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Format
Article Type
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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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Congo (2)
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Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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West Congo Belt (1)
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Congo Craton (6)
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East Africa
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Turkana Basin (1)
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Uganda (2)
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Zambia
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Kalahari Desert (1)
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Madagascar (2)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Egypt
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Morocco
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Rif (1)
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Nubian Shield (1)
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South Africa
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Exopterygota
-
Dermaptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (6)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Productida (1)
-
Strophomenida (1)
-
-
Inarticulata (1)
-
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Scleractinia (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (8)
-
Gastropoda
-
Neogastropoda (1)
-
Turritellidae
-
Turritella (1)
-
-
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (9)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (3)
-
Dinoflagellata (6)
-
miospores
-
pollen (63)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Botryococcus (2)
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (2)
-
nannofossils (3)
-
-
Bryophyta (1)
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (5)
-
Sphenopsida (2)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Leguminosae (2)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Gramineae (3)
-
Palmae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales
-
Taxodiaceae
-
Metasequoia (1)
-
-
-
Cordaitales
-
Cordaites (2)
-
-
Pteridospermae (4)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
tracks (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (9)
-
Ar/Ar (39)
-
exposure age (2)
-
fission-track dating (13)
-
K/Ar (4)
-
Lu/Hf (16)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
paleomagnetism (55)
-
Pb/Pb (9)
-
radiation damage (3)
-
Rb/Sr (5)
-
Re/Os (7)
-
sclerochronology (1)
-
Sm/Nd (25)
-
tephrochronology (4)
-
Th/U (4)
-
thermochronology (22)
-
U/Pb (248)
-
U/Th/Pb (10)
-
uranium disequilibrium (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Blancan (1)
-
Koobi Fora Formation (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Mesolithic (1)
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
upper Holocene (4)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Irvingtonian (1)
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Calabrian (1)
-
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (10)
-
-
upper Quaternary (7)
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Stone Age
-
Mesolithic (1)
-
Paleolithic
-
Acheulian (1)
-
middle Paleolithic (1)
-
upper Paleolithic (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Barreiras Formation (2)
-
John Day Formation (1)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Clarendonian (1)
-
Honda Group (1)
-
lower Miocene (13)
-
middle Miocene
-
Serravallian (1)
-
-
Pebas Formation (5)
-
upper Miocene
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (5)
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Calvert Bluff Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Ameki Formation (1)
-
Colton Formation (1)
-
Crescent Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Willwood Formation (2)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Claiborne Group (1)
-
Laney Shale Member (1)
-
-
Mirador Formation (1)
-
Subathu Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene (2)
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Imo Shale (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Fontainebleau Sandstone (2)
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (3)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Puercan (1)
-
-
middle Paleocene (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
Tongue River Member (1)
-
upper Paleocene (5)
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
Yahuarango Formation (1)
-
-
Pirabas Formation (1)
-
Sarmiento Formation (2)
-
upper Tertiary
-
Poznan Clays (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (2)
-
-
Dalradian (13)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Chonta Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (2)
-
Aptian (1)
-
Barremian (1)
-
Cloverly Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Lakota Formation (1)
-
McMurray Formation (6)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
-
Santana Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
-
Cenomanian (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Olmos Formation (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (1)
-
La Luna Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (2)
-
Oldman Formation (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (1)
-
-
Vivian Formation (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bathonian (1)
-
Callovian (2)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Posidonia Shale (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Morrison Formation (2)
-
Sarayaquillo Formation (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
Pucara Group (3)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (6)
-
-
Middle Triassic (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
-
Moldanubian (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Acatlan Complex (11)
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (2)
-
Brigham Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (1)
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Bright Angel Shale (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (2)
-
Goldenville Formation (4)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous (2)
-
Mabou Group (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Joggins Formation (2)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (1)
-
Desmoinesian (2)
-
Kewanee Group (1)
-
Moscovian (3)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (1)
-
Lawrence Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Tesnus Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (4)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian (2)
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Hartland Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic (14)
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Floian (1)
-
Tremadocian
-
Halifax Formation (3)
-
-
-
Middle Ordovician (4)
-
Upper Ordovician (6)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
Kungurian (1)
-
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Mitu Group (1)
-
Newcastle Coal Measures (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (6)
-
-
-
Sauk Sequence (2)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian (2)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (8)
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (11)
-
Precambrian
-
Adirondack Anorthosite (2)
-
Archean
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Mesoarchean (5)
-
Neoarchean (13)
-
Paleoarchean (1)
-
-
Chuar Group (2)
-
Hazel Formation (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (5)
-
North Shore Volcanics (1)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Coldbrook Group (1)
-
Damara System (2)
-
Dedham Granodiorite (2)
-
Huronian (1)
-
Keweenawan
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Calymmian (2)
-
Ectasian (1)
-
Laxfordian (2)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Stenian (3)
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (11)
-
Ediacaran (31)
-
Maranon Complex (3)
-
Marinoan (4)
-
Moine Supergroup (5)
-
Moinian (4)
-
Otavi Group (2)
-
Riphean (2)
-
Sturtian (5)
-
Tonian (12)
-
Torridonian (3)
-
Vendian (10)
-
Walden Creek Group (1)
-
-
Oronto Group (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (1)
-
-
Orosirian (1)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
Siderian (1)
-
Statherian (1)
-
Svecofennian (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (1)
-
Sinian
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
Xiong'er Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Vadito Group (2)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (2)
-
Saxothuringian (3)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (4)
-
granophyre (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (12)
-
diabase (3)
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (2)
-
quartz diorites (2)
-
tonalite (5)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (1)
-
alkali granites (1)
-
A-type granites (8)
-
charnockite (3)
-
I-type granites (4)
-
leucogranite (4)
-
microgranite (1)
-
monzogranite (6)
-
rapakivi (3)
-
S-type granites (3)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (6)
-
lamproite (1)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (4)
-
-
pegmatite (11)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites (4)
-
syenodiorite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
harzburgite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (3)
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (7)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (3)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (3)
-
-
keratophyre (1)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
ignimbrite (2)
-
pumice (2)
-
tuff (8)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites (8)
-
-
-
ophiolite (9)
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (15)
-
cataclasites (1)
-
eclogite (3)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (2)
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (5)
-
orthogneiss (11)
-
paragneiss (10)
-
-
granulites (8)
-
jadeitite (1)
-
marbles (3)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
meta-anorthosite (1)
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metabasite (1)
-
metadacite (2)
-
metagabbro (8)
-
metagranite (6)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
metatuff (2)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (2)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metagraywacke (2)
-
metapelite (8)
-
metasandstone (2)
-
paragneiss (10)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
greisen (2)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
skarn (2)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (15)
-
migmatites (8)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (2)
-
-
phyllites (1)
-
quartzites (12)
-
schists
-
blueschist (2)
-
chlorite schist (1)
-
glaucophane schist (1)
-
greenschist (1)
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (9)
-
turbidite (10)
-
-
minerals
-
alloys (1)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
sperrylite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
calcite (8)
-
dolomite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
cryolite (3)
-
fluorite (1)
-
topaz (2)
-
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
minerals (4)
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
-
graphite (2)
-
-
nitrates (1)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (4)
-
-
oxalates (1)
-
oxides
-
aluminum oxides (2)
-
anatase (5)
-
baddeleyite (4)
-
brookite (2)
-
cassiterite (2)
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
chromite (1)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
ferrihydrite (1)
-
gibbsite (2)
-
goethite (4)
-
hematite (6)
-
hydroxides
-
oxyhydroxides (1)
-
-
ilmenite (3)
-
iron oxides (6)
-
leucoxene (1)
-
magnetite (4)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (1)
-
betafite (1)
-
columbite (3)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
pyrochlore (2)
-
-
rutile (4)
-
tantalates
-
betafite (1)
-
tantalite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (2)
-
uraninite (2)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (22)
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
monazite (18)
-
xenotime (3)
-
-
platinum minerals (3)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
grunerite (1)
-
hastingsite (1)
-
hornblende (10)
-
nephrite (1)
-
pargasite (1)
-
riebeckite (1)
-
-
-
jade (1)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
jadeite (1)
-
omphacite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (7)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (5)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
coesite (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz (11)
-
-
sodalite group
-
genthelvite (2)
-
helvite (2)
-
-
zeolite group (1)
-
-
magnesian silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
almandine (1)
-
pyrope (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (1)
-
forsterite (1)
-
olivine (1)
-
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (7)
-
-
topaz (2)
-
zircon group
-
thorite (2)
-
zircon (230)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
perrierite (1)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (3)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (1)
-
schorl (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (3)
-
-
clay minerals
-
beidellite (2)
-
dickite (2)
-
halloysite (2)
-
kaolinite (18)
-
montmorillonite (3)
-
smectite (10)
-
-
illite (8)
-
mica group
-
biotite (9)
-
celadonite (1)
-
muscovite (11)
-
phlogopite (1)
-
polylithionite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (1)
-
gypsum (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
bornite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (5)
-
galena (1)
-
genthelvite (2)
-
helvite (2)
-
molybdenite (3)
-
pentlandite (1)
-
pyrite (3)
-
pyrrhotite (1)
-
sphalerite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (307)
-
academic institutions (1)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (1)
-
Congo (2)
-
Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
West Congo Belt (1)
-
-
Congo Craton (6)
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (1)
-
Kenya (1)
-
Somali Republic (1)
-
Tanzania (1)
-
Turkana Basin (1)
-
Uganda (2)
-
Zambia
-
Lusaka Zambia (1)
-
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Madagascar (2)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (7)
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (1)
-
-
Morocco
-
Bou Azzer (1)
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (7)
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (1)
-
-
-
Nubian Shield (1)
-
Sahara (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (4)
-
Kalahari Craton (2)
-
Karoo Basin (1)
-
Lesotho (1)
-
Namaqualand (1)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
-
Namibia
-
Damara Belt (2)
-
Kaoko Belt (2)
-
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (2)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
Merensky Reef (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (1)
-
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
-
-
Tibesti Massif (1)
-
Volta Basin (1)
-
West Africa
-
Chad (1)
-
Ghana
-
Lake Bosumtwi (1)
-
-
Ivory Coast (1)
-
Mauritanides (1)
-
Niger (2)
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
Sierra Leone (1)
-
Taoudenni Basin (1)
-
-
West African Craton (7)
-
West African Shield (4)
-
Zambezi Valley (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Amundsen Sea (1)
-
Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
Coats Land (1)
-
East Antarctica (4)
-
Mac Robertson Land
-
Prince Charles Mountains (1)
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Arachnida (2)
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Cyprideis (1)
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Diptera
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Hymenoptera (13)
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Exopterygota
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Dermaptera (1)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (6)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Productida (1)
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Strophomenida (1)
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Inarticulata (1)
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Bryozoa (1)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Scleractinia (1)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (1)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (8)
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Gastropoda
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Neogastropoda (1)
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Turritellidae
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Turritella (1)
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Protista
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Foraminifera (9)
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isostasy (1)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (2)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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Be-10 (3)
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C-14 (11)
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Pa-231 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (10)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Ra-226 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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Th-230 (1)
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U-234 (1)
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U-235 (1)
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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U-238/Th-232 (1)
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U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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B-11/B-10 (2)
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C-13 (2)
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C-13/C-12 (42)
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D/H (11)
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deuterium (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (17)
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Li-7/Li-6 (1)
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N-15/N-14 (2)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (24)
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O-17/O-16 (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (51)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (10)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (4)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (11)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (21)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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kaolin deposits (1)
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land use (4)
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lava (3)
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lineation (2)
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magmas (37)
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Malay Archipelago
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New Guinea (1)
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mantle (47)
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maps (2)
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Mediterranean region (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Black Sea (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Chonta Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (2)
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Aptian (1)
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Barremian (1)
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Cloverly Formation (1)
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Hauterivian (1)
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Lakota Formation (1)
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McMurray Formation (6)
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Valanginian (1)
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Mancos Shale (1)
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Santana Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian
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lower Campanian (1)
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Cenomanian (1)
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Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
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Gulfian
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Olmos Formation (1)
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Hell Creek Formation (1)
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La Luna Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian (2)
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Oldman Formation (1)
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Senonian (1)
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Turonian
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lower Turonian (1)
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Vivian Formation (1)
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-
-
Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic
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Bathonian (1)
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Callovian (2)
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Norphlet Formation (1)
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Posidonia Shale (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Morrison Formation (2)
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Sarayaquillo Formation (1)
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-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
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Pucara Group (3)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (6)
-
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Middle Triassic (2)
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Upper Triassic
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Yanchang Formation (1)
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-
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upper Mesozoic (1)
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metal ores
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aluminum ores (2)
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base metals (2)
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chromite ores (1)
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copper ores (18)
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gold ores (22)
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IOCG deposits (7)
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iron ores (8)
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lead ores (4)
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lead-zinc deposits (3)
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manganese ores (1)
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molybdenum ores (2)
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nickel ores (3)
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niobium ores (4)
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palladium ores (4)
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platinum ores (6)
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polymetallic ores (2)
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rare earth deposits (1)
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silver ores (5)
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tantalum ores (4)
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thorium ores (1)
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tin ores (6)
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uranium ores (4)
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zinc ores (7)
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metals
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actinides
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protactinium
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Pa-231 (1)
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thorium
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Th-230 (1)
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U-238/Th-232 (1)
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uranium
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U-234 (1)
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U-235 (1)
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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U-238/Th-232 (1)
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U-238/U-234 (1)
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alkali metals
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cesium (1)
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lithium
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Li-7/Li-6 (1)
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potassium (2)
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sodium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (3)
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (2)
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radium
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Ra-226 (1)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (21)
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-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (2)
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antimony (1)
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arsenic (1)
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copper (2)
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gold (1)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (17)
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-
iron
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ferric iron (1)
-
-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (10)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (4)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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manganese (2)
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nickel (2)
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niobium (4)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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-
palladium (4)
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palladium ores (4)
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platinum (2)
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platinum ores (6)
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precious metals (1)
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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europium (1)
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lanthanum (1)
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lutetium (7)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (24)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (4)
-
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ytterbium (1)
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yttrium (5)
-
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rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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tantalum (1)
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tin (1)
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titanium (2)
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vanadium (2)
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zirconium (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (15)
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gneisses
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augen gneiss (2)
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granite gneiss (5)
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orthogneiss (11)
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paragneiss (10)
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granulites (8)
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jadeitite (1)
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marbles (3)
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metaigneous rocks
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meta-anorthosite (1)
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metabasalt (1)
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metabasite (1)
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metadacite (2)
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metagabbro (8)
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metagranite (6)
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metarhyolite (1)
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metatuff (2)
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serpentinite (3)
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metaplutonic rocks (2)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metagraywacke (2)
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metapelite (8)
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metasandstone (2)
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metasomatic rocks
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fenite (1)
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greisen (2)
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serpentinite (3)
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skarn (2)
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metavolcanic rocks (15)
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migmatites (8)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (2)
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phyllites (1)
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quartzites (12)
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schists
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blueschist (2)
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chlorite schist (1)
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glaucophane schist (1)
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greenschist (1)
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greenstone (1)
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slates (1)
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metamorphism (86)
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metasomatism (29)
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Mexico
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Baja California (1)
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Coahuila Mexico (2)
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Puebla Mexico
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Los Humeros (1)
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Sierra Madre del Sur (1)
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Sonora Mexico (1)
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Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (2)
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mineral deposits, genesis (35)
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mineral exploration (18)
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mineralogy (1)
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minerals (4)
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (4)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (2)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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nodules (1)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (1)
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Appalachians
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Blue Ridge Mountains (5)
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Blue Ridge Province (6)
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Carolina slate belt (2)
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Central Appalachians (4)
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Hudson Highlands (2)
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Northern Appalachians (10)
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Piedmont (9)
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Southern Appalachians (11)
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (1)
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Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province
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Hearne Province (1)
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Rae Province (3)
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Grenville Province
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Central Gneiss Belt (2)
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Central Metasedimentary Belt (5)
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Makkovik Province (1)
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Slave Province (1)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (1)
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Great Lakes region (1)
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Great Plains
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Northern Great Plains (1)
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Grenville Front (2)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (5)
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Humber Zone (3)
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Keweenawan Rift (5)
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North American Cordillera (5)
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North American Craton (1)
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Pedregosa Basin (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Beaverhead Mountains (1)
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Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
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Tendoy Range (1)
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Uinta Mountains (1)
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Wasatch Range (1)
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Wind River Range (1)
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Saint Lawrence River (1)
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Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
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Transcontinental Arch (1)
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Western Interior
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Western Interior Seaway (1)
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Williston Basin (2)
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ocean basins (5)
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ocean circulation (1)
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Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 154
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ODP Site 925 (1)
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ODP Site 926 (1)
-
-
Leg 155
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ODP Site 936 (1)
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ODP Site 946 (1)
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-
Leg 184
-
ODP Site 1148 (1)
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-
ocean floors (12)
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Oceania
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Melanesia
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New Caledonia (1)
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Polynesia
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French Polynesia
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Tuamotu Islands (1)
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oil and gas fields (3)
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orogeny (102)
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oxygen
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O-17/O-16 (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (51)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Bristol Bay (1)
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Gulf of California (1)
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Southeast Pacific
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Nazca Ridge (4)
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North Pacific
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Bering Sea
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Bristol Bay (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Bristol Bay (1)
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Gulf of California (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Shatsky Rise (1)
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South China Sea (1)
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific
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Nazca Ridge (4)
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-
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Shatsky Rise (1)
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South China Sea (1)
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Ontong Java Plateau (1)
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Pacific region (1)
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paleoclimatology (65)
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paleoecology (75)
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paleogeography (185)
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paleomagnetism (55)
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paleontology (1)
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Paleozoic
-
Acatlan Complex (11)
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Arbuckle Group (1)
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Cambrian
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Acadian (2)
-
Brigham Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Chilhowee Group (1)
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Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Bright Angel Shale (1)
-
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (2)
-
Goldenville Formation (4)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous (2)
-
Mabou Group (1)
-
Mississippian
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Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Hartselle Sandstone (1)
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Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Joggins Formation (2)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (1)
-
Desmoinesian (2)
-
Kewanee Group (1)
-
Moscovian (3)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Virgilian
-
Douglas Group (1)
-
Lawrence Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Tesnus Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (4)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian (2)
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Hartland Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (2)
-
lower Paleozoic (14)
-
Maroon Formation (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Floian (1)
-
Tremadocian
-
Halifax Formation (3)
-
-
-
Middle Ordovician (4)
-
Upper Ordovician (6)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
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Kungurian (1)
-
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
-
Middle Permian (2)
-
Mitu Group (1)
-
Newcastle Coal Measures (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (6)
-
-
-
Sauk Sequence (2)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian (2)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (8)
-
Wissahickon Formation (1)
-
-
palynology (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (3)
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Dinoflagellata (6)
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miospores
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pollen (63)
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-
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paragenesis (10)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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shale gas (1)
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-
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petrology (7)
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Phanerozoic (11)
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phase equilibria (6)
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phosphate deposits (1)
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phosphorus (3)
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placers (3)
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planetology (1)
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Botryococcus (2)
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (2)
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nannofossils (3)
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Bryophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (5)
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Sphenopsida (2)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae
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Leguminosae (2)
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gramineae (3)
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Palmae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Taxodiaceae
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Metasequoia (1)
-
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Cordaitales
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Cordaites (2)
-
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Pteridospermae (4)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (198)
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pollution (9)
-
Precambrian
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Adirondack Anorthosite (2)
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Archean
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Eoarchean (1)
-
Mesoarchean (5)
-
Neoarchean (13)
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Paleoarchean (1)
-
-
Chuar Group (2)
-
Hazel Formation (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (5)
-
North Shore Volcanics (1)
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Osler Series (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bambui Group (1)
-
Coldbrook Group (1)
-
Damara System (2)
-
Dedham Granodiorite (2)
-
Huronian (1)
-
Keweenawan
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Calymmian (2)
-
Ectasian (1)
-
Laxfordian (2)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
Stenian (3)
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (11)
-
Ediacaran (31)
-
Maranon Complex (3)
-
Marinoan (4)
-
Moine Supergroup (5)
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Moinian (4)
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Otavi Group (2)
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Riphean (2)
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Sturtian (5)
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Tonian (12)
-
Torridonian (3)
-
Vendian (10)
-
Walden Creek Group (1)
-
-
Oronto Group (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (1)
-
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Orosirian (1)
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Rhyacian (1)
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Siderian (1)
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Statherian (1)
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Svecofennian (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (1)
-
Sinian
-
Wumishan Formation (1)
-
Xiong'er Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Vadito Group (2)
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (1)
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remote sensing (13)
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sand deposits (1)
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sea water (7)
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sea-floor spreading (7)
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sea-level changes (34)
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sedimentary petrology (3)
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sedimentary rocks
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bauxite (1)
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bone beds (1)
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dolostone (1)
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limestone
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microcrystalline limestone (1)
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wackestone (1)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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duricrust (1)
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evaporites
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salt (1)
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iron formations
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banded iron formations (2)
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jaspilite (1)
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tufa (1)
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weathering crust (2)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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quartz arenite (1)
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arkose (1)
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black shale (3)
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conglomerate (9)
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tonstein (1)
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coal (4)
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oil sands (1)
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sedimentary structures
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bedding plane irregularities
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ripple marks (1)
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biogenic structures
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algal structures
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algal mounds (1)
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bioturbation (13)
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lebensspuren (14)
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stromatolites (1)
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planar bedding structures
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cross-stratification (4)
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flaser bedding (1)
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hummocky cross-stratification (1)
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rhythmite (3)
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secondary structures
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concretions (5)
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stylolites (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Amazonia
Potential terrane relationships between Laurentia and Amazonia during the Grenville orogenic cycle: A synthesis of the U-Pb zircon and Pb isotope records Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The Mesoproterozoic southeastern margin of Laurentia, which consisted primarily of the ca. 1.5–1.35 Ga Granite-Rhyolite Province, was extensively reworked during ca. 1.3–0.9 Ga phases of the Grenville orogenic cycle. Questions remain for much of southeastern Laurentia regarding the transition from the Granite-Rhyolite Province to Grenville orogenic cycle, and for potential collisional interaction with Amazonia, due to Paleozoic sedimentary cover or tectonic reworking. Basement rocks sampled by drill core in the east-central United States include 1.5–1.35 Ga magmatic rocks, some overprinted by late Geon 10 (Ottawan) orogenesis, which are the most outboard evidence of Granite-Rhyolite Province crust. Newly recognized 1.35–1.30 Ga (pre-Elzevirian) granitic orthogneisses within the Mars Hill terrane of southeastern Laurentia (1) expand the along-strike distribution of the earliest crustal age components of the Grenville orogenic cycle in Appalachian basement inliers; (2) contain Geon 19–16 inherited zircons; and (3) were metamorphosed during late Ottawan to Rigolet tectonism. Paragneisses enveloping the Geon 13 orthogneisses are dominated by Geon 19–16 and Geon 13–12 detrital zircons overgrown by Geon 10–9 metamorphic zircon. The zircon age systematics require the paragneiss protoliths to be younger than orthogneiss protoliths and be partly sourced from the latter. Orthogneisses and paragneisses have Pb isotope compositions that overlap those of south-central Appalachian and southwest Amazonia basement, both of which are distinct from Laurentian Pb isotope compositions. The boundary between Amazonian (southern Appalachian) and Laurentian (northern Appalachian) Pb isotope compositions is thus a terrane boundary, with Geon 13 magmatic rocks being the youngest common crustal component. In comparison, the Paraguá block of the southwestern margin of Amazonia consists of a Geon 19–16 basement complex intruded by the batholithic-scale Geon 13 San Ignacio granite suite. The latter also contains inherited Geon 19–16 zircon and has Pb isotope compositions that help define the Amazonian trend. The correspondence of magmatic, inherited, and detrital ages and similarity in Pb isotope compositions are consistent with an origin for the exotic/orphaned Mars Hill terrane as an outboard sliver of the Paraguá block that developed before Grenvillian orogenesis (Geons 12–9). Manifestations of the latter are concentrated around the margins of the Paraguá block in the Sunsás (southwest), Nova Brasilândia (north), and Aguapeí belts (east). The Sunsás belt is a mostly low-grade metasedimentary belt with only minor Geon 10–9 magmatism and no Geon 12 or 11 magmatism, thus distinguishing it from the Mars Hill terrane. The Arequipa-Antofalla terrane, exposed in Andes basement inliers, lies outboard of the Sunsás belt and has Pb isotope and geochronologic characteristics that permit a correlation with the Mars Hill terrane and a paleogeographic position between the Mars Hill terrane and the Sunsás belt. The histories of the Mars Hill terrane, Arequipa-Antofalla terrane, and Paraguá block merge during Geons 10–9 and final collisional orogenesis between southeast Laurentia and southwestern Amazonia.
Miocene paleoenvironments and paleoclimatic reconstructions based on the palynology of the Solimões Formation of Western Amazonia (Brazil) Available to Purchase
Multi-proxy evidence of Caribbean-sourced marine incursions in the Neogene of Western Amazonia, Brazil Available to Purchase
VERTEBRATE TAPHONOMY OF TWO UPPER MIOCENE BONEBEDS IN WESTERN PROTO-AMAZONIA (SOLIMÕES FORMATION, BRAZIL): INSIGHTS FROM MACROVERTEBRATE AND MICROVERTEBRATE FOSSILS Available to Purchase
New Neogene index pollen and spore taxa from the Solimões Basin (Western Amazonia), Brazil Available to Purchase
Compositional and diversity comparisons between the palynological records of the Neogene (Solimões Formation) and Holocene sediments of Western Amazonia Available to Purchase
Neogene palynostratigraphic zonation of the Maranon Basin, Western Amazonia, Peru Available to Purchase
Ethnogeology in Amazonia: Surface-water systems in the Colombian Amazon, from perspectives of Uitoto traditional knowledge and mainstream hydrology Available to Purchase
Ethnogeology, the scientific study of geological knowledge of groups such as indigenous peoples, can be combined with mainstream geological sciences to enhance our understanding of Earth systems. The Amazon rain forest has been extensively studied by both mainstream scientists and indigenous researchers. We argue that knowledge of Amazonian geology and hydrology held by indigenous Uitoto experts is valid, empirically based, and, in many cases, more nuanced than mainstream scientific knowledge. We also argue that knowledge sharing between mainstream and indigenous researchers can improve geological and environmental knowledge on both sides and provide solutions for current environmental problems such as increased pressure on water resources and global warming. We applied methods from ethnography and earth science to examine the traditional ecological knowledge of an Amazonian tribe in Colombia, the Uitoto, about water, and how that knowledge correlates with that of mainstream earth scientists. The study demonstrates how ethnogeology can be applied in a water-rich environment to: (1) compare knowledge about the natural history of an area, (2) study the geological resources available and their uses, and (3) examine the bases of native classification schemes using mainstream science methods. We found parallels and complementary concepts in the two bodies of knowledge. Our results suggest that the Uitoto have a meticulous taxonomy for water and wetlands—knowledge that is essential for protecting, conserving, and managing their water resources.