories
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 01 September 2009
Figure 7 Details of thermal field gradient calculation for samples in the footwall of the Main Central thrust hanging wall. (A) The approach under the Vaikrita thrust. (B) The approach under the Askot klippe. Sketches on the left schematically represent the approach, while plots on the right show
Image
(A) Geologic map of Kumaun, India, with the cross-section line A–A′ shown a... Open Access
in Examining the tectono-stratigraphic architecture, structural geometry, and kinematic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, Kumaun, northwest India
> Lithosphere
Published: 25 April 2019
discussed in the text. For sample identifications, IZ—igneous zircon sample; DZ—detrital zircon sample. ALK—Almora klippe, ASK—Askot klippe, CHK—Chiplakot klippe; BT—Berinag thrust; CCT—Central Chiplakot thrust, LHD—Lesser Himalayan duplex; MBT—Main Boundary thrust; MCT—Main Central thrust; MDT—Main Dun
Image
(A) Diagram depicts the probable spatial disposition of the different Lesse... Available to Purchase
in Pre-Himalayan tectono-metamorphic impresses in the Baijnath klippe, Kumaun Himalaya, NW India: Implications on a veiled saga of Paleoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic crustal evolution and thermal history of the northern Indian cratonic margin
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 16 August 2024
Sequence (GHS)–Munsiari thrust (MT)–Baijnath klippe–Almora klippe, which shows that the Munsiari thrust sheet, as it moved, was folded into an overturned synform (Chiplakot klippe), an asymmetric synform (Askot klippe), and finally to open symmetric synforms (Almora and Baijnath klippen). See text
Image
(A–B) Regional balanced cross section (A) and restored section (B) along li... Open Access
in Examining the tectono-stratigraphic architecture, structural geometry, and kinematic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, Kumaun, northwest India
> Lithosphere
Published: 25 April 2019
thrust; ASK—Askot klippe; CHK—Chiplakot klippe; DEM—digital elevation model; GH—Greater Himalaya; LHD—Lesser Himalayan duplex; MBT—Main Boundary thrust; MCT—Main Central thrust; MDT—Main Dun thrust; MFT—Main Frontal thrust; MHT—Main Himalayan thrust; RMT—Ramgarh-Munsiari thrust; STDS—South Tibetan
Image
Metamorphic rocks in the field area: (A) Garnetiferous chlorite-muscovite s... Open Access
in Examining the tectono-stratigraphic architecture, structural geometry, and kinematic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, Kumaun, northwest India
> Lithosphere
Published: 25 April 2019
Figure 4. Metamorphic rocks in the field area: (A) Garnetiferous chlorite-muscovite schist from the Askot klippe with garnet porphyroblasts; 15 cm ruler for scale. (B) Mylonitic granite gneiss from Main Central thrust hanging wall, near Sobla ( Fig. 2 ). Small-scale asymmetric fold within thicker
Image
(A) Generalized geological map of the Himalaya (modified after Yin, 2006 )... Available to Purchase
in U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry from the Kumaun Himalaya, NW India, reveal Paleoproterozoic arc magmatism related to formation of the Columbia supercontinent
> GSA Bulletin
Published: 25 January 2018
) Iskere gneiss, 1850 ± 14 Ma ( Zeitler et al., 1989 ); (4) Rampur window orthogneiss, 1840 ± 16 Ma ( Miller et al., 2000 ); (5) Jutogh leucogranite, 1797 ± 19 Ma ( Chambers et al., 2008 ); (6) Wangtu orthogneiss, 1866 ± 10 Ma ( Singh et al., 1994 ); (7) Askot klippe, 1857 ± 19 Ma ( Mandal et al., 2016
Journal Article
The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India: Part 2. Thermal and deformation histories Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2009
GSA Bulletin (2009) 121 (9-10): 1281–1297.
...Figure 12 Modeling results. Model prediction compared to measured peak temperatures estimated from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM). (A) Vaikrita thrust. (B) Askot klippe. MCT—Main Central thrust. ...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Evidence for Mio-Pliocene retrograde monazite in the Lesser Himalaya, far western Nepal Available to Purchase
Journal: European Journal of Mineralogy
Publisher: GeoScienceWorld Journals
Published: 01 May 2006
European Journal of Mineralogy (2006) 18 (3): 289–297.
...Fig. 4. Age spectra for muscovite under Askot klippe samples (FW0140, −44 and −47). Average monazite Th/Pb age for FW0144 is also given on the right-hand side with its standard deviation. ...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Examining the tectono-stratigraphic architecture, structural geometry, and kinematic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, Kumaun, northwest India Open Access
Journal: Lithosphere
Publisher: GSW
Published: 25 April 2019
Lithosphere (2019) 11 (4): 414–435.
... (dark area) of Lugad Gad Formation; second author for scale. (C) North-dipping, bedded Berinag Quartzite from the southern limb of the Askot klippe; second author for scale. (D) An overall coarsening-upward sequence of alternating bedded micaceous quartzite and phyllite (turbidite), immediately north...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Pre-Himalayan tectono-metamorphic impresses in the Baijnath klippe, Kumaun Himalaya, NW India: Implications on a veiled saga of Paleoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic crustal evolution and thermal history of the northern Indian cratonic margin Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 16 August 2024
GSA Bulletin (2025) 137 (1-2): 841–868.
... Sequence (GHS)–Munsiari thrust (MT)–Baijnath klippe–Almora klippe, which shows that the Munsiari thrust sheet, as it moved, was folded into an overturned synform (Chiplakot klippe), an asymmetric synform (Askot klippe), and finally to open symmetric synforms (Almora and Baijnath klippen). See text...
FIGURES
Journal Article
U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry from the Kumaun Himalaya, NW India, reveal Paleoproterozoic arc magmatism related to formation of the Columbia supercontinent Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 25 January 2018
GSA Bulletin (2018) 130 (7-8): 1164–1176.
...) Iskere gneiss, 1850 ± 14 Ma ( Zeitler et al., 1989 ); (4) Rampur window orthogneiss, 1840 ± 16 Ma ( Miller et al., 2000 ); (5) Jutogh leucogranite, 1797 ± 19 Ma ( Chambers et al., 2008 ); (6) Wangtu orthogneiss, 1866 ± 10 Ma ( Singh et al., 1994 ); (7) Askot klippe, 1857 ± 19 Ma ( Mandal et al., 2016...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Magmatic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic A2-type granite along the northern Indian margin: insights from geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology of Baijnath Klippe, NW Himalaya Open Access
Journal: Geological Magazine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 01 January 2025
Geological Magazine (2025) 162: e5.
... are also comparable to those of the Debguru granitic gneisses (Celerier et al. 2009 ), Upper Bhatwari gneiss (Sen et al. 2013 ), Bandal orthogneiss (Singh et al. 2009 ) and Askot Klippe (Mandal et al. 2016 ) from the NW Himalaya and the eastern Himalaya, viz. Salari granite (Bikramaditya et al...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Rb-Sr Ages of Granitic Rocks Within the Lesser Himalayan Nappes, Kumaun, India Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 October 1984
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (1984) 25 (10): 641–654.
... Almora Nappe is delimited by the North and South Almora Thrusts. A large number of outliers of crystalline rocks concordantly folded with Berinag Quartzites form a chain of klippen, the prominent among them being the Askot-Dharamghar-Nandprayag Klippen and the Chiplikot Klippe in the northeastern corner...
Journal Article
The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India: Part 1. Structure and stratigraphy Available to Purchase
Journal: GSA Bulletin
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Published: 01 September 2009
GSA Bulletin (2009) 121 (9-10): 1262–1280.
... Kumaun ( Fig. 6 ). There, samples GW168-04 and GW12-06 (taken close to the upper- to lower-plate interface of the Main Central Thrust hanging wall) display Regime-3 quartz microstructures. Sample GW169-04, ~3 km south of the basal thrust of the Askot klippe, also displays Regime-3 quartz...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Himalayan Thrusts and Structural Belts Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 February 1988
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (1988) 31 (2): 210–229.
...). They described it as carrying an enormous deep-rooted body of injected crystalline rocks, 10-20 km thick, covered with 10-15 km of Proterozoic-Phanerozoic sediments. They considered the synclinaf crystalline zones (e.g. Askot, Almora, Baijanath, Garhwal) lying on the Lesser Himalayan formations as representing...
Journal Article
Some Significant Palynomorphs from B Member of the Jutogh formation of Simla Hills Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 March 1977
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (1977) 18 (3): 139–146.
...) of the Simla Hills. The Jutogh Formation occurs in two isolated thrust sheets around Simla and Chaupal areas respectively, and forms the highest tectonic unit of the Hjmachal Himalaya. Around the Simla Hills, the Jutogh rocks occur as a 'pear-shaped' klippe, resting mainly over the Chandpur Formation...
Journal Article
The Deoban Structural Belt of the Garhwal Himalaya Available to Purchase
Publisher: Geological Society of India
Published: 01 May 1981
Jour. Geol. Soc. India (1981) 22 (5): 201–215.
... Group. (Srikantia and Bhargava, 210 T. M. GANESAN AND R. N. VERMA 1974; Bhargava, 1972). From the geological map of Himachal Pradesh (Srikantia and Bhargava, 1976, PI. 32), it is very clear that the Jaunsar Group overlies the Simla Group in the Simla area as a klippe, and is tectonically overlain...
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