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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Djibouti (1)
-
Tanzania (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Mali (1)
-
Senegal (1)
-
-
-
Asal Rift (1)
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman (1)
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Anhui China (1)
-
Dabie Mountains (1)
-
Guangxi China (1)
-
North China Platform (1)
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Sulu Terrane (1)
-
Xizang China (1)
-
Yunnan China
-
Tengchong (1)
-
-
-
Japan
-
Sambagawa Belt (1)
-
-
Philippine Islands
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Luzon (2)
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
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India
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Ghats
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Eastern Ghats (1)
-
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Iran (2)
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Turkey
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Anatolia (1)
-
-
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Siberian Platform (1)
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Tibetan Plateau (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
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-
Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Lesser Antilles
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Dominica (1)
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Montserrat Island
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Soufriere Hills (1)
-
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Cascade Range (2)
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Central America
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Costa Rica
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Irazu (1)
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Coast Ranges (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation
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Siberian Platform (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Udachnaya Pipe (1)
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Urals (1)
-
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Kilauea (1)
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-
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Europe
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Alps
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Carpathians (1)
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Austria (1)
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Germany
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Southern Europe
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Greece
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Cyclades
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Santorin (1)
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Sterea Ellas
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Attica Greece (1)
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Italy
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Latium Italy
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Alban Hills (1)
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Sicily Italy
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Romania
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Tauern Window (1)
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Western Europe
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Mediterranean region
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Aegean Islands
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades
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Santorin (1)
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-
-
-
-
Mexico
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Hidalgo Mexico (1)
-
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Oceania
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Kilauea (1)
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-
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Puna (1)
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South America
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Andes
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Argentina
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-
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Utah
-
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-
-
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Washington
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Mount Saint Helens (2)
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Yellowstone National Park (1)
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Voltri Group (1)
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commodities
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brines (2)
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gems (1)
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glass materials (3)
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metal ores
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base metals (1)
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copper ores (4)
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mineral deposits, genesis (12)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (4)
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chemical elements (1)
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hydrogen
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D/H (2)
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isotope ratios (11)
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C-13/C-12 (4)
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D/H (2)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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S-34 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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metals
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potassium (1)
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (1)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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arsenic (1)
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copper (1)
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gold (1)
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iron
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ferric iron (3)
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lead
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manganese (1)
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platinum ores (1)
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rare earths
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titanium (1)
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nitrogen (2)
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noble gases
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argon (1)
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helium (1)
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krypton (1)
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neon (1)
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radon (1)
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xenon (1)
-
-
oxygen
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O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (7)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (5)
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (1)
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Ar/Ar (3)
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paleomagnetism (1)
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thermochronology (1)
-
U/Pb (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Paleogene
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Eocene (1)
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Oligocene (1)
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Zambales Ophiolite (1)
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-
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Upper Cretaceous (2)
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous (1)
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Phanerozoic (2)
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Precambrian
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Stillwater Complex (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic
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Birimian (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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porphyry (2)
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volcanic rocks
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andesite porphyry (1)
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-
basalts
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alkali basalts (2)
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flood basalts (1)
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ocean-island basalts (2)
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tholeiitic basalt (1)
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dacites (2)
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glasses (5)
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latite (1)
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nephelinite (1)
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phonolites (4)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (1)
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ignimbrite (1)
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rhyolite tuff (1)
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tuff (1)
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rhyodacites (1)
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ophiolite (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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metaigneous rocks
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serpentinite (2)
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metasedimentary rocks (2)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (2)
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skarn (4)
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migmatites (1)
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ophiolite (1)
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minerals
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arsenates (1)
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arsenides (2)
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arsenites (1)
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carbonates
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minerals (2)
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native elements (1)
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oxides
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iron oxides (1)
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magnetite (3)
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spinel (1)
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titanium oxides (1)
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titanomagnetite (3)
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phosphates
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apatite (2)
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-
silicates
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chain silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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grunerite (1)
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hornblende (1)
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pargasite (1)
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tremolite (1)
-
-
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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aegirine (1)
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augite (2)
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diopside (3)
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jadeite (1)
-
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orthopyroxene (4)
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wollastonite group
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wollastonite (1)
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feldspathoids (1)
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framework silicates
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cancrinite (1)
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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adularia (2)
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orthoclase (1)
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plagioclase
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albite (1)
-
-
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silica minerals
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quartz (3)
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sodalite group
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hauyne (2)
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lazurite (1)
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nosean (1)
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sodalite (1)
-
-
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group (4)
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olivine group
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fayalite (1)
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olivine (6)
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spurrite (1)
-
zircon group
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zircon (3)
-
-
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sorosilicates
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epidote group
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allanite (1)
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epidote (4)
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piemontite (1)
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zoisite (1)
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lawsonite (1)
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melilite group
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melilite (1)
-
-
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-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals (2)
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mica group
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biotite (1)
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phlogopite (2)
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-
-
-
sulfates
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gypsum (1)
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jarosite (1)
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lazurite (1)
-
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sulfides
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lazurite (1)
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marcasite (1)
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pyrite (1)
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sphalerite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts (2)
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (4)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
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Djibouti (1)
-
Tanzania (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Mali (1)
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Senegal (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
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Oman (1)
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
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Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
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Anhui China (1)
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Dabie Mountains (1)
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Guangxi China (1)
-
North China Platform (1)
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Sulu Terrane (1)
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Xizang China (1)
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Yunnan China
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Tengchong (1)
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Japan
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Sambagawa Belt (1)
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Philippine Islands
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Luzon (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Ghats
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-
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Middle East
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Iran (2)
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Turkey
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Siberian Platform (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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asteroids (1)
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atmosphere (2)
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brines (2)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (4)
-
-
Caribbean region
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West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Dominica (1)
-
Montserrat Island
-
Soufriere Hills (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Paintbrush Tuff (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (1)
-
Oligocene (1)
-
-
Zambales Ophiolite (1)
-
-
-
Central America
-
Costa Rica
-
Irazu (1)
-
-
-
crust (4)
-
crystal chemistry (5)
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crystal growth (1)
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crystal structure (6)
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deformation (2)
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diagenesis (1)
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Earth (2)
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earthquakes (1)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Kilauea (1)
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-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Alps
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Western Alps
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Ligurian Alps (1)
-
-
-
Carpathians (1)
-
Central Europe
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Austria (1)
-
Germany
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Bavaria Germany
-
Munchberg Gneiss Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades
-
Santorin (1)
-
-
-
Sterea Ellas
-
Attica Greece (1)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Campania Italy
-
Phlegraean Fields (1)
-
-
Latium Italy
-
Alban Hills (1)
-
-
Liguria Italy
-
Ligurian Alps (1)
-
-
Sicily Italy
-
Lipari Islands
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Stromboli (1)
-
-
-
-
Romania
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Apuseni Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Tauern Window (1)
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Western Europe
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Iceland (2)
-
United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
faults (4)
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folds (1)
-
foliation (1)
-
gems (1)
-
geochemistry (13)
-
geothermal energy (1)
-
ground water (4)
-
heat flow (1)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diorites (1)
-
gabbros (2)
-
granites
-
charnockite (2)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
-
pegmatite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (2)
-
-
-
porphyry (2)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
flood basalts (1)
-
ocean-island basalts (2)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
glasses (5)
-
latite (1)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
phonolites (4)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites (1)
-
tephrite (1)
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (17)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Mauritius (1)
-
-
intrusions (9)
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (4)
-
D/H (2)
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (7)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
S-34 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (5)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
lava (4)
-
magmas (26)
-
mantle (10)
-
maps (1)
-
Mediterranean region
-
Aegean Islands
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades
-
Santorin (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Upper Cretaceous (2)
-
-
Jurassic (1)
-
-
metal ores
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arsenic ores (1)
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base metals (1)
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copper ores (4)
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lead ores (1)
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niobium ores (1)
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silver ores (3)
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thorium ores (1)
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tin ores (1)
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zinc ores (2)
-
-
metals
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alkali metals
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potassium (1)
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-
alkaline earth metals
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
arsenic (1)
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copper (1)
-
gold (1)
-
iron
-
Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
-
ferric iron (3)
-
ferrous iron (3)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
platinum group
-
platinum (1)
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platinum ores (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
-
-
titanium (1)
-
zinc (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (1)
-
cataclasites (1)
-
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Andesite-H2O-CO2-O2
Reconstructing volatile evolution in melts using zircon-hosted apatite inclusions: Implications for use of apatite as a fertility indicator
Single-crystal FTIR and X-ray study of vishnevite, ideally [Na 6 (SO 4 )][Na 2 (H 2 O) 2 ](Si 6 Al 6 O 24 )
Origin of the Oligocene–Miocene Sailipu ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in southern Tibet: Melting of Asian mantle pyroxenites triggered by eastward tearing of the subducting Indian continental slab
Geochemistry of the Alkaline Rocks of Sarnu-Dandali Area, District Barmer, Rajasthan, India
Determination of molar absorptivities for infrared absorption bands of H 2 O in andesitic glasses
Analytical techniques for volatiles: A case study using intermediate (andesitic) glasses
Na-Fe-Ca Alteration and LREE (Th-Nb) Mineralization in Marble and Granitoids of Sierra de Sumampa, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
Validity of geochemical signatures of abiotic hydrocarbon gases on Earth
Volatile Abundances in Basaltic Magmas and Their Degassing Paths Tracked by Melt Inclusions
Rapid generation of both high- and low-δ 18 O, large-volume silicic magmas at the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley caldera complex, Nevada
Abstract This paper deals with the earliest stages of formation of porphyry Cu deposits, starting with the production of partial melts in the mantle and ending where upper crustal magmas reach their solidus and potentially have exsolved a metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid. During all these stages magmatic sulfides exert a major control on the budget of ore-forming metals in the magma. High metal concentrations in mafic arc magmas are favored by low degrees of partial melting in the mantle source region, and by limited removal (or effective redissolution) of magmatic sulfides in the lower crust. Ascending magmas accumulate in large, compositionally stratified magma chambers in the upper crust (5- to 15-km depth), which represent the exsolution source of the mineralizing fluids for the shallower porphyry Cu deposits. Interaction between mafic and felsic magmas in these magma chambers leads to partial mingling/mixing, volatile release, and the formation of magmatic sulfides that incorporate large amounts of Cu and Au, but only little Mo. For porphyry Cu mineralization, it is essential that these magmatic sulfides are subsequently destroyed and thereby release their contained metals to the mineralizing fluids. Evidence from experimental phase equilibria studies and melt inclusions hosted in phenocrysts from plutonic and volcanic rocks in arc environments, combined with fluid inclusion evidence from porphyry Cu deposits, suggest that silicate melts that ultimately give rise to porphyry Cu deposits are likely saturated first with a CO 2 -rich fluid and later give way to single-phase, low-salinity (typically 5–10 wt % NaCl equiv) aqueous fluids. At the typical f O2 conditions of porphyry Cu-forming magmas (ΔFMQ + 1 to ΔFMQ + 3), sulfur occurs mostly as SO 2 in the fluid. Efficient Cu removal from the magma into the overlying porphyry environment is favored by the exsolution of an S-bearing volatile phase that has a low HCl/alkali chloride ratio. The ability of the ore fluid to scavenge and transport Cu increases with increasing f O2 and the concentration of K in the aqueous fluid, and may be maximized at high ratios of SO 2 /H 2 S of the fluid. Once formed, efficient focusing of the ore fluid into the upper portions of the magma chamber may be favored by the development of permeable melt channels that act as conduits for the ascent of ore fluid in a pressure gradient through the crystallizing magma. These conduits likely facilitate the contribution of S, Cu, and other metals from mafic silicate melt that ponds at deeper levels of the magma system.