Abstract The trace element chemistry of bone is rapidly altered post-mortem, and the post-mortem chemistry of bone mineral has been used successfully to discriminate between fossil bones removed from stratigraphically and spatially separate excavations. These techniques can be used to identify and protect scientifically or culturally sensitive artefacts. Measurable changes in the trace element composition of bone may occur within a few years of death. These changes show considerable potential for use in forensic investigations, particularly where post-mortem movement or scattering of bone remains has occurred. Early post-mortem alteration is complex, governed by a number of environmental variables, and measuring subtle changes in bone chemistry presents considerable analytical challenges. More work is needed in this area.